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Home/Blog/Nutrition/Carbohydrates in the Equine Diet: Nutrition Review/


CARBOHYDRATES IN THE EQUINE DIET: NUTRITION REVIEW

Written by: Dr. Priska Darani, Ph.D.
Reviewed by: Dr. Emily Gilbert, PhD
Veterinary Review: Dr. Eleanor Kellon, VMD

2019-11-20T11:45:26-05:00 Published on: February 2, 2023
Last updated on: December 13, 2023

Evidence BasedThis article has 13 scientific references
Nutrition

 * Carbohydrates for Horses
 * Nutrition
 * Fibre
 * Non-Structural Carbohydrates
 * Sources

Carbohydrates are the main energy source in an equine diet. These macronutrients
are naturally abundant in forages, grains and grain by-products.

Carbohydrates can be categorized based on their function in the plant and how
they are digested by the horse.

Simple sugars and carbohydrates found within plant cells are digested in the
foregut. Structural carbohydrates found in the cell wall of the plant are
fermented by microbes in the hindgut.

The horse’s digestive tract is better suited for diets high in structural
carbohydrates. These are indicated on a guaranteed analysis or forage report as
neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF) or crude fibre.

Diets high in starch and sugars are not typically recommended for horses because
they can contribute to health issues such as insulin resistance, obesity,
laminitis and hindgut acidosis.

Sugars are listed in a feed analysis as water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC) or
ethanol-soluble carbohydrates (ESC). The calculated values of non-fibre
carbohydrates (NFC) and non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) are also used to
indicate carbohydrate levels.

This article will discuss carbohydrate sources in the equine diet, how they are
digested and metabolized to impact equine health and how they are defined on a
guaranteed analysis or forage analysis.


CARBOHYDRATES IN THE EQUINE DIET

According to the Nutrient Requirements of Horses (2007), carbohydrates can be
divided into three categories that reflect how they are broken down in the
horse’s digestive tract. [1]


1) HYDROLYZABLE CARBOHYDRATES

These are carbohydrates that are digested in the small intestine – the first
section of the intestine after the stomach. Enzymes produced by cells of the
intestine or from the pancreas break down these molecules to allow their
absorption.

Simple sugars and starch are the most abundant forms of hydrolyzable
carbohydrates in the equine diet. These are higher in grains than forages.

Starch is a long chain of hundreds or thousands of glucose molecules. Starch can
exist as amylose (a linear chain of glucose molecules) or amylopectin (a
branched structure).

Simple sugars (monosaccharides) and compounds of 2 sugars bound together
(disaccharides) include:

 * Glucose: A monosaccharide that triggers insulin secretion and is a primary
   energy source for most cells of the body
 * Fructose: A monosaccharide that can be used for energy in the body or
   converted into fat
 * Sucrose: A disaccharide of glucose and fructose
 * Maltose: A disaccharide of two glucose molecules; this is a product of starch
   digestion in the small intestine
 * Lactose: A disaccharide of glucose and galactose. this is the main sugar
   found in milk and is an important energy source for foals

Monosaccharides and disaccharides are low in forage-based diets. However, they
can be linked together to form longer chains, such as starch and
oligosaccharides.

Oligosaccharides consist of short chains of 3 – 10 sugars. Some examples of
oligosaccharides in feed include fructooligosaccharides, raffinose and
stachyose.

Depending on the type of bond between subsequent sugar molecules, the enzymes of
the small intestine may or may not be able to break these into shorter chains or
monosaccharides.


2) RAPIDLY FERMENTABLE CARBOHYDRATES

Besides starch, most complex carbohydrates cannot be broken down by the enzymes
in the small intestine of the horse.

This is because the enzymes the horse produces can only digest alpha linkages,
such as those found in starch. They cannot break the beta linkages found in
other complex carbohydrates.

Instead, complex carbohydrates are broken down (fermented) by microbes in the
hindgut.

