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EVERYTHING YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT DEPRESSION (MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER)

Medically reviewed by Nicole Washington, DO, MPH — By Valencia Higuera — Updated
on October 27, 2023
* Symptoms
* Causes
* Treatment
* Natural remedies and lifestyle tips
* Test
* Types
* And anxiety
* And OCD
* With psychosis
* Pregnancy
* And alcohol
* Prevention
* Outlook

Dec9vy2S83GrfANCpmgh15Cpression can be temporary or long-term. You may find help
with mediation or different therapies, such as cognitive behavior therapy. It’s
important to seek professional help if you’re feeling major depression.

SUICIDE PREVENTION

If you think someone is considering suicide, get help from a crisis or suicide
prevention hotline. Try the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 988.

Was this helpful?

DemdpTxZpTO0HW82IN4Xpression is classified as a mood disorder. It may be
described as feelings of sadness, loss, or anger that interfere with a person’s
everyday activities.

Itl35BaGoMAz5e’s also fairly common. Data from the Centers for Disease Control
and PreventionTrusted Source estimates that 18.5 percent of American adults had
symptoms of depression in any given 2-week period in 2019.

ThgLnEw3pyDlJGXjough depression and grief share some features, depression is
different from grief felt after losing a loved one or sadness felt after a
traumatic life event. Depression usually involves self-loathing or a loss of
self-esteem, while grief typically does not.

InnqwbJ0CXhYpIUUnsU4 grief, positive emotions and happy memories of the deceased
typically accompany feelings of emotional pain. In major depressive disorder,
the feelings of sadness are constant.

PejoMnf6ukGPlyeAAv9N6wBople experience depression in different ways. It may
interfere with your daily work, resulting in lost time and lower productivity.
It can also influence relationships and some chronic health conditions.

CofPGqgWkqNjLqqJ5nditions that can get worse due to depression include:

* arthritis
* asthma
* cardiovascular disease
* cancer
* diabetes
* obesity

ItsflLrIZd6807’s important to realize that feeling down at times is a normal
part of life. Sad and upsetting events happen to everyone. But if you’re feeling
down or hopeless on a regular basis, you could be dealing with depression.

DecNPaVJCjrXbIaNXTlEQbpression is considered a serious medical condition that
can get worse without proper treatment.

DEPRESSION SYMPTOMS

Deca4YR0lQtr6bnpression can be more than a constant state of sadness or feeling
“blue.”

MacpzEqDpuOdBmbVBCjor depression can cause a variety of symptoms. Some affect
your mood and others affect your body. Symptoms may also be ongoing or come and
go.

GELQAPR7GCLDQZNERAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

Nof8nD9MxY7P8t everyone with depression will experience the same symptoms.
Symptoms can vary in severity, how often they happen, and how long they last.

IfazTYSQMEubwd90pQ9U you experience some of the following signs and
symptomsTrusted Source of depression nearly every day for at least 2 weeks, you
may be living with depression:

* fedcuJzIlmnikSy7HyG96Neling sad, anxious, or “empty”
* fexe7fshrdUmMveling hopeless, worthless, and pessimistic
* crbPybAqnuRfJ4n1oU9iRying a lot
* fefxhYEa0VSsXtKeling bothered, annoyed, or angry
* losfO839toiy4rgysdss of interest in hobbies and interests you once enjoyed
* debDFwhAnZP0YMPCRRDEcGLcreased energy or fatigue
* din7x8UaiMWhxfficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions
* moxy6BgMFGbtUving or talking more slowly
* diiMVMtMVD9CLrqqSBH6ffficulty sleeping, early morning awakening, or
oversleeping
* apiLYNzRwT036g5hPZdpetite or weight changes
* chxDhrny7z2siAeSJU7ronic physical pain with no clear cause that does not get
better with treatment (headaches, aches or pains, digestive problems, cramps)
* thieC4e5WYe0Ooughts of death, suicide, self-harm, or suicide attempts

Thf2JQMH3fbO5VgW2N7e symptoms of depression can be experienced differently among
males, females, teens, and children.

