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Ransomware
INVESTIGATING BLACKSUIT RANSOMWARE’S SIMILARITIES TO ROYAL
In this blog entry, we analyze BlackSuit ransomware and how it compares to Royal
Ransomware.
By: Katherine Casona, Ivan Nicole Chavez, Ieriz Nicolle Gonzalez, Jeffrey
Francis Bonaobra May 31, 2023 Read time: 7 min (1965 words)
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Royal ransomware, which is already one of the most notable ransomware families
of 2022, has gained additional notoriety in early May 2023 after it was used to
attack IT systems in Dallas, Texas. Around the same period, several researchers
on Twitter came across a new ransomware family called BlackSuit that targeted
both Windows and Linux users. Additional Twitter posts mentioned connections
between BlackSuit and Royal, which piqued our interest. We managed to retrieve
and analyze a Windows 32-bit sample of the ransomware from Twitter.
In this blog entry, we analyze BlackSuit ransomware and how it compares to Royal
Ransomware.
ENCRYPTION AND LEAK SITE DETAILS
Before delving into the main comparison between the two ransomware families,
let’s first examine the encryption and leak site details of BlackSuit.
BlackSuit appends the blacksuit file extension to the files it encrypts, drops
its ransom note into the directory, and lists its TOR chat site in the ransom
note along with a unique ID for each of its victims.
Figure 1. The BlackSuit ransom note
Its operators also set up a data leak site as part of their two-pronged
extortion strategy to coerce victims into paying the ransom demand. Note that
there is just a single victim currently listed on the leak site as of the time
of writing.
Figure 2. The BlackSuit TOR website
COMPARISON BETWEEN ROYAL ESXI AND BLACKSUIT ESXI VARIANTS
One of the BlackSuit ransomware samples we analyzed is an x64 ESXi version
targeting Linux machines. An earlier post on Twitter revealed that YARA rules
designed for BlackSuit’s Linux variant matched samples of the Royal ransomware
Linux variant.
After comparing both samples of the Royal and BlackSuit ransomware, it became
apparent to us that they have an extremely high degree of similarity to each
other. In fact, they’re nearly identical, with 98% similarities in functions,
99.5% similarities in blocks, and 98.9% similarities in jumps based on BinDiff,
a comparison tool for binary files.
Figure 3. Comparison of the Linux variants of BlackSuit and Royal ransomware
Further analysis found that BlackSuit employs command-line arguments that have a
similar function to those used by Royal. However, there are some differences:
The strings used in the arguments are different, with BlackSuit also including
additional arguments not found in Royal.
Royal Argument BlackSuit Argument Description -id {32-byte characters} -name
{32-byte characters} Used as the victim’s ID, which will be appended to the TOR
link found in the dropped ransom note. The process exits if the argument is not
provided, or if the provided characters do not have a length of 32 bytes -ep
-percent {0-100} Used to define the encryption parameter -path {target path} -p
{target path} Used to specify a target directory to encrypt (Not in Royal)
-thrcount Used to create a specified number of threads depending on infected
machine‘s processor count (Not in Royal) -skip {text file} Used to specify a
text file containing folders to skip -stopvm -killvm Used to terminate
VM-linked processes via the EXSCLi command -vmonly -allfiles Encrypt all files
(Not in Royal) -noprotect CheckProcStarted /bin/sh -c ps > PS_list
does not drop the file PID does not check if the process has already been
started -fork -vmsyslog Used to create fork processes and terminate watchdog
timers Does not terminate processes with the string vmsyslogd in its name -logs
-demonoff Used to display terminal logs
TABLE 1. A COMPARISON OF ARGUMENTS FOR THE LINUX VERSIONS OF BLACKSUIT AND ROYAL
Figure 4. Creation of threads based on the value of “-thrcount”
Meanwhile, the skip argument is used to indicate a text file that contains a
list of folders to be skipped.
Figure 5. The “skip” argument used to enumerate folders to skip
During file enumeration and encryption, each respective ransomware family avoids
files with the following extensions and filenames:
Royal BlackSuit
* .royal_u
* .royal_w
* .sf
* .v00
* .b00
* royal_log_
* readme
* .blacksuit
* .BlackSuit
* .blacksuit_log_
* .list_
* .PID_
* .PS_list
* .PID_list_
* .CID_list_
* .sf
* .v00
* .b00
* .README.BlackSuit.txt
* .README.blacksuit.txt
TABLE 2. LIST OF EXTENSIONS AND FILENAMES SKIPPED BY BOTH BLACKSUIT AND ROYAL
BlackSuit ransomware targets the following extensions if the –allfiles argument
is not provided:
* .vmem
* .vmdk
* .nvram
* .vmsd
* .vmsn
* .vmss
* .vmtm
* .vmxf
* .vmxf
* .vmx
INTERMITTENT ENCRYPTION PROCESS
The binaries for both BlackSuit and Royal use OpenSSL’s AES for encryption and
employ similar intermittent encryption techniques to accelerate the encryption
of the victim’s files.
