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Submitted URL: https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/7-unnecessary-assumptions-life/)
Effective URL: https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/7-unnecessary-assumptions-life/
Submission: On August 28 via api from BE — Scanned from DE
Effective URL: https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/7-unnecessary-assumptions-life/
Submission: On August 28 via api from BE — Scanned from DE
Form analysis 4 forms found in the DOM
GET /
<form role="search" style="background-color: var(--header-bg); display: none;" method="get"
class="z-[201] dark:z-[201] dark:!bg-black self-center absolute hidden sm:left-[100px] sm:w-[130px] md:left-[110px] lg:left-[120px] xl:left-[140px] left-0 w-full md:w-[180px] top-[62px] sm:top-[25px] px-5 py-5 sm:p-0 sm:inline-block" action="/"
:class="{'hidden': !search_open}" x-show="search_open" @click.outside="if (search_open) search_open = !search_open" data-hs-cf-bound="true">
<label class="sr-only" id="search__label" for="search__input">Search for:</label>
<input type="search" placeholder="SEARCH" aria-labelledby="search__label" value="" tabindex="0" name="s" x-ref="search__input" id="search__input" class="w-full border-0 font-utility-subnav-cta dark:bg-black dark:text-white-90">
</form><form data-hs-cf-bound="true">
<div>
<div class="nf-before-form-content"><nf-section>
<div class="nf-form-fields-required">Fields marked with an <span class="ninja-forms-req-symbol">*</span> are required</div>
</nf-section></div>
<div class="nf-form-content "><nf-rows-wrap>
<div class="nf-row">
<nf-cells>
<div class="nf-cell" style="width: 50%;">
<nf-fields><nf-field>
<div id="nf-field-264-container" class="nf-field-container email-container label-hidden ">
<div class="nf-before-field"><nf-section>
</nf-section></div>
<div class="nf-field">
<div id="nf-field-264-wrap" class="field-wrap email-wrap" data-field-id="264">
<div class="nf-field-label">
<label for="nf-field-264" id="nf-label-field-264" class=""> Email <span class="ninja-forms-req-symbol">*</span>
</label>
</div>
<div class="nf-field-element">
<input type="email" value="" class="ninja-forms-field nf-element" id="nf-field-264" name="email" autocomplete="email" placeholder="Your email address" aria-invalid="false" aria-describedby="nf-error-264 nf-description-264"
aria-labelledby="nf-label-field-264" aria-required="true" required="">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="nf-after-field"><nf-section>
<div class="nf-input-limit"></div>
<div id="nf-error-264" class="nf-error-wrap nf-error" role="alert"></div>
</nf-section></div>
</div>
</nf-field></nf-fields>
</div>
<div class="nf-cell" style="width: 50%;">
<nf-fields><nf-field>
<div id="nf-field-265-container" class="nf-field-container submit-container label-above container-submit-inline textbox-container">
<div class="nf-before-field"><nf-section>
</nf-section></div>
<div class="nf-field">
<div id="nf-field-265-wrap" class="field-wrap submit-wrap textbox-wrap" data-field-id="265">
<div class="nf-field-label"></div>
<div class="nf-field-element">
<input id="nf-field-265" class="ninja-forms-field nf-element " type="submit" value="Subscribe">
</div>
<div class="nf-error-wrap"></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="nf-after-field"><nf-section>
<div class="nf-input-limit"></div>
<div id="nf-error-265" class="nf-error-wrap nf-error" role="alert"></div>
</nf-section></div>
</div>
</nf-field></nf-fields>
</div>
</nf-cells>
</div>
<div class="nf-row">
<nf-cells>
<div class="nf-cell" style="width: 16%;">
<nf-fields><nf-field>
<div id="nf-field-266-container" class="nf-field-container hidden-container label-above ">
<div class="nf-before-field"><nf-section>
</nf-section></div>
<div class="nf-field">
<div id="nf-field-266-wrap" class="field-wrap hidden-wrap" data-field-id="266">
<div class="nf-field-label"></div>
<div class="nf-field-element">
<input type="hidden" id="nf-field-266" name="nf-field-266" class="ninja-forms-field nf-element" value="https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/7-unnecessary-assumptions-life/">
</div>
<div class="nf-error-wrap"></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="nf-after-field"><nf-section>
<div class="nf-input-limit"></div>
<div id="nf-error-266" class="nf-error-wrap nf-error" role="alert"></div>
</nf-section></div>
</div>
</nf-field></nf-fields>
</div>
<div class="nf-cell" style="width: 16%;">
<nf-fields><nf-field>
<div id="nf-field-269-container" class="nf-field-container hidden-container label-above ">
<div class="nf-before-field"><nf-section>
</nf-section></div>
<div class="nf-field">
<div id="nf-field-269-wrap" class="field-wrap hidden-wrap" data-field-id="269">
<div class="nf-field-label"></div>
<div class="nf-field-element">
<input type="hidden" id="nf-field-269" name="nf-field-269" class="ninja-forms-field nf-element" value="5">
</div>
<div class="nf-error-wrap"></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="nf-after-field"><nf-section>
<div class="nf-input-limit"></div>
<div id="nf-error-269" class="nf-error-wrap nf-error" role="alert"></div>
</nf-section></div>
</div>
</nf-field></nf-fields>
</div>
<div class="nf-cell" style="width: 16%;">
<nf-fields><nf-field>
<div id="nf-field-268-container" class="nf-field-container hidden-container label-above ">
<div class="nf-before-field"><nf-section>
</nf-section></div>
<div class="nf-field">
<div id="nf-field-268-wrap" class="field-wrap hidden-wrap" data-field-id="268">
<div class="nf-field-label"></div>
<div class="nf-field-element">
<input type="hidden" id="nf-field-268" name="nf-field-268" class="ninja-forms-field nf-element" value="0">
</div>
<div class="nf-error-wrap"></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="nf-after-field"><nf-section>
<div class="nf-input-limit"></div>
<div id="nf-error-268" class="nf-error-wrap nf-error" role="alert"></div>
</nf-section></div>
</div>
</nf-field></nf-fields>
</div>
<div class="nf-cell" style="width: 16%;">
<nf-fields><nf-field>
<div id="nf-field-273-container" class="nf-field-container hidden-container label-above ">
<div class="nf-before-field"><nf-section>
</nf-section></div>
<div class="nf-field">
<div id="nf-field-273-wrap" class="field-wrap hidden-wrap" data-field-id="273">
<div class="nf-field-label"></div>
<div class="nf-field-element">
<input type="hidden" id="nf-field-273" name="nf-field-273" class="ninja-forms-field nf-element" value="Bigthink.com signup form: Inline SWAB Prompt">
</div>
<div class="nf-error-wrap"></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="nf-after-field"><nf-section>
<div class="nf-input-limit"></div>
<div id="nf-error-273" class="nf-error-wrap nf-error" role="alert"></div>
</nf-section></div>
</div>
</nf-field></nf-fields>
</div>
<div class="nf-cell" style="width: 16%;">
<nf-fields><nf-field>
<div id="nf-field-267-container" class="nf-field-container hidden-container label-above ">
<div class="nf-before-field"><nf-section>
</nf-section></div>
<div class="nf-field">
<div id="nf-field-267-wrap" class="field-wrap hidden-wrap" data-field-id="267">
<div class="nf-field-label"></div>
<div class="nf-field-element">
<input type="hidden" id="nf-field-267" name="nf-field-267" class="ninja-forms-field nf-element" value="big-think-bang">
</div>
<div class="nf-error-wrap"></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="nf-after-field"><nf-section>
<div class="nf-input-limit"></div>
<div id="nf-error-267" class="nf-error-wrap nf-error" role="alert"></div>
</nf-section></div>
</div>
</nf-field></nf-fields>
</div>
<div class="nf-cell" style="width: 16%;">
<nf-fields><nf-field>
<div id="nf-field-272-container" class="nf-field-container hidden-container label-above ">
<div class="nf-before-field"><nf-section>
</nf-section></div>
<div class="nf-field">
<div id="nf-field-272-wrap" class="field-wrap hidden-wrap" data-field-id="272">
<div class="nf-field-label"></div>
<div class="nf-field-element">
<input type="hidden" id="nf-field-272" name="nf-field-272" class="ninja-forms-field nf-element" value="subscribe">
</div>
<div class="nf-error-wrap"></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="nf-after-field"><nf-section>
<div class="nf-input-limit"></div>
<div id="nf-error-272" class="nf-error-wrap nf-error" role="alert"></div>
</nf-section></div>
</div>
</nf-field></nf-fields>
</div>
</nf-cells>
</div>
</nf-rows-wrap></div>
<div class="nf-after-form-content"><nf-section>
<div id="nf-form-errors-27" class="nf-form-errors" role="alert"><nf-errors></nf-errors></div>
<div class="nf-form-hp"><nf-section>
<label id="nf-label-field-hp-27" for="nf-field-hp-27" aria-hidden="true"> If you are a human seeing this field, please leave it empty. <input id="nf-field-hp-27" name="nf-field-hp" class="nf-element nf-field-hp" type="text" value=""
aria-labelledby="nf-label-field-hp-27">
</label>
</nf-section></div>
</nf-section></div>
</div>
</form><form data-hs-cf-bound="true">
<div>
<div class="nf-before-form-content"><nf-section>
<div class="nf-form-fields-required">Fields marked with an <span class="ninja-forms-req-symbol">*</span> are required</div>
</nf-section></div>
<div class="nf-form-content "><nf-rows-wrap>
<div class="nf-row">
<nf-cells>
<div class="nf-cell" style="width: 50%;">
<nf-fields><nf-field>
<div id="nf-field-264_1-container" class="nf-field-container email-container label-hidden ">
<div class="nf-before-field"><nf-section>
</nf-section></div>