MasUYOvewKxNmURqVlles may experience symptoms related to their:

* mogaLo68MiVqpod, such as anger, aggressiveness, irritability, anxiousness, or
restlessness
* emmsxjboSOp5fpTYHOKPPcEotional well-being, such as feeling empty, sad, or
hopeless
* bestXDgy9gMXepfoEcmIrhavior, such as loss of interest, no longer finding
pleasure in favorite activities, feeling tired easily, thoughts of suicide,
drinking excessively, using drugs, or engaging in high-risk activities
* seshv91R35Jt3xual interest, such as reduced sexual desire or lack of sexual
performance
* cozubqEr8gc1cZnAN9xn5gnitive abilities, such as inability to concentrate,
difficulty completing tasks, or delayed responses during conversations
* slzlPSXS532XN6zXRB9uIhSeep patterns, such as insomnia, restless sleep,
excessive sleepiness, or not sleeping through the night
* phmZk2J5Ktojj3xoIB1rXysical well-being, such as fatigue, pains, headache, or
digestive problems

FeitzwS2X76JuoR7Jvpmales may experience symptoms related to their:

* moiWTCybiWhF0q8od, such as irritability
* emy8bvOOMU3Z8Re3rWsotional well-being, such as feeling sad or empty, anxious,
or hopeless
* bedRQxu4yw17xhavior, such as loss of interest in activities, withdrawing from
social engagements, or thoughts of suicide
* coxEIPRSy7bn7KVyIFgnitive abilities, such as thinking or talking more slowly
* slqlrOjaPxYSu1sVveep patterns, such as difficulty sleeping through the night,
waking early, or sleeping too much
* phgLwOXmIjcXVQV0Vysical well-being, such as decreased energy, greater
fatigue, changes in appetite, weight changes, aches, pain, headaches, or
increased cramps

Chq0o8FSnKujCsjEDeSildren may experience symptomsTrusted Source related to
their:

* modRD6OFYOCXRhWTbDygnaNod, such as irritability, anger, rapid shifts in mood,
or crying
* emtPUQQDh12mLkAotional well-being, such as feelings of incompetence (e.g., “I
can’t do anything right”) or despair, crying, or intense sadness
* belruvclMbpW793OGzKhavior, such as getting into trouble at school or refusing
to go to school, avoiding friends or siblings, thoughts of death or suicide,
or self-harm
* cotoztZEN6INFgnitive abilities, such as difficulty concentrating, decline in
school performance, or changes in grades
* sllm9AqyckCXtRNLZeep patterns, such as difficulty sleeping or sleeping too
much
* phj2ieedVBCCLysical well-being, such as loss of energy, digestive problems,
changes in appetite, or weight loss or gain

DEPRESSION CAUSES

Thm0IALWjMS5U1Cxere are several possible causes of depression. They can range
from biological to circumstantial.

CozSNUNLOJc6pkD5nVWK2Cmmon causes include:

* Brzn6oRHAitKzAmain chemistry. There may be a chemical imbalance in parts of
the brain that manage mood, thoughts, sleep, appetite, and behavior in people
who have depression.
* Hokb2WdRn7JaPZn87gIrmone levels. Changes in female hormones estrogen and
progesterone during different periods of time like during the menstrual
cycle, postpartum period, perimenopause, or menopause may all raise a
person’s risk for depression.
* FakFSDVdLWJrkVxeKWhbmily history. You’re at a higher risk for developing
depression if you have a family history of depression or another mood
disorder.
* EalI1B5PtVHocBrly childhood trauma. Some events affect the way your body
reacts to fear and stressful situations.
* BrgdVSYxCTimGXXhAJAgain structure. There’s a greater risk for depression if
the frontal lobe of your brain is less active. However, scientists don’t know
if this happens before or after the onset of depressive symptoms.
* MezGmobatzIQh1dical conditions. Certain conditions mayTrusted Source put you
at higher risk, such as chronic illness, insomnia, chronic pain, Parkinson’s
disease, stroke, heart attack, and cancer.
* Sulpj7phKkm2Cp7YS4HBlXbstance use. A history of substance or alcohol misuse
can affect your risk.
* PaqZO58mS2h2ccMuxJEIKPcin. People who feel emotional or chronic physical pain
for long periods of time are significantly more likelyTrusted Source to
develop depression.

RITWGSCC4W5RCWESK FACTORS

Risk factors for depression can be biochemical, medical, social, genetic, or
circumstantial. Common risk factors include:

* Sej4dILNNDYCI2ex. The prevalence of major depression is twice as high in
femalesTrusted Source as in males.
* GegNQtAkEEQppAWpYfdSaw6netics. You have an increased riskTrusted Source of
depression if you have a family history of it.
* Sox2f6juYjP6QRGJ5cioeconomic status. Socioeconomic status, including
financial problems and perceived low social status, can increaseTrusted
Source your risk of depression.
* CexkrpmA5m5GvNoIlNErtain medications. Certain drugs including some types of
hormonal birth control, corticosteroids, and beta-blockers may be
associatedTrusted Source with an increased risk of depression.
* Vij4CiC4r7VFrHBtamin D deficiency. StudiesTrusted Source have linked
depressive symptoms to low levels of vitamin D.
* GeheBuS37KOIJs5GX3GTbwKnder identity. The risk of depression for transgender
people is nearly 4-fold that of cisgender people, according to a 2018 study.
* Sul87g90t8bVfrA8Dbu7LFbstance misuse. About 21 percent of people who have a
substance use disorder also experience depression.
* MegnqSVBp2XNdPdical illnesses. Depression is associated with other chronic
medical illnesses. People with heart disease are about twice as likelyTrusted
Source to have depression as people who don’t, while up to 1 in 4
peopleTrusted Source with cancer may also experience depression.

