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How does leap day work? Your every-four-years refresher Why do we have leap
years, and what are we supposed to do — or not do — with our rare extra day?
NPR's Morning Edition spoke with experts in astronomy, history and economics to
find out.


STRANGE NEWS


WHY DO WE LEAP DAY? WE REMIND YOU (SO YOU CAN FORGET FOR ANOTHER 4 YEARS)

February 26, 20246:00 AM ET
Heard on Morning Edition

By 

Rachel Treisman

WHY DO WE LEAP DAY? WE REMIND YOU (SO YOU CAN FORGET FOR ANOTHER 4 YEARS)

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Enlarge this image

A clock showing February 29, also known as leap day. They only happen about once
every four years. Olivier Le Moal/Getty Images hide caption

toggle caption
Olivier Le Moal/Getty Images


A clock showing February 29, also known as leap day. They only happen about once
every four years.

Olivier Le Moal/Getty Images

Nearly every four years, the Gregorian calendar — which is used in the majority
of countries around the world — gets an extra day: February 29.

For some people, leap day means frog jokes and extravagant birthday parties. For
many, it may conjure memories of the 2010 rom-com Leap Year, which harkens back
to the Irish tradition by which women can propose to men on that one day. And
others likely see it merely as a funny quirk in the calendar, or just another
Thursday.

Leap day means several different things to Alexander Boxer, a data scientist and
the author of A Scheme of Heaven: The History of Astrology and the Search for
Our Destiny in Data.




SHORT WAVE


OUR LIVES ARE RULED BY THE ILLUSION OF TIME

Literally speaking, he says, it's an "awkward calendar hack" aimed at making up
for the fact that a year isn't a flat number of days, but more like 365 and a
quarter. But there's more to it than that.

"I think the significance of the leap year is that it's a great reminder that
the universe is really good at defying our attempts to devise nice and pretty
and aesthetically pleasing systems to fit it in," he told NPR's Morning Edition.

Boxer says it's also a great reminder that the calendar most people rely on
every day is actually the product of multiple civilizations, building off each
other as they share in what he calls "this great undertaking of trying to
understand time."

So where did leap year come from, and what are we supposed to do with our extra
day? NPR's Morning Edition spoke with experts in astronomy, history and
economics to find out.


WHY DO WE HAVE LEAP YEARS?

Most people know that a single day is about 24 hours long, and that there are
365 days in a year.

But it actually takes Earth 365.242190 days to orbit the sun, says Jackie
Faherty, an astronomer at the American Museum of Natural History in New York.



"And that .242190 days to go around the sun is the entire reason why we have a
leap year," she explained.

Centuries ago, people kept track of the sun's position — such as for a solstice
or the longest day of the year — to know when to do things like plant and
harvest. Over time, she says, the need grew for a centralized calendar system.

The Hebrew, Chinese and Buddhist calendars, among others, have long contained
entire leap months. The West is no stranger to leap years either.


SHORT WAVE


THE SCIENCE AND SHARED HISTORY BEHIND THE GREGORIAN AND CHINESE CALENDARS

The Julian Calendar, which Julius Caesar introduced in 45 BC, included an extra
day every year. He borrowed the idea from the Egyptians, though his math wasn't
exactly correct. Caesar overestimated the solar year by about 11 minutes,
leading to an overcorrection by about eight days each millennium. That explains
why Easter, for example, fell further and further away from the spring equinox
over time.

Pope Gregory XIII sought to address that problem in the 16th century with the
Gregorian Calendar, which adds leap days in years divisible by four, unless the
year is also divisible by 100. To make matters even more confusing, a leap day
is still added in years divisible by 400.

Why add the extra day in February? Boxer, the data scientist, says the Romans
considered it an unlucky month. On top of that, they were deeply suspicious of
odd numbers. Because February only had 28 days to begin with, they "just shoved
it into February," though leap day used to be on the 24th.

Ultimately, says Boxer, the calendar is a compromise.