Figure 6. Preparing the file for encryption
Both BlackSuit and Royal prepare the files for encryption by rounding up the
file size to the nearest multiple of 16, after which 41 bytes are added,
possibly to account for the encryption header and other metadata.
Next, a check is performed for the file being encrypted to determine if it has a
size that is greater than 0x40000h (approximately 262KB). If this condition is
met, it will use the value set using -percent, which is represented here by the
i_ep variable. If not, it will use the default, which is 100.
Figure 7. Calculation of bytes to be used for intermittent encryption
The number of bytes to be used for intermittent encryption is then calculated
using the same formula found in the Linux version of Royal ransomware:
* N = (X/10)*(Original File Size / 100) then round down to multiples of 16
Where X is the value of “-percent”
The file size is again checked to calculate the amount of space to be allocated
for the data and metadata. Finally, the keys to be used for encryption are
prepared.
Figure 8. Preparation of the keys to be used for AES encyption
Figure 9. The BlackSuit ransomware’s encryption routine
In the case of BlackSuit, as we previously mentioned, it appends the extension
“.blacksuit” to encrypted files and drops a ransom note in the directory where
the files are located.
Figure 10. The folder showing the encrypted files with the appended extension
and the dropped ransom note
Figure 11. The content of the ransom note
COMPARISON BETWEEN ROYAL WIN32 AND BLACKSUIT WIN32 VARIANTS
In addition to the Linux-based sample, we also analyzed a Windows 32-bit version
of BlackSuit, which also exhibits significant similarities with its Royal
ransomware counterpart (93.2% similarity in functions, 99.3% in basic blocks,
and 98.4% in jumps based on BinDiff).
Figure 12. Comparison of the Linux variants of BlackSuit and Royal ransomware
Our analysis found that BlackSuit accepts the following command-line arguments:
Royal Arguments BlackSuit Arguments Description -path {target path} -p {target
path} If provided, will only encrypt the contents of the target path -id
{32-byte characters} -name {32-byte characters} Used as the victim’s ID, which
will be appended to the TOR link found in the dropped ransom note. The process
exits if the argument is not provided, or if the provided characters do not have
a length of 32 bytes -ep -percent {0 to 100} Used to define encyption parameters
(Not in Royal) -list {text files} Used to specify a text file containing the
target directories to encrypt (Not in Royal) -delete Used to delete itself
-networkonly -network Used to encrypt file shares connected to the system
-localonly -local Used to encrypt the local system only -disablesafeboot
-disablesafeboot Used to disable safeboot -noprotect -noprotect Used to disable
mutex creation
TABLE 3. A COMPARISON OF ARGUMENTS FOR THE WIN32 VERSIONS OF BLACKSUIT AND ROYAL
While BlackSuit introduces different argument strings compared to Royal, their
purpose remains similar. BlackSuit combines arguments from various Windows
versions of Royal Ransomware, while also introducing new arguments such as
"-delete" and "-list" that are specific to itself.
The -delete argument uses the following command to continuously check for the
existence of its file by looking for the filename:
cmd /v/c "set f={Malware File Name}&for /l %l in () do if exist !f! (del /f/a
"!f!") else (exit)"
If the file is found, it is immediately deleted. The command keeps running
indefinitely until the file is deleted, at which point the loop will exit.
The -list argument is used to specify a text file containing target directories
to encrypt. It loads the file using ReadFileFAPI then places the contents of the
text file in a buffer. Note that the loaded text file is a sample text file we
used for testing and not the format of the text file that will be loaded in an
actual attack.
Figure 13. Loading the text file. Note that we loaded the sample text file to
show that it loads the file when using the -list argument.
if –disablesafeboot is passed as an argument, it removes the "safeboot" value
from the current boot entry in the Boot Configuration Data (BCD) and performs an
immediate system restart via the following command:
“%System%\bcdedit.exe" /deletevalue {current} safeboot
shutdown.exe /r /t 0
When encrypting network shares using the -network argument, BlackSuit will check
if the IP address begins with the following numbers to ensure that it is
encrypting local systems:
* 192.168.