The causes of depression are often tied to other elements of your health.

TREATMENT FOR DEPRESSION

YoqfVhblcBhXj9OuSLzu may successfully manage symptoms with one form of
treatment, or you may find that a combination of treatments works best.

Itd4xwcnsWCaIPlj’s common to combine medical treatments and lifestyle therapies,
including the following:

MEFYFNQTGMRIUT7DICATIONS

YobEOw2MkWn3c9yObmLRfaur healthcare professional may prescribe:

SELJKPHJO0XGBCFNFLECTIVE SEROTONIN REUPTAKE INHIBITORS (SSRIS)

SSRIs are the most commonly prescribed antidepressant medications and tend to
have few side effects. They treat depression by increasing the availability of
the neurotransmitter serotonin in your brain.

SSfEsTPJFx6AobCrNqRIs should not be takenTrusted Source with certain drugs
including monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) and in some cases thioridazine or
Orap (pimozide).

PenIvWSm5ehvButeY3Tople who are pregnant should talk to their healthcare
professionals about the risks of taking SSRIs during pregnancy. You should also
use cautionTrusted Source if you have narrow-angle glaucoma.

ExdJwegDEYXHz1b63U7mamples of SSRIs include citalopram (Celexa), escitalopram
(Lexapro), fluvoxamine (Luvox), paroxetine (Paxil, Paxil XR, Pexeva), and
sertraline (Zoloft).

SELARL2VRHDEKROTONIN AND NOREPINEPHRINE REUPTAKE INHIBITORS (SNRIS)

SNRIs treat depression by increasing the amount of the neurotransmitters
serotonin and norepinephrine in your brain.

SNl7bbAICNMOxoRIs should not be taken with MAOIs. You should use caution if you
have liver or kidney problems, or narrow-angle glaucoma.

Exn78bWEZaGJMIO1e5FXamples of SNRIs include desvenlafaxine (Pristiq, Khedezla),
duloxetine (Cymbalta, Irenka), levomilnacipran (Fetzima), and venlafaxine
(Effexor XR).

TRZSOPJU3ZGKANCQBV11AKICYCLIC AND TETRACYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANTS

Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) and tetracyclic antidepressants (TECAs) treat
depression by increasing the amount of the neurotransmitters serotonin and
norepinephrine in your brain.

TCfulSCZGkAl3vssAs can cause more side effects than SSRIs or SNRIs. Do not take
TCAs or TECAs with MAOIs. Use with caution if you have narrow-angle glaucoma.

Extv8FZXCh5jkx3BKoQGvamples of tricyclic antidepressants include amitriptyline
(Elavil), doxepin (Sinequan), imipramine (Tofranil), trimipramine (Surmontil),
desipramine (Norpramin), nortriptyline (Pamelor, Aventyl), and protriptyline
(Vivactil).

ATZ82DL02KXXSXMTPXYPICAL ANTIDEPRESSANTS

NOZVHX5TRRCA0HKWPJ5KRADRENALINE AND DOPAMINE REUPTAKE INHIBITORS (NDRIS)

ThgqttRx5z4u4XsCgwzLoese drugs can treat depression by increasing the levels of
dopamine and noradrenaline in your brain.

ExbjOimSTDvgLbYc3A0giWamples of NDRIs include bupropion (Wellbutrin).

MOLXSSFQ1CJQKY8DVNOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS (MAOIS)

MAkNNq4TExaE6uJErhOIs treat depression by increasing the levelsTrusted Source of
norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine, and tyramine in your brain.

DuzAwdI3FFfJHPNGye to side effects and safety concernsTrusted Source, MAOIs are
not the first choice for treating mental health disorders. They are typically
used only if other medications are unsuccessful at treating depression.

ExypoxM8w1mkIcQPwlpamples of MAOIs include isocarboxazid (Marplan), phenelzine
(Nardil), selegiline (Emsam), tranylcypromine (Parnate).

N-NEAFG77KQDWXABUST6JTYMETHYL D-ASPARTATE (NMDA) ANTAGONISTS

N-xWwReUe5giN7abLiuxKUOmethyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonists treat
depressionTrusted Source by increasing levels of glutamate in the brain.
Glutamate is a neurotransmitter believed to be involved in depression.

NMkfXXxREvZulA8zOoZDA antagonists are used only in patients who have not had
success with other antidepressant treatments.

Thtjv21mjVL4qhxBe FDA has approved one NMDA medication, esketamineTrusted Source
(Spravato), for the treatment of depression.