Depending on their structure, some complex carbohydrates are rapidly fermented
by microbes, including:

 * Resistant starch: includes starch that escapes digestion in the small
   intestine due to starch overload or because it is not accessible to animal
   enzymes
 * Oligosaccharides: short chains that are not digested in the small intestine
 * Pectins, gums and mucilages: soluble fibre found in the cell wall of fruits,
   sugar beets, grasses and legumes
 * Fructans: short chains of fructose that act as an energy storage form in
   plants, especially cool-season grasses

These complex carbohydrates are easily fermented by the microbes of the hindgut.
This process produces volatile fatty acids (VFAs, also known as short-chain
fatty acids) and lactic acid. The VFAs are absorbed and used for energy by the
horse.

Excess lactic acid production in the hindgut can be detrimental. For example,
excess starch reaching the hindgut rapidly increases lactic acid, which reduces
pH (making the environment more acidic).

This disrupts the microbial populations and can lead to health issues, including
hindgut acidosis, colic, and laminitis. [2][3]


3) SLOWLY FERMENTABLE CARBOHYDRATES

Structural carbohydrates that give plants their rigid structure are commonly
referred to as fibre. These have a more complex structure and require more time
for microbial fermentation.

The most abundant slowly fermentable carbohydrates in forages are: [1][4]

 * Cellulose: a non-branched structure of glucose molecules organized into a
   microfibril structure
 * Hemicellulose: a branched structure of various sugars

Fermentation of cellulose and hemicellulose produces volatile fatty acids, which
are beneficial to other microbes in the hindgut and the horse. VFAs provide 30%
to 70% of the horse’s energy needs. [5][6]

The three VFAs produced by hindgut fermentation are: [7]

 * Acetate: a two-carbon structure that is metabolized in the liver to make fat
   to store energy in the body
 * Propionate: a three-carbon structure that is metabolized in the liver to make
   glucose as an energy source for the body
 * Butyrate: a four-carbon structure that is mostly used as an energy source by
   cells of the gastrointestinal tract

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NUTRITION: CARBOHYDRATE FRACTIONS

Feed or forage analysis is the only way to estimate how much of each
carbohydrate your horse gets in their diet.

Laboratory methods to conduct these analyses are traditional wet chemistry or
near-infrared spectroscopy. Wet chemistry is more expensive and time-consuming
but is generally considered more accurate. [8]

The names given to carbohydrate fractions are based on wet chemistry procedures
established by Van Soest in the 1960s and are still widely used today. [9] These
fractions can be used to estimate the amount of hydrolyzable, rapidly fermented,
and slowly fermented carbohydrates in the diet.

Below are descriptions of the main carbohydrate fractions reported on forage and
feed analyses.


NEUTRAL-DETERGENT FIBRE (NDF)

What remains after the sample is dissolved in neutral detergent and filtered is
called the neutral detergent fibre (NDF). The major components of NDF are:

 * Hemicellulose
 * Cellulose
 * Lignin

Lignin is a structural carbohydrate that is neither digestible by animal enzymes
in the small intestine nor by microbes in the hindgut. Some laboratories and
feed tags also report the lignin content as a separate value.

NDF can be used to estimate forage intake in horses. As NDF content increases,
voluntary intake tends to decrease, meaning horses given unrestricted access
will consume less of the forage. [10]


ACID-DETERGENT FIBRE (ADF)

The NDF fraction is further digested by acid detergent, which removes
hemicellulose. The major components of ADF are:

 * Cellulose
 * Lignin

These represent the least digestible components of forage. The higher the ADF
content, the lower the forage’s digestible energy (DE) or calorie content. [1]

Mathematically, the DE content of forage is calculated from the percent of ADF
(%ADF) and crude protein (%CP) by the equation: [1]

DE (mcal / kg) = 4.22 – 0.11 x %ADF + 0.0332 x %CP + 0.00112 x (%ADF2)


CRUDE FIBRE (CF)

Crude fibre indicates the plant carbohydrates that are not digestible by the
horse, but may be fermented in the hindgut.

ADF and crude fibre represent similar fractions of plant carbohydrates but are
obtained through different lab procedures. ADF tends to be higher than CF
because it captures more cellulose.

