unilinks.lol Open in urlscan Pro
188.114.97.9  Public Scan

Form analysis
0 forms found in the DOM

Text Content

Skip to content



OBSERVATORIUM ARECIBO

By Enigma - Posted on May 28, 20181,816,439 views

It was to solve the problem of spatial resolution that in 1960 William E.Gordon
of Cornell University proposed to build the Arecibo antenna 305 m in diameter in
Puerto Rico. The place was chosen because it is the American territory (with
Commonwealth status) located closest to the equator which also facilitates the
study of planets and other stars (asteroids, pulsars, Milky Way, etc.). during
their transit above the parable.

Gordon first intended to use the antenna as radar to study the ionosphere but of
course astronomers took the opportunity to entrust him with radio astronomy
programs.

 

The disc was built in a cenote, a limestone depression of about 480000 m2. The
parable was initially a tight network of wire and then in 1974, it was replaced
by 38778 accurately fitted aluminum perforated panels. Its effective collecting
surface is 73000 m2.

Arecibo entered into service on November 1, 1963. The space under the parable
being accessible as shown in the photo below, in 1997 a Gregorian hearth was
installed as well as secondary and tertiary reflectors, extending its working
strip between 1- 10 GHz.

The platform of the receiver is suspended 150 m above the dish. It weighs 900
tons and is maintained by 18 cables connected to 3 turns in reinforced concrete
of 111 m and 81 m of height. Note that one of the cables broke in 2014 following
a magnitude 6.4 earthquake. However, the damage was minor. This platform can
move along a 93 m arc forming the azimuthal arm which allows the radio telescope
to cover a 40 ° angle between the declination of -1 ° and + 38 °.

Arecibo has 4 transmission radars with an effective power of 20 TW (CW) at 2380
MHz, 2.5 TW (pulse peak) at 430 MHz, 300 MW at 47 MHz and 6 MW at 8 MHz.

Numerous scientific discoveries have been made in Arecibo to cite the
determination of the period of rotation of Mercury (1974), the periodicity of 33
ms of the Crab pulsar (1968), the discovery of the first binary pulsar PSR B1913
+ 16 (1974), the first millisecond pulsar PSR B1937 + 21 (1982), the first
direct image of an asteroid (Castalia in 1989), prebiotic molecules in the
galaxy Arp 220 (2008), etc.

In parallel, at the instigation of the SETI Institute and Carl Sagan, Arecibo
has a permanent SETI monitoring facility that works in parallel with the ongoing
radioastronomy programs. The 2380 MHz (12.6 cm) transmitter was sometimes used
as part of SETI, notably in 1974 to send the famous “Arecibo message” to the M13
globular cluster. It has since been replaced by a more powerful transmitter at
2400 MHz. We will come back to this in the article on the SETI @ Home program.

The budget given to the Arecibo Observatory by the NSF, its principal financier,
which was $ 10 million in the early 2000s has fallen by more than 80% and will
be further reduced in the future. Even NASA stopped financing its radar between
2001 and 2006 but granted it a new envelope in 2010. Currently, according to the
years the observatory receives between 2 and 3 million dollars to ensure the
maintenance but it can not survive with so little money, which explains the
transfer of its management to other organizations. In fact, the Arecibo
observatory was managed until 2011 by Cornell University and the NSF informed it
that Arecibo funding would not be renewed. Arecibo is now under the
responsibility of two US organizations (SRI International and USRA) and the
Metropolitan University of Puerto Rico (UMET). But the future of the observatory
remains uncertain.

About 140 people work permanently in Arecibo to ensure the operation of the
site. It receives about 200 researchers each year as well as students completing
their master’s or PhD thesis. The site is also open to the public and schools
but access depends on weather and observation programs.


THE FUTURE OF THE UNIVERSE





Let us look at the future of the Universe to understand what will become of the
stars in the long term and what would be the possibilities of survival in a
universe that will become colder and whose energy resources will be exhausted.
Our tool is the Big Bang theory that describes not only the past of the universe
but also its future. Taking place in eons that are in multiples of billions of
billions of years or even more, we can assume that no one will be there to
describe what is really happening or to rectify our assumptions. However,
intellectually the future is always an exciting subject, even if by nature it is
close to science fiction with all the possible slippages. But by strictly and
simply applying the laws of physics and thermodynamics, this future remains
predictable despite a certain margin of inaccuracy related to the properties of
stars and processes that have a wide range of features including functions mass
and body temperature.


SWIFT PLANET

By Enigma - Posted on February 17, 202091,199 views



Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun. It orbits 58 million kilometers from
the Sun, 2.7 times closer than the Earth and named “Swift Planet” because of
it’s swiftness around the Sun. Mercury is a small planet that resembles the Moon
with a diameter of 4878 km (against 12756 km for the Earth). Mercury does not
have an atmosphere. Because of this and being close to the Sun, at noon against
the Sun, the average ground temperature is 169°C but can locally reach 430°C,
higher than that of a full power oven, while on the dark side the temperature
dives between -170 and -193°C, more icy than in Antarctica! Its surface is
covered with craters, mountain ranges and fractures. On Mercury we find the same
formations as on the Moon, the same “ray” craters composed of debris or having a
central peak, young craters and other very old ones, often covered by other
craters. The largest mountains peak at about 3000 m while the faults can extend
for 550 km. The surface of Mercury contains only two large formations: the
Rembrandt crater, which measures 700 km in diameter, and the Caloris basin,
which stretches over 1300 km. Otherwise, the average crater size is less than 20
km. Being very close to the Sun, Mercury goes around the Sun in 88 days (against
365.25 days for the Earth) and turns on itself in 58.6 days. In other words,
combined with its rotation around the Sun, if a cosmonaut went on Mercury
equipped with a special suit protecting him from the heat, he would find that
the days last twice as long as the year, ie 176 days against 24 hours on earth !
Like Venus, during inferior conjunctions, that is, when Mercury is near the
point closest to Earth’s orbit, it can occasionally cross the Sun’s disk. This
event is called a transit. They occur every 6 to 10 years. The last transits of
Mercury in front of the Sun occurred on November 8, 2006 and May 9, 2016. The
next transits will take place on November 11, 2019 and November 13, 2032.
Finally, like Venus, since it is close enough to Earth, Mercury appears as a
bright star in the morning sky or in the evening near the eastern (morning) or
western (evening) horizon. While being brighter than the stars, it remains less
brilliant than Venus and one can easily observe its disc more or less round or
crescent-shaped in an astronomical telescope or a small telescope.