<div class="nf-field">
<div id="nf-field-264_1-wrap" class="field-wrap email-wrap" data-field-id="264_1">
<div class="nf-field-label">
<label for="nf-field-264_1" id="nf-label-field-264_1" class=""> Email <span class="ninja-forms-req-symbol">*</span>
</label>
</div>
<div class="nf-field-element">
<input type="email" value="" class="ninja-forms-field nf-element" id="nf-field-264_1" name="email" autocomplete="email" placeholder="Your email address" aria-invalid="false"
aria-describedby="nf-error-264_1 nf-description-264_1" aria-labelledby="nf-label-field-264_1" aria-required="true" required="">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="nf-after-field"><nf-section>
<div class="nf-input-limit"></div>
<div id="nf-error-264_1" class="nf-error-wrap nf-error" role="alert"></div>
</nf-section></div>
</div>
</nf-field></nf-fields>
</div>
<div class="nf-cell" style="width: 50%;">
<nf-fields><nf-field>
<div id="nf-field-265_1-container" class="nf-field-container submit-container label-above container-submit-inline textbox-container">
<div class="nf-before-field"><nf-section>
</nf-section></div>
<div class="nf-field">
<div id="nf-field-265_1-wrap" class="field-wrap submit-wrap textbox-wrap" data-field-id="265_1">
<div class="nf-field-label"></div>
<div class="nf-field-element">
<input id="nf-field-265_1" class="ninja-forms-field nf-element " type="submit" value="Subscribe">
</div>
<div class="nf-error-wrap"></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="nf-after-field"><nf-section>
<div class="nf-input-limit"></div>
<div id="nf-error-265_1" class="nf-error-wrap nf-error" role="alert"></div>
</nf-section></div>
</div>
</nf-field></nf-fields>
</div>
</nf-cells>
</div>
<div class="nf-row">
<nf-cells>
<div class="nf-cell" style="width: 16%;">
<nf-fields><nf-field>
<div id="nf-field-266_1-container" class="nf-field-container hidden-container label-above ">
<div class="nf-before-field"><nf-section>
</nf-section></div>
<div class="nf-field">
<div id="nf-field-266_1-wrap" class="field-wrap hidden-wrap" data-field-id="266_1">
<div class="nf-field-label"></div>
<div class="nf-field-element">
<input type="hidden" id="nf-field-266_1" name="nf-field-266_1" class="ninja-forms-field nf-element" value="https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/7-unnecessary-assumptions-life/">
</div>
<div class="nf-error-wrap"></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="nf-after-field"><nf-section>
<div class="nf-input-limit"></div>
<div id="nf-error-266_1" class="nf-error-wrap nf-error" role="alert"></div>
</nf-section></div>
</div>
</nf-field></nf-fields>
</div>
<div class="nf-cell" style="width: 16%;">
<nf-fields><nf-field>
<div id="nf-field-269_1-container" class="nf-field-container hidden-container label-above ">
<div class="nf-before-field"><nf-section>
</nf-section></div>
<div class="nf-field">
<div id="nf-field-269_1-wrap" class="field-wrap hidden-wrap" data-field-id="269_1">
<div class="nf-field-label"></div>
<div class="nf-field-element">
<input type="hidden" id="nf-field-269_1" name="nf-field-269_1" class="ninja-forms-field nf-element" value="5">
</div>
<div class="nf-error-wrap"></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="nf-after-field"><nf-section>
<div class="nf-input-limit"></div>
<div id="nf-error-269_1" class="nf-error-wrap nf-error" role="alert"></div>
</nf-section></div>
</div>
</nf-field></nf-fields>
</div>
<div class="nf-cell" style="width: 16%;">
<nf-fields><nf-field>
<div id="nf-field-268_1-container" class="nf-field-container hidden-container label-above ">
<div class="nf-before-field"><nf-section>
</nf-section></div>
<div class="nf-field">
<div id="nf-field-268_1-wrap" class="field-wrap hidden-wrap" data-field-id="268_1">
<div class="nf-field-label"></div>
<div class="nf-field-element">
<input type="hidden" id="nf-field-268_1" name="nf-field-268_1" class="ninja-forms-field nf-element" value="0">
</div>
<div class="nf-error-wrap"></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="nf-after-field"><nf-section>
<div class="nf-input-limit"></div>
<div id="nf-error-268_1" class="nf-error-wrap nf-error" role="alert"></div>
</nf-section></div>
</div>
</nf-field></nf-fields>
</div>
<div class="nf-cell" style="width: 16%;">
<nf-fields><nf-field>
<div id="nf-field-273_1-container" class="nf-field-container hidden-container label-above ">
<div class="nf-before-field"><nf-section>
</nf-section></div>
<div class="nf-field">
<div id="nf-field-273_1-wrap" class="field-wrap hidden-wrap" data-field-id="273_1">
<div class="nf-field-label"></div>
<div class="nf-field-element">
<input type="hidden" id="nf-field-273_1" name="nf-field-273_1" class="ninja-forms-field nf-element" value="Bigthink.com signup form: Inline SWAB Prompt">
</div>
<div class="nf-error-wrap"></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="nf-after-field"><nf-section>
<div class="nf-input-limit"></div>
<div id="nf-error-273_1" class="nf-error-wrap nf-error" role="alert"></div>
</nf-section></div>
</div>
</nf-field></nf-fields>
</div>
<div class="nf-cell" style="width: 16%;">
<nf-fields><nf-field>
<div id="nf-field-267_1-container" class="nf-field-container hidden-container label-above ">
<div class="nf-before-field"><nf-section>
</nf-section></div>
<div class="nf-field">
<div id="nf-field-267_1-wrap" class="field-wrap hidden-wrap" data-field-id="267_1">
<div class="nf-field-label"></div>
<div class="nf-field-element">
<input type="hidden" id="nf-field-267_1" name="nf-field-267_1" class="ninja-forms-field nf-element" value="big-think-bang">
</div>
<div class="nf-error-wrap"></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="nf-after-field"><nf-section>
<div class="nf-input-limit"></div>
<div id="nf-error-267_1" class="nf-error-wrap nf-error" role="alert"></div>
</nf-section></div>
</div>
</nf-field></nf-fields>
</div>
<div class="nf-cell" style="width: 16%;">
<nf-fields><nf-field>
<div id="nf-field-272_1-container" class="nf-field-container hidden-container label-above ">
<div class="nf-before-field"><nf-section>
</nf-section></div>
<div class="nf-field">
<div id="nf-field-272_1-wrap" class="field-wrap hidden-wrap" data-field-id="272_1">
<div class="nf-field-label"></div>
<div class="nf-field-element">
<input type="hidden" id="nf-field-272_1" name="nf-field-272_1" class="ninja-forms-field nf-element" value="subscribe">
</div>
<div class="nf-error-wrap"></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="nf-after-field"><nf-section>
<div class="nf-input-limit"></div>
<div id="nf-error-272_1" class="nf-error-wrap nf-error" role="alert"></div>
</nf-section></div>
</div>
</nf-field></nf-fields>
</div>
</nf-cells>
</div>
</nf-rows-wrap></div>
<div class="nf-after-form-content"><nf-section>
<div id="nf-form-errors-27_1" class="nf-form-errors" role="alert"><nf-errors></nf-errors></div>
<div class="nf-form-hp"><nf-section>
<label id="nf-label-field-hp-27_1" for="nf-field-hp-27_1" aria-hidden="true"> If you are a human seeing this field, please leave it empty. <input id="nf-field-hp-27_1" name="nf-field-hp" class="nf-element nf-field-hp" type="text" value=""
aria-labelledby="nf-label-field-hp-27_1">
</label>
</nf-section></div>
</nf-section></div>
</div>
</form><form data-hs-cf-bound="true">
<div>
<div class="nf-before-form-content"><nf-section>
<div class="nf-form-fields-required">Fields marked with an <span class="ninja-forms-req-symbol">*</span> are required</div>
</nf-section></div>
<div class="nf-form-content bt-subscribe-footer"><nf-rows-wrap>
<div class="nf-row">
<nf-cells>
<div class="nf-cell" style="width: 100%;">
<nf-fields><nf-field>
<div id="nf-field-3-container" class="nf-field-container email-container label-above ">
<div class="nf-before-field"><nf-section>
</nf-section></div>
<div class="nf-field">
<div id="nf-field-3-wrap" class="field-wrap email-wrap" data-field-id="3">
<div class="nf-field-label">
<label for="nf-field-3" id="nf-label-field-3" class=""> Email <span class="ninja-forms-req-symbol">*</span>
</label>
</div>
<div class="nf-field-element">
<input type="email" value="" class="ninja-forms-field nf-element" id="nf-field-3" name="email" autocomplete="email" placeholder="Your email address" aria-invalid="false" aria-describedby="nf-error-3 nf-description-3"
aria-labelledby="nf-label-field-3" aria-required="true" required="">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="nf-after-field"><nf-section>
<div class="nf-input-limit"></div>
<div id="nf-error-3" class="nf-error-wrap nf-error" role="alert"></div>
</nf-section></div>
</div>
</nf-field></nf-fields>
</div>
</nf-cells>
</div>
<div class="nf-row">
<nf-cells>
<div class="nf-cell" style="width: 100%;">
<nf-fields><nf-field>
<div id="nf-field-4-container" class="nf-field-container submit-container label-above container-submit-inline textbox-container">
<div class="nf-before-field"><nf-section>
</nf-section></div>
<div class="nf-field">
<div id="nf-field-4-wrap" class="field-wrap submit-wrap textbox-wrap" data-field-id="4">
<div class="nf-field-label"></div>
<div class="nf-field-element">
<input id="nf-field-4" class="ninja-forms-field nf-element " type="submit" value="Go">
</div>
<div class="nf-error-wrap"></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="nf-after-field"><nf-section>
<div class="nf-input-limit"></div>
<div id="nf-error-4" class="nf-error-wrap nf-error" role="alert"></div>
</nf-section></div>
</div>
</nf-field></nf-fields>
</div>
</nf-cells>
</div>
<div class="nf-row">
<nf-cells>