Esc8e7KvudDNOketamine is a nasal spray that is only available through a
restricted program called Spravato REMS.

PalDr6Q56V22pwCx4FdDCB9tients may experience tiredness and dissociation
(difficulty with attention, judgment, and thinking) after taking the medication.
For this reason, esketamine is administered in a healthcare setting where a
healthcare professional can monitor for sedation and dissociation.

Each type of medication that’s used to treat depression has benefits and
potential risks.

PSLRAZQXCDXG1KAYX9YXOYCHOTHERAPY

SpqYnRbRUJ2yR0eaking with a therapist can help you learn skills to cope with
negative feelings. You may also benefit from family or group therapy sessions.

Psj6Y9ouflztYCWluhmOychotherapy, also known as “talk therapy,” is when a person
speaks to a trained therapist to identify and learn to cope with the factors
that contribute to their mental health condition, such as depression.

PsyS7bxgnch4Yg4yychotherapy has been shownTrusted Source to be an effective
treatment in improving symptoms in people with depression and other psychiatric
disorders.

PsqQc9xyTeAeHNKx1mybbzychotherapy is often used alongside pharmaceutical
treatment. There are many different types of psychotherapy, and some people
respond better to one type than another.

COT1HKML2TEQNXUNLTGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY (CBT)

In cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), a therapist will work with you to uncover
unhealthy patterns of thought and identify how they may be causing harmful
behaviors, reactions, and beliefs about yourself.

Yof5dsbk7oPMJ1Nzmvnur therapist might assign you “homework” where you practice
replacing negative thoughts with more positive thoughts.

DICWYZSZQDYRLZNLALECTICAL BEHAVIOR THERAPY (DBT)

Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) is similar to CBT, but puts a specific
emphasis on validation, or accepting uncomfortable thoughts, feelings, and
behaviors, instead of fighting them.

ThmTbnFC5t4oD32D3eONaUe theory is that by coming to terms with your harmful
thoughts or emotions, you can accept that change is possible and make a recovery
plan.

PSNVSB000O1JJJIZUPJLUYYCHODYNAMIC THERAPY

Psychodynamic therapy is a form of talk therapy designed to help you better
understand and cope with your day-to-day life. Psychodynamic therapy is based on
the ideaTrusted Source that your present-day reality is shaped by your
unconscious, childhood experiences.

IndI2ZKZvJsq05 this form of therapy, your therapist will help you reflect and
examine your childhood and experiences to help you understand and cope with your
life.

> LoskjzIDdqSomX4WcE8CLoking for ways to support your mental health and
> well-being? Try Healthline’s FindCare tool to connect with mental health
> professionals nearby or virtually so you can get the care you need.

LIC3THKTEYPULNGHT THERAPY

Exposure to doses of white light can help regulate your mood and improve
symptoms of depression. Light therapy is commonly used in seasonal affective
disorder, which is now called major depressive disorder with seasonal pattern.

TacMhcEU5sUrYBkv3i0zmalk with a health professional before using light therapy.
Those with bipolar disorder can be at risk for mania using light therapy.

ELHFFQI3NFICUA0SECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY (ECT)

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) uses electrical currents to induce a seizure,
and has been shown to help people with clinical depression. It’s used in people
with severe depression or depression that is resistant to other treatments or
antidepressant medications.

DuzLaLQWBOGWlTC8q7QJring an ECT procedure, you’ll receive an anesthetic agent
which will put you to sleep for approximately 5 to 10 minutes.

YozojH01YWvbBbcMqZA6Pur healthcare professional will place cardiac monitoring
pads on your chest and four electrodes on specific areas of your head. They will
then deliver short electrical pulses for a few seconds. You will neither
convulse nor feel the electrical current and will awaken about 5 to 10 minutes
after treatment.

SilD5xxhmOYw5fFdgOz34ade effects include headaches, nausea, muscle aches and
soreness, and confusion or disorientation.

PaiBYnEnyZgKVgtJNETRtients may also develop memory problems, but these usually
reside in the weeks and months after treatment

ALGLSAY1OKWB9GS1TERNATIVE THERAPIES

AsxpSfzdxJwJ3bseJdnk your doctor about alternative therapies for depression.
Many people choose to use alternative therapies alongside traditional
psychotherapy and medication. Some examples include:

* Mez78tZOtRnr9yvyJ7OdpKditation. Stress, anxiety, and anger are triggers of
depression, but meditation can help change the way your brain responds to
these emotions. StudiesTrusted Source show that meditation practices can help
improve symptoms of depression and lower your chances of a depression
relapse.