* 10.
* 100.
* 172.
It avoids encrypting files with the following strings in their file path:
Royal BlackSuit
* $recycle.bin
* $windows.~bt
* $windows.~ws
* boot
* google
* mozilla
* perflogs
* tor browser
* windows
* windows.old
* royal
* Windows
* ADMIN$
* IPC$
TABLE 4. ROYAL AND BLACKSUIT AVOID ENCRYPTING FILES THAT HAVE THESE STRINGS
Royal BlackSuit
* .exe
* .dll
* .bat
* .lnk
* .royal_u
* .royal_w
* .exe
* .dll
* .BlackSuit
* .blacksuit
* README.BlackSuit.txt
TABLE 5. ROYAL AND BLACKSUIT AVOID ENCRYPTING FILES THAT CONTAIN THESE
EXTENSIONS
BlackSuit ransomware also deletes shadow copies using the following command:
"%System%\vssadmin.exe" Delete Shadows /All /Quiet
CONCLUSION AND INSIGHTS
The emergence of BlackSuit ransomware (with its similarities to Royal) indicates
that it is either a new variant developed by the same authors, a copycat using
similar code, or an affiliate of the Royal ransomware gang that has implemented
modifications to the original family.
One possibility for BlackSuit’s creation is that, since the threat actors behind
Royal (and Conti before it) are one of the most active ransomware groups in
operation today, this may have led to increased attention from other
cybercriminals, who were then inspired to develop a similar ransomware in
BlackSuit. Another option is that BlackSuit emerged from a splinter group within
the original Royal ransomware gang.
Whatever the case may be, the emergence of another ransomware like BlackSuit
provides further evidence that threat actors will always try to look for more
effective tools for their attacks, from modifying existing code to developing
unique ransomware families, to profit from their victims. As such, both
organizations and individual users should remain vigilant when it comes to
protecting their files and data from ransomware attacks.
RECOMMENDATIONS AND SOLUTIONS
Organizations can defend against ransomware attacks by implementing a
comprehensive security framework that directs resources towards establishing a
strong defense strategy. Here are some recommendations:
* Create an inventory of assets and data
* Identify authorized and unauthorized devices and software
* Conduct audits of event and incident logs
* Manage hardware and software configurations
* Grant administrative privileges and access only when necessary
* Monitor network ports, protocols, and services
* Establish a whitelist of approved software applications
* Implement measures for data protection, backup, and recovery
* Enable multifactor authentication (MFA)
* Deploy up-to-date security solutions across all system layers
* Remain vigilant for early indications of an attack
By adopting a multi-pronged approach to securing potential entry points, such as
endpoints, emails, websites, and networks, organizations can detect and defend
against malicious elements and suspicious activities, effectively safeguarding
themselves from ransomware attacks.
A multilayered approach can help organizations guard possible entry points into
their system (endpoint, email, web, and network). Security solutions can detect
malicious components and suspicious behavior, which can help protect
enterprises.
* Trend Vision One™ provides multilayered protection and behavior detection,
which helps block questionable behavior and tools before the ransomware can
do any damage.
* Trend Micro Apex One™ offers next-level automated threat detection and
response against advanced concerns such as fileless threats and ransomware,
ensuring the protection of endpoints.
Indicators of Compromise (IOCs)
SHA256 Detection name
90ae0c693f6ffd6dc5bb2d5a5ef078629c3d77f874b2d2ebd9e109d8ca049f2c
Ransom.Win32.BLACKSUIT.THEODBC
1c849adcccad4643303297fb66bfe81c5536be39a87601d67664af1d14e02b9e
Ransom.Linux.BLACKSUIT.THEODBC
6ac8e7384767d1cb6792e62e09efc31a07398ca2043652ab11c090e6a585b310
Ransom.Win32.ROYAL.AA
4d7f6c6a051ecb1f8410243cd6941b339570165ebcfd3cc7db48d2a924874e99
Ransom.Win32.ROYAL.SMYECJYT
b57e5f0c857e807a03770feb4d3aa254d2c4c8c8d9e08687796be30e2093286c
Ransom.Linux.ROYAL.THBOBBC
Tags
Endpoints | Ransomware | Research | Articles, News, Reports
AUTHORS
* Katherine Casona
Threat Analyst
* Ivan Nicole Chavez
Threat Analyst
* Ieriz Nicolle Gonzalez
Threat Analyst
* Jeffrey Francis Bonaobra
Threat Research Engineer
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