<div class="nf-cell" style="width: 20%;">
<nf-fields><nf-field>
<div id="nf-field-30-container" class="nf-field-container hidden-container label-above ">
<div class="nf-before-field"><nf-section>
</nf-section></div>
<div class="nf-field">
<div id="nf-field-30-wrap" class="field-wrap hidden-wrap" data-field-id="30">
<div class="nf-field-label"></div>
<div class="nf-field-element">
<input type="hidden" id="nf-field-30" name="nf-field-30" class="ninja-forms-field nf-element" value="f677bafb82">
</div>
<div class="nf-error-wrap"></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="nf-after-field"><nf-section>
<div class="nf-input-limit"></div>
<div id="nf-error-30" class="nf-error-wrap nf-error" role="alert"></div>
</nf-section></div>
</div>
</nf-field></nf-fields>
</div>
<div class="nf-cell" style="width: 20%;">
<nf-fields><nf-field>
<div id="nf-field-31-container" class="nf-field-container hidden-container label-above ">
<div class="nf-before-field"><nf-section>
</nf-section></div>
<div class="nf-field">
<div id="nf-field-31-wrap" class="field-wrap hidden-wrap" data-field-id="31">
<div class="nf-field-label"></div>
<div class="nf-field-element">
<input type="hidden" id="nf-field-31" name="nf-field-31" class="ninja-forms-field nf-element" value="subscribe">
</div>
<div class="nf-error-wrap"></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="nf-after-field"><nf-section>
<div class="nf-input-limit"></div>
<div id="nf-error-31" class="nf-error-wrap nf-error" role="alert"></div>
</nf-section></div>
</div>
</nf-field></nf-fields>
</div>
<div class="nf-cell" style="width: 20%;">
<nf-fields><nf-field>
<div id="nf-field-32-container" class="nf-field-container hidden-container label-above ">
<div class="nf-before-field"><nf-section>
</nf-section></div>
<div class="nf-field">
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Learn More → Follow Us View our Youtube channel View our Facebook page View our Instagram feed View our Twitter (X) feed View our LinkedIn account Search for: Open the Main Navigation Search Return to homepage For Business Subscribe Starts With A Bang — August 26, 2024 7 UNNECESSARY ASSUMPTIONS ABOUT LIFE IN THE UNIVERSE So far, Earth is the only planet that we’re certain possesses active life processes. Here’s what we shouldn’t assume about life elsewhere. That the Universe exists and that we are here to observe it tells us a lot. It enables us to place constraints on various parameters, and to then infer the existence of states and reactions that present themselves as gaps in our present-day knowledge. But there are severe limits to what we can learn from this type of reasoning as well, including about the probabilities of finding life elsewhere. Credit: NASA/NEXSS collaboration Key Takeaways * In terms of the cosmic lottery for life, Earth has certainly emerged as a winner: the only winner that we know of to date, despite the discovery of thousands of planets and worlds beyond our own. * It’s easy to make the assumption that Earth has all the “just right” conditions needed for life to emerge, but the truth is that we likely represent only one possible success within our vast cosmos. * From having a large Moon to being a latecomer in the Universe to our position in the galaxy and more, here are 7 properties that are true about our life-possessing world, but that may not be needed for life at all. Ethan Siegel Copy a link to the article entitled http://7%20unnecessary%20assumptions%20about%20life%20in%20the%20Universe Share 7 unnecessary assumptions about life in the Universe on Facebook Share 7 unnecessary assumptions about life in the Universe on Twitter (X) Share 7 unnecessary assumptions about life in the Universe on LinkedIn Sign up for the Starts With a Bang newsletter Travel the universe with Dr. Ethan Siegel as he answers the biggest questions of all Fields marked with an * are required Email * If you are a human seeing this field, please leave it empty. Here in 2024, thousands of planets are known beyond Earth. What do planets outside our solar system, or exoplanets, look like? A variety of possibilities are shown in this illustration. Scientists discovered the first exoplanets in the 1990s. As of 2024, the tally stands at over 5,000 confirmed exoplanets. None are known to be inhabited, but a few raise tantalizing possibilities: largely among the Earth-sized planets, but not so much among the larger ones. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech Although many have biologically-friendly ingredients, only Earth is known to harbor life. Although NASA’s Perseverance rover landed on Mars in early 2021, it took over 400 Martian sols for Perseverance to encounter and photograph the parachute that allowed it to gently set down on the red planet’s surface. In this region, photographed in April of 2022, the numerous organic compounds have been found in the Martian soils where liquid water must once have been abundant. Organics, however, do not necessarily mean life, and the instrument suite aboard Perseverance is insufficient to draw such a conclusion. Either a follow-on, or sample return, mission will be needed to learn more. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/ASU/MSSS However, many properties that Earth possesses may be unnecessary for life’s emergence. Our notion of a habitable zone is defined by the propensity of an Earth-sized planet with an Earth-like atmosphere at that particular distance from its parent star to have the capacity for liquid water, without a cover of ice, on its surface. Although this describes the conditions that Earth possesses, it is unknown whether this is a requirement, or even a preference, of life. Many worlds assumed to be good candidates for life will likely be uninhabited; others not presently considered will likely surprise us down the line. Credit: Chester Harman; NASA/JPL, PHL at UPR Arecibo Here are seven common assumptions that we should be eager to challenge. The Moon and clouds over the Pacific Ocean, as photographed by Frank Borman and James A. Lovell during the Gemini 7 mission. Earth, around our Sun, has the right conditions for life. We frequently assume that a large Moon, which stabilizes Earth’s axial tilt, is helpful or even necessary for life. But this assumption may be unfounded. Credit: NASA 1.) Having a large Moon supports life. About 50 million years after Earth formed, it was struck by a large, Mars-sized object named Theia. The aftermath of the collision superheated the Earth and kicked up an enormous amount of debris, a large fraction of which wound up forming the Moon. The remainder either escaped the Earth-Moon system or fell back onto one of the two bodies. The Moon’s large mass and close proximity to Earth stabilizes our rotational axis. Credit: Mark A. Garlick Formed from a giant impact, our Moon stabilizes our axial tilt. The Earth presently rotates on its axis, which is inclined to the Sun at 23.44 degrees. Over time, the Earth’s axial tilt varies only slightly: from 22.1 to 24.5 degrees, as compared to planets like Mars which vary by more than 10 times as much. Our Moon stabilizes our axial tilt, but whether this is necessary or even beneficial to life has not been properly determined. Credit: CielProfond/Wikimedia Commons However, an unstable rotational axis may be neutral toward biological activity. The Hawaiian islands, like most island arcs that form on Earth, initially arose as a mantle plume delivered material up to Earth’s surface by rising through the crust. Over time, the lava builds up to poke above Earth’s oceanic surface, and then, as the plate slides over so that the forming, growing mountain is no longer over the same hot-spot, a new island begins to form. Once a mountain has moved off of its hotspot, it can only erode, not grow any further. This provides strong evidence for Earth’s active lid tectonics; a property not presently seen on other planets in our Solar System. Credit: Joel E. Robinson, USGS 2.) Plate tectonics are desirable. This image shows a volcanic feature on Io, imaged up close by the Galileo spacecraft during 7 close encounters from 1995-2003. The yellowish color here is due to sulfur, while active lava flows can be seen unambiguously even from space. Tidally induced tectonics can theoretically support life just as well as plate tectonics can. Credit: NASA/JPL/University Of Arizona Strong tidal forces could release internal planetary energy just as easily. The animation depicts a mapping of the positions of known near-Earth objects (NEOs) at points in time over the past 20 years and finishes with a map of all known asteroids as of January 2018. Despite how crowded a diagram such as this appears, the space between asteroids, on average, is enormous when compared to their actual sizes. The impact rate on Earth is dramatically increased, not decreased, by the presence of Jupiter. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech 3.) Nearby gas giants protect habitable planets. At approximately 10:40 PM UT, an impact event occurred on Jupiter on September 13, 2021, which appeared as a brief, transient flash of white light near Jupiter’s equator. This marks the 9th impact on Jupiter observed since 2009. Although Jupiter receives more impacts than any other planet in our Solar System, it doesn’t protect Earth, but rather increases our planet’s collision rate by approximately a factor of 3.5 over a scenario where Jupiter didn’t exist. Credit: Harald Paleske, Langendorf, Germany, spaceweather.com. Nearby, massive planets increase, not decrease, the impact rates on neighboring worlds. Here in our own Solar System, a single star anchors the system, where inner, rocky planets, an intermediate-distance asteroid belt, and then more distant gas giant planets eventually give way to the Kuiper belt and Oort cloud. The sizes, masses, and distances between the various objects is not generally appreciated, as these scales are far outside our everyday experience. Credit: NASA/Dana Berry 4.) Earth’s late cosmic emergence supports life arising on it. The existence of complex, carbon-based molecules in star forming regions is interesting, but isn’t anthropically demanded. Here, glycolaldehydes, an example of simple sugars, are illustrated in a location corresponding to where they were detected in an interstellar gas cloud: offset from the region presently forming new stars the fastest. Interstellar molecules are common, with many of them being complex and long-chained. Credit: ALMA (ESO/NAOJ/NRAO)/L. Calçada (ESO) & NASA/JPL-Caltech/WISE Team Life seemingly requires rocky planets with organic molecules. If life began with a random peptide that could metabolize nutrients/energy from its environment, replication could then ensue from peptide-nucleic acid coevolution. Here, DNA-peptide coevolution is illustrated, but it could work with RNA or even PNA as the nucleic acid instead. Asserting that a “divine spark” is needed for life to arise is a classic “God-of-the-gaps” argument, but asserting that we know exactly how life arose from non-life is also a fallacy. These conditions, including rocky planets with these molecules present on their surfaces, likely existed within the first 1-2 billion years of the Big Bang. Credit: A. Chotera et al., Chemistry Europe, 2018 Such systems emerged merely 1-2 billion years after the Big Bang. This color-coded map shows the heavy element abundances of more than 6 million stars within the Milky Way. Stars in red, orange, and yellow are all rich enough in heavy elements that they should have planets; green and cyan-coded stars should only rarely have planets, and stars coded blue or violet should have absolutely no planets at all around them. Note that the central plane of the galactic disk, extending all the way into the galactic core, has the potential for habitable, rocky planets. This map shows fewer than 0.01% of the stars within our galaxy. Credit: ESA/Gaia/DPAC; CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO 5.) Life is disfavored near the galactic center. This image shows the magnetized galactic center, with various features highlighted, as imaged by the SOFIA/HAWC+ FIREPLACE survey team. The giant bubble at the left of the image is some 30 light-years wide, several times larger than any other supernova-blown bubble ever discovered. This violence-rich environment is likely the only part of the galaxy too energetic for life to sustain itself. Credit: D. Paré et al., arXiv:2401.05317v2, 2024 Only the innermost few light-years should be uninhabitable. The European Space Agency’s space-based Gaia mission has mapped out the three-dimensional positions and locations of more than one billion stars in our Milky Way galaxy: the most of all-time. Based on the properties of these stars and stellar systems, there is little evidence that suggests the existence of a life-restricting galactic habitable zone. Credit: ESA/Gaia/DPAC Long-term, stable conditions persist almost everywhere. The (modern) Morgan–Keenan spectral classification system, with the temperature range of each star class shown above it, in kelvin. The overwhelming majority of stars today are M-class stars, with only 1 known O- or B-class star within 25 parsecs. Our Sun is a G-class star, along with about 5-10% of total stars. However, in the early Universe, almost all of the stars were O- or B-class stars, with an average mass 25 times greater than average stars today. Credit: LucasVB/Wikimedia Commons; Annotations: E. Siegel 6.) A Sun-like star is required. This graphic compares a Sun-like star with a red dwarf, a typical brown dwarf, an ultra-cool brown dwarf, and a planet like Jupiter. Only about 5% of all stars are like the Sun or more massive; K-type stars represent 15% of all stars, while red dwarfs represent 75-80% of all stars. Brown dwarfs, although they are failed stars, may be just as common as red dwarfs are. Credit: MPIA/V. Joergens Lower mass stars far outnumber Sun-like ones. This glimpse into the stars found in the densest region of the Orion Nebula, near the heart of the Trapezium Cluster, shows a modern glimpse inside a star-forming region of the Milky Way. However, star-formation properties vary over cosmic time, from galaxy to galaxy, at different radii from the galactic center, etc. All of these properties and more must be reckoned with to compare the Sun with the overall population of stars within the Universe. Note that our Sun, born 4.6 billion years ago, is younger than 85% of all stars. Credit: X-ray: NASA/CXC/Penn State/E.Feigelson & K.Getman et al.; Optical: NASA/ESA/STScI/M. Robberto et al. Once flaring settles down, K-type and M-type stars should support habitability. Looking at the same region of space in three different wavelengths of light, a short-wavelength infrared view, a long-wavelength infrared view, and a narrowband view at a wavelength of 1.87 microns, reveals many different features within the same region of the Orion Nebula. The bright, glowing features at long wavelengths of light indicate large amounts of modestly cool neutral matter, pointing to star-formation still being ongoing in those regions. Actively star-forming regions create not only singlet stellar systems like our own, but also binary, trinary, and even richer multi-star systems as well. Credit: M.J. McCaughrean & S.G. Pearson, A&A submitted, 2023; Animation by E. Siegel 7.) Metal-poor stars are uninhabitable. These charts show the estimated star-formation rate density as a function of redshift and metallicity of the stars that form. Although there are substantial uncertainties, it can be safely concluded that somewhere between only about 3% and 20% of all stars have a heavy element content that’s greater than or equal to our Sun’s, with most estimates falling between just 4-10%. However, most stars with at least ~25% of the Sun’s heavy element content possess planets. Credit: M. Chruslinska & G. Nelemans, MNRAS, 2019 Stars with only a fraction of the Sun’s heavy elements house rocky, potentially life-supporting planets. This view from the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) of the protoplanetary disk, or proplyd, Orion 294-606 showcases not only how magnificent JWST is at imaging objects like this, but also how distant stellar systems truly are from one another, even within the star-forming regions where they’re created. This newly-forming object is due to a collapsing gas cloud and will someday become a star, but is not yet one. Stars only need a small fraction of the heavy elements that the Sun possesses in order to form planets. Credit: NASA/ESA/CSA/McCaughrean & Pearson Mostly Mute Monday tells an astronomical story in images, visuals, and no more than 200 words. Tags Space & Astrophysics In this article Space & Astrophysics Sign up for the Starts With a Bang newsletter Travel the universe with Dr. Ethan Siegel as he answers the biggest questions of all Fields marked with an <span class="ninja-forms-req-symbol">*</span> are required Email * If you are a human seeing this field, please leave it empty. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Related Starts With A Bang Why haven’t we detected a signal from intelligent aliens yet? Life arose on Earth early on, eventually giving rise to us: intelligent and technologically advanced. “First contact” still remains elusive. Starts With A Bang 7 changes destroying the Moon would have on planet Earth Earth, the only rocky planet with a large, massive satellite, is greatly affected by the Moon. Destroying it would cause 7 major changes. Starts With A Bang Modern astrophysics answers Isaac Newton’s oldest question Straddling the bounds of science and religion, Newton wondered who set the planets in motion. Astrophysics reveals the answer. Starts With A Bang 10 revolutionary finds from JWST’s first 2 years of science In July of 2022, the first science images from JWST were unveiled. Two years later, it’s changed our view of the Universe. Starts With A Bang Ask Ethan: Is Earth’s climate changing as the Sun loses mass? As the Sun ages, it loses mass, causing Earth to spiral outward in its orbit. Will that cool the Earth down, or will other effects win out? -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Up Next High Culture Meet Thresh, the world’s first professional gamer Dennis “Thresh” Fong talks to us about battling Elon Musk in Quake in the ‘90s, his undefeated record as a pro gamer, and using AI to detoxify gaming. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- YOU MIGHT ALSO LIKE Recommended by YOU MIGHT ALSO LIKE Recommended by FOOTER Subscribe Get counterintuitive, surprising, and impactful stories delivered to your inbox every Thursday. Fields marked with an * are required Email * If you are a human seeing this field, please leave it empty. 