* AcyTXwaCCTVbQX3uyDhytrPupuncture. Acupuncture is a form of traditional
Chinese medicine that may help ease some symptoms of depression. During
acupuncture, a practitioner uses needles to stimulate certain areas in the
body in order to treat a range of conditions. ResearchTrusted Source suggests
that acupuncture may help clinical treatments work better and may be as
effective as counseling.

NATURAL REMEDIES AND LIFESTYLE TIPS

EXZCQ3QGPY4F7MERCISE

AixVdQW4xTBAdXEY3Whm for 30 minutes of physical activity 3 to 5 days a week.
Exercise can increase your body’s production of endorphins, which are hormones
that improve your mood.

AVZJ3DYAVYDPSM4UQOID ALCOHOL AND SUBSTANCE USE

Drinking alcohol or misusing substances may make you feel better for a little
bit. But in the long run, these substances can make depression and anxiety
symptoms worse.

LENWMJJNAG8OMLFARN HOW TO SET LIMITS

FejyiVOSVNHJmvy42Q1Iveling overwhelmed can worsen anxiety and depression
symptoms. Setting boundaries in your professional and personal life can help you
feel better.

TABQORW5KVC8LILKE CARE OF YOURSELF

Yolm6JYqwy0AOu can also improve symptoms of depression by taking care of
yourself. This includes getting plenty of sleep, eating a healthy diet, avoiding
negative people, and participating in enjoyable activities.

Sonsi9gwQGfBOuGY3OT0Gxxmetimes depression doesn’t respond to medication. Your
healthcare professional may recommend other treatment options if your symptoms
don’t improve.

ThjJqC5RXQFYkwDhSdUese options include electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) or
repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to treat depression and
improve your mood.

SUAOPT6AEOFRXLQIDPPLEMENTS

SehRak0x03VG9veral types of supplements may have some positive effect on
depression symptoms. Take care to discuss any new supplements you may be taking
with your healthcare team, as some supplements can have significant side effects
or interact with medication.

S-TDU1ETT6I61K2JAHADENOSYL-L-METHIONINE (SAME)

SofA7VWwBFAcyme researchTrusted Source suggests this compound may ease symptoms
of depression. The effects were best seen in people taking SSRIs. However, the
results of this research is not conclusive and more research is needed.

5-SNG0TPA4EOWNXTL5XHYDROXYTRYPTOPHAN (5-HTP)

5-HTP may raiseTrusted Source serotonin levels in the brain, which could ease
symptoms. Your body makes this chemical when you consume tryptophan, a building
block of protein. However, more studies are needed.

OMBEG2PQWKJRMJ1HOTJTMOEGA-3 FATTY ACIDS

ThmAJpuL4Y61cY15fDese essential fats are important to neurological development
and brain health. Adding omega-3 supplements to your diet may helpTrusted Source
reduce depression symptoms. However, there is some conflicting evidence and more
research is needed.

Aldye51oofYmKvways talk to your doctor before taking supplements, as they may
interact with other medications or have negative effects.

VIMLM1V2QC02S0ZNMD1JYYTAMINS

ViqliTbODf1TPAZgmvtamins are important to many bodily functions. Research
suggests two vitamins are especially useful for easing symptoms of depression:

* Vik25tY5jSg67RsowMOZXtamin B: B-12 and B-6 are vital to brain health. When
your vitamin B levels are low, your risk for developing depression may
beTrusted Source higher.
* Vimue0XDV2pO26StUzGCTtamin D: Sometimes called the sunshine vitamin, vitamin
D is important for brain, heart, and bone health. There may beTrusted Source
a link between vitamin D deficiency and depression, but more research is
needed.

MaxTp79mAtY7GNJny herbs, supplements, and vitamins claim to help ease symptoms
of depression, but most haven’t shown themselves to be effective in clinical
research.

Learn about herbs, vitamins, and supplements that have shown some promise, and
ask your healthcare professional if any are right for you.

DEPRESSION TEST

ThfjSg6QibihnHqKAfYNUxere isn’t a single test to diagnose depression. But your
healthcare provider can make a diagnosis based on your symptoms and a
psychological evaluation.

InaB2nqls8QC1Gopa most cases, they’ll ask a series of questions about your:

* moc6ekSJqTh8hYkLrYcWhods
* apgTbkr2T0ml8oixzvpetite
* slzzOWtCTbLRt9BkHpo0PUeep pattern
* acjzqQe1gA5Kd3Stivity level
* thgr7pbFshATirCjeoughts

BenhuGLPgdwmdJpcause depression can be linked to other health problems, your
healthcare professional may also conduct a physical examination and order blood
work. Sometimes thyroid problems or a vitamin D deficiency can trigger symptoms
of depression.

Ital3vxOM1kXW’s important not to ignore symptoms of depression. If your mood
doesn’t improve or gets worse, seek medical help. Depression is a serious mental
health illness with the potential for complications.

