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RESOURCES • BLOG THREAT DETECTION



LATERAL MOVEMENT USING WINRM AND WMI

TONY LAMBERT•

Originally published November 20, 2017. Last modified October 1, 2024.


Many organizations invest millions of dollars to bolster their systems and
prevent attackers from gaining entry. Much less attention is given to the
concept of lateral movement within an organization. Yet we’ve seen time and time
again that once an adversary breaks through the crunchy outer layer of the
network, the gooey center quickly becomes trivial to move about.

Stopping lateral movement is just as important as preventing a breach. Attackers
frequently move laterally with tools included in Windows, and this tactic has
also been observed within commodity malware samples. This article will outline a
threat detection in which Windows Remote Management (WinRM) spawned a process
via Windows Management Instrumentation (WMI).

First, let’s take a look at normal execution of WinRM and why it’s important to
secure it.


HOW WINRM USUALLY WORKS

Normal execution of WinRM involves the configuration and inspection of the
Windows Remote Management subsystem. This subsystem has been part of Windows by
default since Windows Vista, and it has evolved to power the new way of remote
management: PowerShell Remoting. Essentially, Windows has a built-in-by-default
system that lends itself well to lateral movement and it’s up to administrators
to secure it properly. If admins don’t take the right steps, attackers can use
stolen credentials to launch processes on multiple computers across the network.
Within minutes, an incident can grow from a single compromised system to
hundreds using built-in tools in Windows.

We usually see simple commands such as “winrm get config” or “winrm
quickconfig.” In this case, we noticed something very different…


WHAT ARE WE SEEING AND WHY ISN’T IT NORMAL?

Functionality of the WinRM command is provided through a Visual Basic Script, so
it’s natural to see WinRM configuration performed from the CScript utility. The
command of concern used with WinRM here is the “invoke” command. This command
allows WinRM to work with management resources defined by the Windows operating
system, primarily through WMI. After looking into the structure of a WinRM
command, we discovered that whatever comes after “invoke” is a method defined
per management resource or WMI class.

In this case, the Win32_Process WMI class has a “Create” method. This allows the
user of WinRM to execute a process via WMI.


NOW WE CAN INTERPRET THE REST OF THE COMMAND.

The screenshot below enumerates three things to note.

The “-r” switch (1) signifies the WinRM Invoke statement is being executed on a
remote host specified at the “HTTPS” address. This is significant because if we
look at the host this command was executed from, we won’t find evidence of what
happened after this command. To get visibility from here, we’d need to jump over
to the remote host and observe what happened. The “-a” (2) and “-c” (3) switches
signify the attacker authenticated to the remote host using a certificate
identified by the specified thumbprint.

At this point it should be becoming apparent this isn’t normal. There are much
better ways to run simple applications when authorized to do so. For example,
legitimate system administrators can use PowerShell Remoting or PsExec commands
to run applications on remote computers. And when on a local computer, users can
simply double-click on applications or launch them through the Command Shell or
PowerShell. Quite simply, processes started in this fashion are an anomaly. But,
hey… at least the attacker used encryption when connecting to the host!


HOW TO DETECT THIS THREAT

A detection engineer originally found this event due to other bad behavior on
the endpoint and realized we needed a way to better detect it. To get more
information about its detection, we jumped into a test lab to look at different
permutations of this attack. We realized the attack would be slightly different
if the attacker had left out the remote connectivity options, so we began there.

In most cases when a command launches another command, we expect to see the
second one spawn as a child process of the first. So in theory we would expect
WinRM to spawn a process as a child to “CScript.exe.” Once we got into the lab,
we found a different reality:

CScript had no child processes! Not only that, it didn’t modify any files or
leave any other telltale signs that a process had been spawned. So we needed to
dive deeper to find how Notepad executed…Notepad spawned as a child process of
“wmiprvse.exe,” a binary whose function allows WMI to interface with the rest of
the Windows operating system. Our WinRM command simply submitted an operation to
WMI, and WMI used its own interfaces to execute that operation and spawn a
process.

Our initial detection specified a remote host, so our next round of testing
needed a remote host. This time around, we raised the stakes by attempting to
execute “vssadmin.exe” instead of Notepad since we’ve observed lateral movement
used with vssadmin during ransomware attacks. When we examined the execution of
vssadmin, we discovered that it spawned from “wmiprvse.exe” just like our first
test (which did not involve a remote host). This time around there was another
catch: we didn’t see a network connection from “wmiprvse.exe”. In fact, we had
to search around to find the connection, and it was shown as established by one
of the “svchost” processes. This is due to the nature of WinRM, since it
executes as a Windows Service and makes all the relevant network connections on
behalf of the processes that use it.

To expand your detection functions for this attack, you’ll need to monitor
processes spawning from “wmiprvse.exe” and suspicious network connections to
“svchost.” For those interested in monitoring processes spawning from WMI, be
warned! It gets noisy, and you’ll need to establish a baseline of what looks
normal in your environment. Once you can outline legitimate activity from your
admins, you can focus on spotting evil.


HOW TO MITIGATE THIS THREAT

WinRM can be secured in a few different ways. First, system admins should
establish a management network architecture that lends itself to increased
security. This involves establishing a jumpbox that is only used for remote
administration functions. This strategy helps secure a network by forcing this
privileged activity through a single controlled and hardened system, therefore
not exposing sensitive credentials to attack. It also helps secure WinRM
directly because we can limit the number of hosts trusted by the WinRM
subsystem. In an ideal environment, client computers in the organization should
not trust one another, and they should only trust the jumpbox systems. To
configure what trusted hosts are allowed to contact WinRM, we can execute the
following command:

winrm set winrm/config/client '@{TrustedHosts="JumpBox1,JumpBox2"}'

This configuration can also be enforced using Group Policy objects in an Active
Directory environment. This can be accomplished via a policy with the “Allow
remote server management through WinRM” setting, and specifying a list of hosts
to trust.

For authentication to WinRM for management, keep the defaults when possible as
they don’t allow the less secure methods of authentication (Kerberos is
default). Finally, WinRM default configurations establish both an HTTP and HTTPS
listener. If you can, endeavor to disable the HTTP listener and only use WinRM
over HTTPS. This may involve diving deeper into SSL/TLS certificates in your
organization, so approach that with careful planning.


KEY TAKEAWAYS

Preventing malicious lateral movement is just as important as preventing the
initial breach. Limiting this movement helps security teams “stop the bleeding”
during an incident and prevent it from becoming a full scale breach. Detection
of this threat is difficult as WMI processes are noisy, but a solid
understanding of your network makes it much easier. Taking action against this
threat is a great way to defend your organization and stop a breach in its
tracks!

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