A feed with low CF is likely energy-dense and more suitable for high-performance
horses or lactating mares.


NON-STRUCTURAL CARBOHYDRATES (NSC)

NSC represents the cell contents which contain hydrolyzable carbohydrates and
rapidly fermentable carbohydrates.


WATER-SOLUBLE CARBOHYDRATES (WSC)

The water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC) fraction consists of hydrolyzable
carbohydrates that are soluble in cold water or gastrointestinal fluid,
including:

 * Monosaccharides (ex: glucose, fructose)
 * Disaccharides (ex: sucrose)
 * Oligosaccharides
 * Fructans


ETHANOL-SOLUBLE CARBOHYDRATES (ESC)

ESC is a sub-fraction of WSC.

The water-soluble fraction is treated with 80% ethanol to extract simple sugars
and disaccharides. Therefore, ethanol-soluble carbohydrates consist primarily
of:

 * Glucose
 * Fructose
 * Sucrose


STARCH

Starch remains after ethanol extraction of soluble sugars. The starch is
digested in vitro by the enzyme alpha-amylase to produce glucose.

The glucose concentration is then converted to a starch concentration value. [9]


NSC VALUE

The %NSC on a feed tag or forage analysis is a calculated value. Based on the
NRC (2007), NSC is calculated as WSC plus starch. [1]

Intake of feeds and forages with a high HC component in the NSC can result in
higher blood glucose and insulin levels and lead to insulin resistance. [11]

This is largely attributed to the glucose component of ESC and starch fractions.
Therefore, to estimate the impact of a feed or forage on metabolic health, a
more appropriate calculation of NSC is ESC plus starch.

Mad Barn’s Feed Bank presents NSC as the sum of ESC and starch.


NON-FIBRE CARBOHYDRATE (NFC)

NFC is a calculated value intended to represent the carbohydrates that are not
within the cell wall matrix and not captured in the NDF fraction.

NFC represents starch, sugars and rapidly fermentable carbohydrates. The NFC
calculation is:

100 – (protein + NDF + fat + ash)


SOLUBLE FIBRE

Similar to NFC, soluble fibre is a calculated value that represents hydrolyzable
and rapidly fermented carbohydrates, such as pectins, gums and mucilages. Unlike
NFC, this value excludes starch and sugars.

Soluble fibre is calculated as follows:

100 – (NSC + protein + NDF + fat + ash)

Feeds that are high in soluble fibre include citrus and beet pulp.


CHOOSING CARBOHYDRATE SOURCES FOR YOUR HORSE

Forage should be the main component of any horse’s diet. Horses evolved to
forage up to 18 hours per day, leaving little time for their stomach to be
empty.

The horse is also a hindgut fermenter that relies on microbial fermentation to
get energy from relatively low-quality pasture grasses and vegetation.

In modern management systems, providing regular turnout and offering free-choice
hay is ideal for maintaining gut health.

Selecting a forage that allows free-choice feeding without significantly over-
or under-supplying digestible energy is important.

High-quality forage that is low in ADF (cellulose and lignin) and high in
protein will supply higher quantities of easily digestible carbohydrates. This
may be appropriate for horses with high energy needs such as endurance horses,
lactating mares and growing foals.

Easy keepers and horses at maintenance will likely become overweight if given
free-choice access to high-quality forage.

For horses with lower energy needs, a mature forage with higher levels of
structural carbohydrates (NDF & ADF) would be more appropriate. Straw can also
be used to dilute high-quality hay for these horses.


ADDITIONAL CARBOHYDRATE SOURCES

If additional energy sources are required in addition to forage, consider other
sources of fermentable carbohydrates. Feeds with high soluble fibre values such
as beet pulp, supply carbohydrates rapidly fermented in the hindgut, providing
energy while supporting hindgut health.

Grains such as oats, corn, wheat, and barley can be added sparingly to equine
diets. Grains provide high levels of digestible carbohydrates (starch and
sugars).