IfhKmfJB6oMlpg left untreated, complications can includeTrusted Source:

* wecCy3OysAee2Tight gain or loss
* phcTmuXf8ZoyRtnIITfWysical pain
* sumRPbc3i470k1rx1Nltdbstance use disorder
* panic attacks
* reaLyojQGZZI44lationship problems
* solRPVgPsqrUaJcial isolation
* thoughts of suicide
* self-harm

TYPES OF DEPRESSION

DekSM1XEiOv0d5bTWhWxpression can be broken into categories depending on the
severity of symptoms. Some people experience mild and temporary episodes, while
others experience severe and ongoing depressive episodes.

ThsZatCTKqJ1xNArjQwn2Zeere are two main types: major depressive disorder and
persistent depressive disorder.

MATGYLJ8ZN4KGU3GVGO3JOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is the more severe form of depression. It’s
characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and worthlessness
that don’t go away on their own.

Inz7wWmSkMLzLHJ3zl order to be diagnosed with clinical depression, you must
experience five or more of the following symptoms over a 2-week period:

* fetDZmcCL4NGGr8u1eeling depressed most of the day
* lozW1ilN0Ll8HBLEgfsWQ7ss of interest in most regular activities
* sinVgLMTUFiBAZsgnificant weight loss or gain
* slyc1XfgivKm68eeping a lot or not being able to sleep
* slb4EUN2IZgi5IHowed thinking or movement
* fatigue or low energy most days
* fene2ohyilztrkqZ3isJzelings of worthlessness or guilt
* lodh5Uht0qT76hUylaYkss of concentration or indecisiveness
* rehshnZrxLXeeJiWYcurring thoughts of death or suicide

ThqoJMfU6VTdCjmWere are different subtypes of major depressive disorder, which
the American Psychiatric Association refers to as “specifiers.”

ThhYgu7bGBIbVlhYPrUcHAese includeTrusted Source:

* atypical features
* anmmT5Uqy4rqDBJ4hOUhxious distress
* minailoPrYKLm9MYEaxed features
* peiMAsLsxGUYgxL6JVmripartum onset, during pregnancy or right after giving
birth
* sez5rkwb8HDc47xhP7asonal patterns
* melancholic features
* psychotic features
* catatonia

PET0NBS4FPVJZPGZOBJOQRSISTENT DEPRESSIVE DISORDER

Persistent depressive disorder (PDD) used to be called dysthymia. It’s a milder,
but chronic, form of depression.

InddLwdIekKPthgtkYhZR1h order for the diagnosis to be made, symptoms must last
for at least 2 yearsTrusted Source. PDD can affect your life more than major
depression because it lasts for a longer period.

Itg5nC0XdrXTItbmfbJPe’s common for people with PDD to:

* logB1ckIgCFLkBMZOMQMeUse interest in normal daily activities
* fet2V3OJjeM0gTIzLJksel hopeless
* lasF90C4NN1gt4ThfKO8ck productivity
* haxhzt0N2jwnmqAXpEKve low self-esteem

Deq0vAUXnYgEKSpression can be treated successfully, but it’s important to stick
to your treatment plan.

Read more about why depression treatment is important.

LiaKezxARy4OhZf7E3aZf2ving with depression can be difficult, but treatment can
help improve your quality of life. Talk to your healthcare professional about
possible options.

The Healthline FindCare tool can provide options in your area if you don’t
already have a doctor.

POLICMYHVDPYCICPUIXSTPARTUM DEPRESSION

Postpartum depression refers to depression that happens after childbirth. It is
a common disorder after pregnancy, affecting 1 in 9 new parentsTrusted Source.

ItdS5ntz7psC95b4xDlqAV’s common for people to experience “baby blues,” or
feelings of sadness or emptiness after childbirth. For many people, these
symptoms go away in a couple of days.

BumHgAxBvJgXQ7jt if you feel sad, hopeless, or empty for longer than 2 weeks
post-childbirth, you may have postpartum depression.

SylizjD9hfe3d6ufXKnThSmptoms of postpartum depression can range from mild to
severe and can includeTrusted Source:

* fetSBC5UvQyPsTeling restless or moody
* fedcuJzIlmnikSy7HyG96Neling sad, hopeless, or overwhelmed
* halsvy5rkghYmurMving thoughts of hurting the baby or yourself
* noquWLHNTjhEvt having an interest in the baby, feeling disconnected, or as if
your baby is someone else’s
* hat522ChdEjSdz7aving no energy or motivation
* ealklLPbkTDWNfGuEwZting too little or too much
* slikssUVQt1qtD3deeping too little or too much
* haa2fhSYE2HHXp0SaAQving trouble focusing
* hakp406GTFCZ1rving memory problems
* femRaI4oqWS2hI1z8eling worthless, guilty, or like a bad parent
* wimnocGUIzPJjqthdrawing from activities you once enjoyed
* wiqPlIwrFAENuthdrawing from friends and family
* haxBZ8o0YE4MeR1Nufving headaches, aches, or stomach issues that don’t go away
* fedy4Nmv3mlKdSXeling empty, unconnected, or as though you might not love or
care for the baby

PosEcynoADKOOTlVm74Bstpartum depression is thought to be triggered byTrusted
Source the dramatic hormonal changes that take place after pregnancy.