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View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch Consent INDEX EXCHANGE INC. Cookie duration: 395 (days). Data collected and processed: Precise location data, IP addresses, Privacy choices, Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics more Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch Consent QUANTCAST Cookie duration: 396 (days). Data collected and processed: User-provided data, Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, Authentication-derived identifiers, IP addresses, Users’ profiles, Privacy choices, Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics more Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline BEESWAXIO CORPORATION Cookie duration: 395 (days). Data collected and processed: Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, Precise location data, IP addresses, Privacy choices, Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics more Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch Consent SOVRN, INC. Cookie duration: 365 (days). Data collected and processed: Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Users’ profiles, Privacy choices, Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics more Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage. View details | Privacy policylaunch Consent ADIKTEEV Doesn't use cookies. Data collected and processed: Probabilistic identifiers, Authentication-derived identifiers, IP addresses, Users’ profiles, Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics more Uses other forms of storage. View details | Privacy policylaunch ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline RTB HOUSE S.A. Cookie duration: 365 (days). Data collected and processed: Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Users’ profiles, Privacy choices, Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics more Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch Consent THE UK TRADE DESK LTD Cookie duration: 365 (days). Data collected and processed: Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, Precise location data, Authentication-derived identifiers, IP addresses, Users’ profiles, Privacy choices, Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics more Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline NEXXEN INC. Cookie duration: 180 (days). Data collected and processed: Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Users’ profiles, Privacy choices, Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics more Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline EPSILON Cookie duration: 184 (days). Data collected and processed: User-provided data, Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, Authentication-derived identifiers, IP addresses, Users’ profiles, Privacy choices, Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics more Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage. View details | Privacy policylaunch Consent YAHOO EMEA LIMITED Cookie duration: 397 (days). Data collected and processed: Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, Precise location data, IP addresses, Users’ profiles, Privacy choices, Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics more Cookie duration resets each session. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch Consent ADVENTORI SAS Cookie duration: 90 (days). Data collected and processed: User-provided data, Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Privacy choices, Non-precise location data, Device identifiers more Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage. View details | Privacy policylaunch Consent TRIPLE LIFT, INC. Cookie duration: 90 (days). Data collected and processed: Browsing and interaction data, Precise location data, Authentication-derived identifiers, IP addresses, Users’ profiles, Privacy choices, Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics more Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage. View details | Privacy policylaunch ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline XANDR, INC. Cookie duration: 90 (days). Data collected and processed: Browsing and interaction data, Precise location data, Authentication-derived identifiers, IP addresses, Users’ profiles, Privacy choices, Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics more Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline NEORY GMBH Cookie duration: 90 (days). Data collected and processed: User-provided data, Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, Authentication-derived identifiers, IP addresses, Users’ profiles, Privacy choices, Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics more Cookie duration resets each session. View details | Privacy policylaunch Consent NEXXEN GROUP LLC Cookie duration: 365 (days). Data collected and processed: Probabilistic identifiers, IP addresses, Users’ profiles, Privacy choices, Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics more Cookie duration resets each session. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline NEURAL.ONE Cookie duration: 365 (days). Data collected and processed: Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Privacy choices, Non-precise location data, Device characteristics more Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage. View details | Privacy policylaunch Consent ADITION (VIRTUAL MINDS GMBH) Cookie duration: 365 (days). Data collected and processed: User-provided data, Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, Precise location data, IP addresses, Users’ profiles, Privacy choices, Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics more Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch Consent ACTIVE AGENT (VIRTUAL MINDS GMBH) Cookie duration: 365 (days). Data collected and processed: User-provided data, Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, Precise location data, IP addresses, Users’ profiles, Privacy choices, Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics more Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch Consent TABOOLA EUROPE LIMITED Cookie duration: 366 (days). Data collected and processed: Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Users’ profiles, Privacy choices, Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics more Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch Consent EQUATIV Cookie duration: 396 (days). Data collected and processed: Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, Precise location data, Authentication-derived identifiers, IP addresses, Users’ profiles, Privacy choices, Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics more Uses other forms of storage. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch Consent ADFORM A/S Cookie duration: 3650 (days). Data collected and processed: User-provided data, Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, Authentication-derived identifiers, IP addresses, Users’ profiles, Privacy choices, Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics more Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline MAGNITE, INC. Cookie duration: 365 (days). Data collected and processed: Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, Precise location data, IP addresses, Privacy choices, Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics more Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline RATEGAIN ADARA INC Cookie duration: 730 (days). Data collected and processed: User-provided data, Browsing and interaction data, Authentication-derived identifiers, IP addresses, Users’ profiles, Privacy choices, Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics more View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch Consent SIFT MEDIA, INC Doesn't use cookies. Data collected and processed: Precise location data, IP addresses, Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics more View details | Privacy policylaunch Consent RAKUTEN MARKETING LLC Cookie duration: 730 (days). Data collected and processed: User-provided data, Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, Authentication-derived identifiers, IP addresses, Users’ profiles, Privacy choices, Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics more Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage. View details | Privacy policylaunch ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline LUMEN RESEARCH LIMITED Doesn't use cookies. Data collected and processed: Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Non-precise location data, Device characteristics more View details | Privacy policylaunch Legitimate interesthelp_outline AMAZON AD SERVER Cookie duration: 396 (days). Data collected and processed: Browsing and interaction data, Authentication-derived identifiers, IP addresses, Users’ profiles, Privacy choices, Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics more Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline OPENX Cookie duration: 365 (days). Data collected and processed: Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Privacy choices, Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics more Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch Consent YIELDLAB (VIRTUAL MINDS GMBH) Cookie duration: 90 (days). Data collected and processed: User-provided data, Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, Precise location data, IP addresses, Users’ profiles, Privacy choices, Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics more Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch Consent ROKU ADVERTISING SERVICES Cookie duration: 396 (days). Data collected and processed: User-provided data, Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, Precise location data, Authentication-derived identifiers, IP addresses, Users’ profiles, Privacy choices, Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics more Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline NANO INTERACTIVE GROUP LTD. Doesn't use cookies. Data collected and processed: Browsing and interaction data, Non-precise location data, Device characteristics more View details | Privacy policylaunch Consent SIMPLIFI HOLDINGS LLC Cookie duration: 366 (days). Data collected and processed: Precise location data, IP addresses, Device identifiers more Uses other forms of storage. View details | Privacy policylaunch Consent PUBMATIC, INC Cookie duration: 365 (days). Data collected and processed: User-provided data, Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, Precise location data, Authentication-derived identifiers, IP addresses, Users’ profiles, Privacy choices, Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics more Uses other forms of storage. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline COMSCORE B.V. Cookie duration: 720 (days). Data collected and processed: User-provided data, Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, Authentication-derived identifiers, IP addresses, Privacy choices, Device identifiers, Device characteristics more Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage. View details | Privacy policylaunch Consent FLASHTALKING Cookie duration: 730 (days). Data collected and processed: Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, Authentication-derived identifiers, IP addresses, Users’ profiles, Privacy choices, Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics more View details | Privacy policylaunch Consent PULSEPOINT, INC. Cookie duration: 365 (days). Data collected and processed: IP addresses, Device identifiers, Device characteristics more Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage. View details | Privacy policylaunch Consent SMAATO, INC. Cookie duration: 21 (days). Data collected and processed: User-provided data, Browsing and interaction data, Precise location data, Authentication-derived identifiers, IP addresses, Users’ profiles, Privacy choices, Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics more Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline SEMASIO GMBH Cookie duration: 366 (days). Data collected and processed: Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Privacy choices, Device identifiers more Cookie duration resets each session. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch Consent CRIMTAN HOLDINGS LIMITED Cookie duration: 365 (days). Data collected and processed: User-provided data, Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, Precise location data, Authentication-derived identifiers, IP addresses, Users’ profiles, Privacy choices, Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics more Cookie duration resets each session. View details | Privacy policylaunch ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline GENIUS SPORTS UK LIMITED Cookie duration: 365 (days). Data collected and processed: Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, Authentication-derived identifiers, IP addresses, Users’ profiles, Privacy choices, Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics more Cookie duration resets each session. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch Consent CRITEO SA Cookie duration: 390 (days). Data collected and processed: Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, Authentication-derived identifiers, IP addresses, Users’ profiles, Privacy choices, Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics more Uses other forms of storage. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch Consent ADLOOX SA Doesn't use cookies. Data collected and processed: Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics more Uses other forms of storage. View details | Privacy policylaunch ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline BLIS GLOBAL LIMITED Cookie duration: 400 (days). Data collected and processed: User-provided data, Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, Precise location data, Authentication-derived identifiers, IP addresses, Users’ profiles, Privacy choices, Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics more Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch Consent LOTAME SOLUTIONS, INC Cookie duration: 274 (days). Data collected and processed: User-provided data, Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, Authentication-derived identifiers, IP addresses, Users’ profiles, Privacy choices, Device identifiers, Device characteristics more Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage. View details | Privacy policylaunch Consent LIVERAMP Cookie duration: 365 (days). Data collected and processed: Browsing and interaction data, Authentication-derived identifiers, IP addresses, Privacy choices, Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics more Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch Consent GROUPM UK LIMITED Cookie duration: 395 (days). Data collected and processed: Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, Precise location data, Authentication-derived identifiers, IP addresses, Privacy choices, Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics more Cookie duration resets each session. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline LOOPME LIMITED Cookie duration: 90 (days). Data collected and processed: User-provided data, Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, Precise location data, IP addresses, Users’ profiles, Privacy choices, Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics more Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch Consent DYNATA LLC Cookie duration: 365 (days). Data collected and processed: User-provided data, Browsing and interaction data, Authentication-derived identifiers, IP addresses, Users’ profiles, Privacy choices, Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics more Cookie duration resets each session. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch Consent ASK LOCALA Doesn't use cookies. Data collected and processed: Precise location data, IP addresses, Privacy choices, Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics more Uses other forms of storage. View details | Privacy policylaunch Consent AZIRA Doesn't use cookies. Data collected and processed: Browsing and interaction data, Precise location data, IP addresses, Users’ profiles, Privacy choices, Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics more Uses other forms of storage. View details | Privacy policylaunch ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline DOUBLEVERIFY INC. Doesn't use cookies. Data collected and processed: Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Privacy choices, Non-precise location data, Device characteristics more View details | Privacy policylaunch Legitimate interesthelp_outline BIDSWITCH GMBH Cookie duration: 365 (days). Data collected and processed: Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, Precise location data, Authentication-derived identifiers, IP addresses, Privacy choices, Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics more Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch Consent IPONWEB GMBH Cookie duration: 365 (days). Data collected and processed: User-provided data, Browsing and interaction data, Authentication-derived identifiers, IP addresses, Privacy choices, Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics more Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage. View details | Privacy policylaunch Consent NEXTROLL, INC. Cookie duration: 183 (days). Data collected and processed: User-provided data, Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Users’ profiles, Privacy choices, Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics more Cookie duration resets each session. View details | Privacy policylaunch Consent TEADS FRANCE SAS Cookie duration: 365 (days). Data collected and processed: Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Users’ profiles, Privacy choices, Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics more Uses other forms of storage. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline STRÖER SSP GMBH (SSP) Cookie duration: 365 (days). Data collected and processed: Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Users’ profiles, Privacy choices, Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics more Uses other forms of storage. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline OS DATA SOLUTIONS GMBH & CO. KG Cookie duration: 90 (days). Data collected and processed: User-provided data, Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Users’ profiles, Privacy choices, Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics more Uses other forms of storage. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline PERMODO GMBH Doesn't use cookies. Data collected and processed: Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Users’ profiles, Privacy choices, Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics more Uses other forms of storage. View details | Privacy policylaunch Consent PLATFORM161 B.V. Cookie duration: 396 (days). Data collected and processed: Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, Precise location data, IP addresses, Users’ profiles, Privacy choices, Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics more Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch Consent BASIS GLOBAL TECHNOLOGIES, INC. Cookie duration: 365 (days). Data collected and processed: Browsing and interaction data, Precise location data, Authentication-derived identifiers, IP addresses, Users’ profiles, Privacy choices, Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics more Cookie duration resets each session. View details | Privacy policylaunch ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline SMADEX, S.L.U. Cookie duration: 365 (days). Data collected and processed: User-provided data, Probabilistic identifiers, IP addresses, Users’ profiles, Privacy choices, Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics more Cookie duration resets each session. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch Consent BOMBORA INC. Cookie duration: 365 (days). Data collected and processed: Browsing and interaction data, Authentication-derived identifiers, IP addresses, Users’ profiles, Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics more Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline EASYMEDIA GMBH Cookie duration: 365 (days). Data collected and processed: Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, Precise location data, IP addresses, Users’ profiles, Privacy choices, Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics more Cookie duration resets each session. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch Consent REMERGE GMBH Doesn't use cookies. Data collected and processed: Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics more Uses other forms of storage. View details | Privacy policylaunch ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline ADVANCED STORE GMBH Cookie duration: 365 (days). Data collected and processed: Device identifiers more Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline MAGNITE CTV, INC. Cookie duration: 366 (days). Data collected and processed: Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, Precise location data, IP addresses, Privacy choices, Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics more Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline DELTA PROJECTS AB Cookie duration: 365 (days). Data collected and processed: User-provided data, Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, Precise location data, Authentication-derived identifiers, IP addresses, Users’ profiles, Privacy choices, Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics more View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline USEMAX ADVERTISEMENT (EMEGO GMBH) Cookie duration: 365 (days). Data collected and processed: IP addresses, Users’ profiles more Cookie duration resets each session. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch Consent EMETRIQ GMBH Cookie duration: 365 (days). Data collected and processed: User-provided data, Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, Authentication-derived identifiers, IP addresses, Users’ profiles, Privacy choices, Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics more Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch Consent PUBLICIS MEDIA GMBH Cookie duration: 1825 (days). Data collected and processed: User-provided data, Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, Authentication-derived identifiers, IP addresses, Users’ profiles, Privacy choices, Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics more Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage. View details | Privacy policylaunch Consent M.D. PRIMIS TECHNOLOGIES LTD. Cookie duration: 25 (days). Data collected and processed: User-provided data, Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Privacy choices, Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics more View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline ONETAG LIMITED Cookie duration: 396 (days). Data collected and processed: Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Privacy choices, Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics more Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch Consent CLOUD TECHNOLOGIES S.A. Cookie duration: 365 (days). Data collected and processed: Browsing and interaction data, Authentication-derived identifiers, IP addresses, Users’ profiles, Privacy choices, Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics more Cookie duration resets each session. View details | Privacy policylaunch Consent SMARTOLOGY LIMITED Doesn't use cookies. Data collected and processed: IP addresses more Uses other forms of storage. View details | Privacy policylaunch ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline IMPROVE DIGITAL Cookie duration: 90 (days). Data collected and processed: User-provided data, Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, Precise location data, Authentication-derived identifiers, IP addresses, Users’ profiles, Privacy choices, Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics more Cookie duration resets each session. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline ADOBE ADVERTISING CLOUD Cookie duration: 365 (days). Data collected and processed: Authentication-derived identifiers, IP addresses, Privacy choices, Device identifiers more View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline BANNERFLOW AB Cookie duration: 366 (days). Data collected and processed: IP addresses, Privacy choices, Non-precise location data, Device characteristics more Cookie duration resets each session. View details | Privacy policylaunch ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline TABMO SAS Doesn't use cookies. Data collected and processed: User-provided data, Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, Precise location data, IP addresses, Users’ profiles, Privacy choices, Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics more Uses other forms of storage. View details | Privacy policylaunch Consent INTEGRAL AD SCIENCE (INCORPORATING ADMANTX) Doesn't use cookies. Data collected and processed: Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Privacy choices, Non-precise location data, Device characteristics more View details | Privacy policylaunch Legitimate interesthelp_outline WIZALY Cookie duration: 365 (days). Data collected and processed: Browsing and interaction data, Authentication-derived identifiers, IP addresses, Privacy choices, Non-precise location data, Device characteristics more Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch Consent WEBORAMA Cookie duration: 393 (days). Data collected and processed: User-provided data, Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, Precise location data, Authentication-derived identifiers, IP addresses, Users’ profiles, Privacy choices, Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics more Uses other forms of storage. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline JIVOX CORPORATION Cookie duration: 30 (days). Data collected and processed: Browsing and interaction data, Precise location data, IP addresses, Users’ profiles, Privacy choices, Non-precise location data, Device identifiers more Cookie duration resets each session. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch Consent VISTAR MEDIA EMEA BV Doesn't use cookies. Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data more View details | Privacy policylaunch Consent ON DEVICE RESEARCH LIMITED Cookie duration: 30 (days). Data collected and processed: User-provided data, Browsing and interaction data, Precise location data, IP addresses, Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics more View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch Consent ROCKABOX MEDIA LTD Doesn't use cookies. Data collected and processed: Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Non-precise location data, Device characteristics more View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch Legitimate interesthelp_outline EXACTAG GMBH Cookie duration: 180 (days). Data collected and processed: Browsing and interaction data, Authentication-derived identifiers, IP addresses, Privacy choices, Device identifiers, Device characteristics more Cookie duration resets each session. View details | Privacy policylaunch Consent CELTRA INC. Doesn't use cookies. Data collected and processed: Precise location data, IP addresses, Device identifiers, Device characteristics more Uses other forms of storage. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch Consent MAINADV SRL Cookie duration: 30 (days). Data collected and processed: User-provided data, Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Privacy choices, Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics more Uses other forms of storage. View details | Privacy policylaunch Consent GEMIUS SA Cookie duration: 1825 (days). Data collected and processed: Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Users’ profiles, Privacy choices, Device identifiers, Device characteristics more Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch Consent THE KANTAR GROUP LIMITED Cookie duration: 914 (days). Data collected and processed: Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Privacy choices, Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics more Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage. View details | Privacy policylaunch Consent NIELSEN MEDIA RESEARCH LTD. Cookie duration: 120 (days). Data collected and processed: Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Privacy choices, Device identifiers, Device characteristics more Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline SOLOCAL SA Cookie duration: 396 (days). Data collected and processed: User-provided data, Browsing and interaction data, Precise location data, IP addresses, Users’ profiles, Privacy choices, Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics more Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline PIXALATE, INC. Doesn't use cookies. Data collected and processed: Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics more View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch Consent ORACLE ADVERTISING Cookie duration: 180 (days). Data collected and processed: User-provided data, Browsing and interaction data, Authentication-derived identifiers, IP addresses, Users’ profiles, Privacy choices, Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics more Uses other forms of storage. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch Consent NUMBERLY Cookie duration: 180 (days). Data collected and processed: User-provided data, Browsing and interaction data, Authentication-derived identifiers, IP addresses, Users’ profiles, Privacy choices, Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics more Cookie duration resets each session. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch Consent AUDIENCEPROJECT A/S Cookie duration: 365 (days). Data collected and processed: User-provided data, Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, Authentication-derived identifiers, IP addresses, Users’ profiles, Privacy choices, Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics more Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline DEMANDBASE, INC. Cookie duration: 730 (days). Data collected and processed: User-provided data, Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, Precise location data, IP addresses, Users’ profiles, Privacy choices, Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics more Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch Consent EFFILIATION / EFFINITY Cookie duration: 30 (days). Data collected and processed: Device characteristics more Cookie duration resets each session. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch Consent ARRIVALIST CO. Cookie duration: 365 (days). Data collected and processed: IP addresses, Non-precise location data more Cookie duration resets each session. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch Consent SEENTHIS AB Doesn't use cookies. Data collected and processed: IP addresses, Device characteristics more View details | Privacy policylaunch COMMANDERS ACT Cookie duration: 365 (days). Data collected and processed: IP addresses, Device identifiers more View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch Consent TRAVEL AUDIENCE GMBH Cookie duration: 397 (days). Data collected and processed: Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, Precise location data, Authentication-derived identifiers, IP addresses, Users’ profiles, Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics more Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage. View details | Privacy policylaunch Consent HUMAN Doesn't use cookies. Data collected and processed: Probabilistic identifiers, IP addresses, Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics more View details | Privacy policylaunch Legitimate interesthelp_outline ADLUDIO LTD. Doesn't use cookies. Data collected and processed: Precise location data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics more View details | Privacy policylaunch Consent BLENDEE SRL Cookie duration: 366 (days). 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Data collected and processed: User-provided data, Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Users’ profiles, Privacy choices, Device identifiers, Device characteristics more View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch Consent GP ONE GMBH Cookie duration: Uses session cookies. Data collected and processed: User-provided data, Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Privacy choices, Non-precise location data, Device characteristics more Uses other forms of storage. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline THE MEDIAGRID INC. Cookie duration: 365 (days). Data collected and processed: Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, Precise location data, IP addresses, Privacy choices, Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics more Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch Consent MINDTAKE RESEARCH GMBH Cookie duration: 180 (days). Data collected and processed: Probabilistic identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Users’ profiles, Device identifiers, Device characteristics more Uses other forms of storage. View details | Privacy policylaunch Consent CINT AB Cookie duration: 730 (days). Data collected and processed: Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Privacy choices, Device identifiers, Device characteristics more Uses other forms of storage. View details | Privacy policylaunch Consent GOOGLE ADVERTISING PRODUCTS Cookie duration: 396 (days). Data collected and processed: User-provided data, Browsing and interaction data, Authentication-derived identifiers, IP addresses, Users’ profiles, Privacy choices, Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics more Uses other forms of storage. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline GFK GMBH Cookie duration: 730 (days). Data collected and processed: User-provided data, Browsing and interaction data, Authentication-derived identifiers, IP addresses, Users’ profiles, Privacy choices, Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics more Uses other forms of storage. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch Consent REVJET Cookie duration: 730 (days). Data collected and processed: IP addresses, Users’ profiles, Privacy choices, Non-precise location data, Device identifiers more Cookie duration resets each session. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch Consent PROTECTED MEDIA LTD Doesn't use cookies. 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View details | Privacy policylaunch Consent AMAZON ADVERTISING Cookie duration: 396 (days). Data collected and processed: Browsing and interaction data, Authentication-derived identifiers, IP addresses, Users’ profiles, Privacy choices, Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics more Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch Consent MOLOCO, INC. Cookie duration: 730 (days). Data collected and processed: IP addresses, Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics more Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage. View details | Privacy policylaunch ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline ADTRIBA GMBH Cookie duration: 730 (days). Data collected and processed: Browsing and interaction data, Authentication-derived identifiers, IP addresses, Privacy choices, Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Device characteristics more Cookie duration resets each session. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch Consent OBJECTIVE PARTNERS BV Cookie duration: 90 (days). Data collected and processed: Device identifiers more Cookie duration resets each session. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch Consent ENSIGHTEN Cookie duration: 1825 (days). Data collected and processed: Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses, Privacy choices, Device identifiers, Device characteristics more Cookie duration resets each session. View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch Legitimate interesthelp_outline EBAY INC Cookie duration: 90 (days). 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View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch Consent Ad partners help_outline AKAMAI Privacy policylaunch Consent META Privacy policylaunch Consent AUNICA Privacy policylaunch Consent BOOKING.COM Privacy policylaunch Consent C3 METRICS Privacy policylaunch Consent IBM Privacy policylaunch Consent EVIDON Privacy policylaunch Consent ADACADO Privacy policylaunch Consent INTELLIAD Privacy policylaunch Consent DSTILLERY Privacy policylaunch Consent MEDIAMATH Privacy policylaunch Consent ZMS Privacy policylaunch Consent OMNICOM MEDIA GROUP Privacy policylaunch Consent RESONATE Privacy policylaunch Consent SOJERN Privacy policylaunch Consent TRADEDOUBLER AB Privacy policylaunch Consent TRUSTARC Privacy policylaunch Consent TRUEFFECT Privacy policylaunch Consent TRAVEL DATA COLLECTIVE Privacy policylaunch Consent ADVOLUTION.CONTROL Privacy policylaunch Consent LIFESTREET Privacy policylaunch Consent ADMAXIM Privacy policylaunch Consent BATCH MEDIA Privacy policylaunch Consent VODAFONE GMBH Privacy policylaunch Consent MAGNITE Privacy policylaunch Consent SCENESTEALER Privacy policylaunch Consent NETQUEST Privacy policylaunch Consent MANAGE.COM Privacy policylaunch Consent CLOUDFLARE Privacy policylaunch Consent SALESFORCE DMP Privacy policylaunch Consent NETFLIX Privacy policylaunch Consent EBUILDERS Privacy policylaunch Consent APPLOVIN CORP. 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