"On the one hand, you don't want a calendar that makes it so complicated to know
how many days it's going to be from one year to the next," he added. "But on the
other hand, you want to make sure that winter holidays, too, in the winter and
summer holidays, stay in the summer, especially if your holidays are related to
things like agriculture, harvest holidays and whatnot."




WHAT DOES LEAP DAY MEAN FOR BIRTHDAYS?

One tangible impact of a leap year is that birthdays will fall on a different
day of the week than their usual pattern.

"If your birthday was on a Tuesday last year, you're going to skip over
Wednesday and you'll have a birthday on a Thursday," said Faherty. "Not to
mention those poor people that are born on February 29, a day that only exists
every four years."

There are about 5 million people worldwide with a Feb. 29 birthday, according to
the History Channel. The list of so-called "leaplings" includes celebrities such
as motivational speaker Tony Robbins and hip-hop artist Ja Rule. And peoples'
odds of joining their ranks are small — about 1-in-1,461, to be exact.

Several leaplings told NPR that there's no set rule on which day to celebrate
their birthday in a non-leap year. Some prefer Feb. 28, others March 1 and many
do both.


SHOTS - HEALTH NEWS


TO REIGNITE THE JOY OF CHILDHOOD, LEARN TO LIVE ON 'TODDLER TIME'

"My answer to this question has evolved over the years," said Michael Kozlowski
Jr., a leap day baby based in Belgium. "It used to be February for the reasons
that I identified more with that month compared to March. But these days I
honestly like to celebrate both days or even the entire week. It seems only fair
and it works and it feels great."

They acknowledged both pros and cons of having a leap day birthday. Several said
that while they were teased about it in grade school, it helped them develop a
thicker skin and gave them a fun fact for life — plus more days to celebrate.

Plus, many online forms — including for the DMV — don't recognize Feb. 29 as a
possible birth date. Raenell Dawn, the co-founder of the Honor Society of Leap
Year Day Babies, told NPR in 2020 that those logistics can cause trouble,
especially when it comes to things like driver's license expirations. But she
also said there's no reason for leaplings to change their birth date.



"Humans program the computer, so the humans need to program it correctly," she
said. "'Cause February 29 is everyone's extra day. And it's a day that started
in 45 B.C. And it's the most important date on the calendar because it keeps all
the dates on the calendar in line with the seasons."


WHAT SHOULD YOU DO — AND NOT DO — ON FEB. 29?

There are lots of superstitions and traditions about leap day on the internet,
and a few celebrations to look forward to IRL.

A decades-old French satirical newspaper, La Bougie du Sapeur, goes to print
only on Feb. 29 — this year included. There are also festivities in the "Leap
Year Capital of the World," as Anthony, Texas, is known.

Leapling Mary Ann Brown petitioned Congress to give Anthony, Texas — and
Anthony, New Mexico, on the other side of the state line — that designation in
1988 because of the "numerous number of leap year births that happened within
the two towns," Mayor Anthony Turner told NPR over email.

In years past, he said, the community marked leap day with a parade that
stretched between the two towns of Anthony. This year, the Texas side is hosting
a two-day leap year festival, complete with live music, local vendors and an
exclusive barbecue dinner for leap day babies.

"This is an opportunity for the community to take pride in the fact that they
live in the leap year capital of the world, and a great chance for everyone from
everywhere to join us and enjoy the true beauty of our lovely town," Turner
added.


EUROPE


FOR LEAP DAY ONLY, A RARE NEWSPAPER GOES TO PRINT

Worldwide, most leap day lore revolves around romance and marriage, as the
History Channel explains.

According to one legend, complaints from St. Bridget prompted St. Patrick to
designate Feb. 29 as the one day when women can propose to men. The custom
spread to Scotland and England, where the British said that any man who rejects
a woman's proposal owes her several pairs of fine gloves. In Greece and some
other places, it's considered bad luck to get married on leap day.