BicvkHxQOKHoCBYQmQwpolar depression occurs in certain types of bipolar disorder
when a person experiences a depressive episode.

Bit9tBWyZRLDfsZNx6spolar disorder is a mental disorder that causesTrusted Source
distinct changes in mood, energy, concentration, and the ability to carry out
your day-to-day tasks.

ThsxFEaUMaHBhQjG8JTzMere are three types of bipolar disorder, all of which
include periods known as manic episodes, where you feel extremely “up,” elated,
or energized, and depressive episodes where you feel “down,” sad, or hopeless.

IfzPKb09eJmqqPbNpzhnIKz you have bipolar disorder, it can be hard to recognize
the harmful effects of each “mood episode.”

PetojlQ0gzhWsOoTha6SIrdople having a depressive episode mayTrusted Source:

* feldReV0qMn7HEel very sad, hopeless, or empty
* fejISJj3zgZ6zCel slowed down or restless
* habFJHVFNycehtZpeve trouble falling asleep, wake up too early, or sleep too
much
* hajmjWQdgjjHQSP2Kx45N1ve an increased appetite and weight gain
* talBuPfwQ65oiDBWm01lk very slowly, forget things, or feel like they have
nothing to say
* haqQjIWDI2TGGve trouble concentrating or making decisions
* felgvXEU2exba9XMvel unable to do basic tasks
* hasQBUEo225ybM14Gve little interest in activities
* halyEyVbOK7Q9t7Pve a decreased or absent sex drive
* habYXFFRaDj5gvcsqUSCwve thoughts of death or suicide

Sydu4cNBDQ7YHRRTm6mptoms during a depressive episode last every day for most of
the day and can last for several days or weeks.

Ifz7SrtRemOWJD1ApvoO bipolar disorder is treated, many will experience fewer and
less severe symptoms of depression, if they experience depressive episodes.

These 7 treatments may help ease symptoms of bipolar depression.

DEPRESSION AND ANXIETY

DedoK7Zi9TU1Gspression and anxiety can occur in a person at the same time. In
fact, research has shown that over 70 percentTrusted Source of people with
depressive disorders also have symptoms of anxiety.

Thtf90xG1V8E7STAough they’re thought to be caused by different things,
depression and anxiety can produce several similar symptoms, which can include:

* irdM0Nc2XkqdttSritability
* difMj9hqwm7EPD8Qfficulty with memory or concentration
* sltvzF3bocEjzrNoCeep problems

ThmTbnFC5t4oD32D3eONaUe two conditions also share some common treatments.

Boj5b1RMw2bb2paTkVKlwv1th anxiety and depression can be treated with:

* thf2919l3iRvwnQkFerapy, like cognitive behavioral therapy
* meltnvzUXMr8gZ2xdication
* all4SkmuSWZXQt7PBmA3IjDternative therapies, including hypnotherapy

IfgLqSXTBMVRyqY you think you’re experiencing symptoms of either of these
conditions or both of them, make an appointment to talk with your healthcare
professional. You can work with them to identify coexisting symptoms of anxiety
and depression and how they can be treated.

DEPRESSION AND OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER (OCD)

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) causes unwanted and repeated thoughts,
urges, and fears (obsessions).

ThhYgu7bGBIbVlhYPrUcHAese fears cause you to act out repeated behaviors or
rituals (compulsions) that you hope will ease the stress caused by the
obsessions.

PesWpKaQaIvj9ople diagnosed with OCD frequently find themselves in a loop of
obsessions and compulsions. If you have these behaviors, you may feel isolated
because of them. This can lead to withdrawal from friends and social situations,
which can increase your risk for depression.

ItlpL0z5ABy9MzEm’s not uncommon for someone with OCD to also have depression.
Having one anxiety disorder can increase your odds for having another. Up to 80
percentTrusted Source of people with OCD also have depression episodes.

ThkEOBFvzFH0A1KnARleis dual diagnosis is a concern with children, too. Their
compulsive behaviors, which may be first developing at a young age, can make
them feel unusual. That can lead to withdrawing from friends and can increase
the chance of a child developing depression.

DEPRESSION WITH PSYCHOSIS

SofA7VWwBFAcyme individuals who have been diagnosed with major depression may
also have symptoms of another mental disorder called psychosis. When the two
conditions occur together, it’s known as “major depressive disorder, severe with
psychotic features,” or depressive psychosis.