Horses are not adapted to a high dietary intake of these carbohydrates. They can
develop gastric ulcers and hindgut dysfunction with high grain intake.

When feeding starch, limit the amount to 2 g of starch per kg bodyweight per
meal. For a 500 kg (1100 lb) horse, this equals 1 kg (2.2 lb) of starch per
meal. [12][13]

For example, whole oats contain 40% starch on a dry matter basis. Roughly 2.7 kg
of whole oats (as-fed basis) will provide 1 kg of starch daily. This should be
divided into at least two meals per day to provide no more than 1 gram of starch
per kg bodyweight in a single meal.

Horses with metabolic syndrome or hyperinsulinemia in PPID should have all HC
(ESC + starch) in the total diet limited to 10%. When weight gain is needed, use
free choice low HC hay and/or beet pulp or soy hulls.

Alternatively, you could consider using fat and oils, which are energy-dense and
easily digested in the small intestine. Horses can be adapted to have up to 20%
of their digestible energy needs met by fat.

Consult with an equine nutritionist to develop an optimal feeding plan for your
horse based on their individual needs.


IS YOUR HORSE'S DIET MISSING ANYTHING?

Identify gaps in your horse's nutrition program to optimize their well-being.

Analyze Diet Now


REFERENCES

 1.  National Research Council Nutrient Requirements of Horses: Sixth Revised
     Edition. 2007.
 2.  Richards, N. et al. The effect of current grain feeding practices on
     hindgut starch fermentation and acidosis in the Australian racing
     Thoroughbred. Aus Vet J. 2006.
 3.  Al Jassim, R.A.M. et al. The Bacterial Community of the Horse
     Gastrointestinal Tract and Its Relation to Fermentative Acidosis,
     Laminitis, Colic, and Stomach Ulcers. Vet Clinics: Equine Pract. 2009.
 4.  Rongpipi, S. et al. Progress and Opportunities in the Characterization of
     Cellulose – An Important Regulator of Cell Wall Growth and Mechanics. Front
     Plant Sci. 2019.
 5.  Glinsky, M.J. et al. Measurement of volatile fatty acid production rates in
     the cecum of the pony. J Anim Sci. 1976.
 6.  Vermorel, M. et al. Energy utilization of twelve forages or mixed diets for
     maintenance by sport horses. Livest Prod Sci. 1997.
 7.  Bergman, E.N. Energy contributions of volatile fatty acids from the
     gastrointestinal tract in various species. Physiol Rev. 1990.
 8.  Harris, P.A. et al. Comparison of NIRS and Wet Chemistry Methods for the
     Nutritional Analysis of Haylages for Horses. J Equine Vet Sci. 2018.
 9.  Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC INTERNATIONALTM (OMA). 2019.
 10. Meyer, K. et al. The relationship between forage cell wall content and
     voluntary food intake in mammalian herbivores. Mammal Rev. 2010.
 11. Siciliano, P.D. et al. Effect of Sward Height on Pasture Nonstructural
     Carbohydrate Concentrations and Blood Glucose/Insulin Profiles in Grazing
     Horses. J Equine Vet Sci. 2017.
 12. Durham, A.E. The role of nutrition in colic. Vet Clin NA Equine Pract. 2009
 13. Julliand, V. Starch digestion in horses: the impact of feed processing.
     Livest Sci. 2006.


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ABOUT DR. PRISKA DARANI, PH.D.


Dr. Priska Darani has had a lifelong passion for understanding how diet
regulates metabolism and contributes to health in both humans and animals.
Priska grew up on a dairy farm in Eastern Ontario before attending the
University of Guelph in 2005 to complete a B.Sc. in Animal Biology with a focus
on nutrition. While at Guelph, she worked at the Arkell Poultry and Equine
Research Station where she assisted with daily care of the horses. In 2012, she
received an M.Sc. for OMAFRA-funded research on how altering the amino acid
balance of lactating cow rations can affect milk production and composition. In
2016, she completed her Ph.D. degree focusing on nutritional regulation of
insulin sensitivity and using mathematical models to predict metabolic
responses.
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