Katherine Parkin, a history professor at Monmouth University, said she doesn't
believe any of the myths are true — but doesn't think they had to be in order to
take hold, which they did in America as early as the 1780s.

Enlarge this image

An example of one of many early 20th century postcards by cartoonist Clare
Victor Dwiggins — "Dwig" — showing women pursuing men in a leap year. Katherine
Parkin hide caption

toggle caption
Katherine Parkin


An example of one of many early 20th century postcards by cartoonist Clare
Victor Dwiggins — "Dwig" — showing women pursuing men in a leap year.

Katherine Parkin

The real origin, she believes, is that people have historically liked to
challenge gender and gender roles.

"And in the case of marriage, to have a reversal of that power, I think is
really unusual," she added. "And it ties perfectly with this unusual date. Where
did it come from and where did it go? And so I think it really plays well into
people's imagination and playfulness."

But Parkin says her research points to darker undertones behind the tradition —
namely, that it was actually intended to ridicule women.


THE SALT


THE DARK HISTORY OF EATING GREEN ON ST. PATRICK'S DAY

She points to the proliferation of postcards in the 20th century — which people
would send each other across all kinds of relationships — that portrayed women
who proposed to men as desperate, unattractive and aggressive, such as holding
butterfly nets and pointing guns at guys.

"It's proving to ... reinforce that it's a leap year and that this tradition
exists and yet at the same time telling women, you really don't want to do this
because it looks bad for you," Parkin said. "As a historian, I look back to this
tradition and see it as part of an American desire to offer women false
empowerment."

Of the more than 100 people who responded to an NPR callout about their leap day
celebrations and traditions, several said they had gotten engaged or married on
Feb. 29. Only one explicitly mentioned gender roles.

"I think this is the day that (traditionally) a woman was able to propose?"
wrote Suzanne Forbes. "If so, I plan on proposing to myself in a beautiful
southern setting (likely [Georgia], while solo kayaking)!"




WHAT IF WE DIDN'T HAVE LEAP YEARS?

Not everyone loves leap day.

Steve Hanke, a professor of applied economics at Johns Hopkins University, is
one critic. He argues that the current calendar, in which dates occur on
different days of the week each year, creates scheduling problems as well as
confusion around holiday dates.

That's why he and Johns Hopkins astrophysics professor Dick Henry have created
the Hanke–Henry Permanent Calendar, a proposal for a new calendar that would
implement an occasional leap week rather than leap day.

"The great thing about the permanent calendar is that it never changes," Hanke
explained. "The date would be on the same day. Every year, year after year after
year ... January 1st is always on a Monday. July 4th is always on a Thursday.
December 25th, Christmas, is always on a Monday."


SHOTS - HEALTH NEWS


HOW DID COVID WARP OUR SENSE OF TIME? IT'S A MATTER OF PERCEPTION

Their calendar divides the year into four three-month quarters, each with the
same number of days. The first two months of each quarter — including January
and February — would always have 30 days, and the third month would have 31.
Every six years, there would be an extra seven days at the end of December,
which Hanke says would "eliminate calendar drift."

Hanke argues that his proposed calendar would save confusion and potentially
money, pointing to studies in the United Kingdom that show the economic gains
associated with having public holidays on weekends. And he believes it would be
easy for a president to implement the new system by executive order, something
that he and Henry have even drafted, just in case.

Still, he describes their lobbying efforts as more of a "soft sell" at the
moment.

It seems like the current calendar system — with its leap days and years — may
be here to stay, despite the many possible alternates. Faherty, the astronomer,
says if someone truly wanted to keep track of their path around the sun, one
could "build yourself a henge and know when the solstice is and carry on from
that."



"But we don't do that," she said. "We gave it an interval and we follow that, so
now we're stuck. And now you have to enter these leap days, to try and do our
best to fix the human need to have a document that says where exactly you are in
the position that the Earth is falling around."

And that's probably enough to think about for the year, maybe even the next
three.

Adam Bearne and Julie Depenbrock contributed reporting.

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