DedNoub6tokQJgJIlPSgpressive psychosis causes people to see, hear, believe, or
smell things that aren’t real. People with the condition may also experience
feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and irritability.

ThmTbnFC5t4oD32D3eONaUe combination of the two conditions is particularly
dangerous. That’s because someone with depressive psychosis may experience
delusions that cause them to have thoughts of suicide or to take unusual risks.

IthK86DoVVRpmEyBPZ75aVu’s unclear what causes these two conditions or why they
can occur together, but treatment can successfully ease symptoms. Treatments
include medications and electroconvulsive therapy (ECT).

Unlwfe6O4ksxzR54nUM1mvderstanding the risk factors and possible causes can help
you be aware of early symptoms.

Read more about depressive psychosis, how it’s treated, and what healthcare
professionals understand about why it occurs.

DEPRESSION IN PREGNANCY

PrhLU27frImNxcxndzwHJegnancy is often an exciting time for people. However, it
can still be common for a pregnant woman to experience depression.

SyklS8wAhrSXJyW2cpmptoms of depression during pregnancy include:

* chlJpRa5GVPaHZkUti7Manges in appetite or eating habits
* feb4PhZxdyuQGUeling hopeless
* anaQKcI6LqYxBOnBcWxiety
* lojNtH3ezLaT494ysing interest in activities and things you previously enjoyed
* petQsYMFM87OHta3grsistent sadness
* trkrEHsp3OMiHkoubles concentrating or remembering
* sltvzF3bocEjzrNoCeep problems, including insomnia or sleeping too much
* thgr7pbFshATirCjeoughts of death or suicide

TrykvtkH3qVfHpb2cjeatment for depression during pregnancy may focus entirely on
talk therapy and other natural treatments.

WhaOL7FFuSBVkx8GrszTqSwile some women do take antidepressants during their
pregnancy, it’s not clear which ones are the safest. Your healthcare provider
may encourage you to try an alternative option until after the birth of your
baby.

ThmTbnFC5t4oD32D3eONaUe risks for depression can continue after the baby
arrives. Postpartum depression, which is also called major depressive disorder
with peripartum onset, is a serious concern for new mothers.

Recognizing the symptoms may help you spot a problem and seek help before it
becomes overwhelming.

DEPRESSION AND ALCOHOL

Reahh53rBFiCWogVlAsearch has established a link between alcohol use and
depression. People who have depression are more likely to misuse alcohol.

OufA0UXIUDzxWxT1t of the 20.2 million U.S. adults who experienced a substance
use disorder, about 50 percentTrusted Source had a co-occurring mental illness.

DrisaqrqHZkUNBgGVEr2D3inking alcohol frequently can make symptoms of depression
worse, and people who have depression are more likely to misuse alcohol or
become dependent on it.

PREVENTING DEPRESSION

DeyGzuRHb6syEeJ0yEpression isn’t generally considered to be preventable. It’s
hard to recognize what causes it, which means preventing it is more difficult.

BuzvYllkjdTsxpdt once you’ve experienced a depressive episode, you may be better
prepared to prevent a future episode by learning which lifestyle changes and
treatments are helpful.

Tel9XpovvYVV2InwRcgfc8chniques that may help include:

* rexZTPOjP0gPddjb0g2Ugular exercise
* gehwzBaeV8jgWPowdqsXftting plenty of sleep
* magcyHDCn3k3G3OsfBintaining treatments
* ren4WMAmljrCn35rqEHBducing stress
* bulKf5Gq4dNiL6ZK6Yilding strong relationships with others

Otb8dosmI5R77ojcsher techniques and ideas may also help you prevent depression.

Read the full list of 15 ways you may be able to avoid depression.

OUTLOOK FOR DEPRESSION

DefUqll0I4HZ889Kzpression can be temporary, or it can be a long-term challenge.
Treatment doesn’t always make your depression go away completely.

HohFjeQKMUoUIaXnwever, treatment often makes symptoms more manageable. Managing
symptoms of depression involves finding the right combination of medications and
therapies.

Ifik7LDnANDgx one treatment doesn’t work, talk with your healthcare
professional. They can help you create a different treatment plan that may work
better in helping you manage your condition.

Read this article in Spanish.

Last medically reviewed on August 15, 2023

HOW WE REVIEWED THIS ARTICLE:

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tertiary references. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is
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Our experts continually monitor the health and wellness space, and we update our
articles when new information becomes available.

Current Version

Oct 27, 2023

Written By

Valencia Higuera

Edited By

John Bassham

Copy Edited By

Copy Editors

Aug 15, 2023

Medically Reviewed By

Nicole Washington, DO, MPH

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