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CityLab
Housing


THE MOVEMENT TO KEEP BUILDINGS FROM MAKING YOU SICK

Environmental health expert Joseph Allen, director of the Healthy Buildings
program at Harvard, explains why people should demand more from their schools
and offices.

The view from 425 Park Avenue, the first commercial building in New York to
pursue WELL healthy building certification.

Photographer: Jeenah Moon/Bloomberg

By

Linda Poon

+Follow
October 27, 2022 at 12:00 PM GMT


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@linpoonsays
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In October, the White House held its first-ever summit on indoor air quality,
encouraging businesses, organizations and especially schools to improve their
buildings’ ventilation and filtration systems. The summit, which came in
response to the pandemic, underscored that buildings are a first line of defense
against infectious diseases and a key to public health. 

“Healthy buildings are the new minimum,” says Joseph Allen, an expert on indoor
environmental quality issues at Harvard University, who also spoke at the
summit. “The White House is signaling that they’re critical to Covid and
beyond.”

Earlier this month, he and coauthor John Macomber released an updated version of
their 2020 book Healthy Buildings, a sort of manual detailing the science of how
indoor spaces can make us ill, with insights from Allen’s early work as a
forensic investigator of “sick buildings.” In the worst cases, like at a
hospital experiencing an outbreak of Legionnaires’ disease, poor ventilation can
even kill. 

The book also outlines the economic, social and health benefits to upgrading
buildings, particularly in the era of climate change and rising threats of
epidemics. 




“We make the case that healthy buildings are good as tools for worker
recruitment and retention,” Allen says. “But we also make the simple case that
healthy buildings are just good business.” In fact, studies have shown that
better-ventilated offices or schools can improve people’s cognitive abilities
and productivity, and can curb absenteeism. 


More from
Bloomberg citylab
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Tokyo’s Iconic Capsule Tower Cubes Get a New Lease on Life
This City-Building Video Game Takes on Climate Change
A New Maternity Care Model, Founded by a Mother and Her Midwife

CityLab spoke with Allen about how the healthy building movement has progressed
since the start of the pandemic, and what more needs to be done. The interview
has been lightly edited for clarity.

In what type of buildings have you seen the biggest investments in indoor air
quality since the start of the pandemic? Where is it still lacking?

The finance and technology sectors and commercial real estate have made
significant advancements here. Where we have a long way to go is in schools and
affordable housing, where the potential gains are the biggest because of decades
of neglect and disparities across race, ethnicity and income.



We saw hundreds of schools close in the Northeast from May through September
this year, so there are things that can be done today, as you make longer-term
plans for improvements. We’ve been putting out guidance for schools since the
beginning of the pandemic, showing how you use portable air cleaning technology,
and laying out roadmaps for longer-term investment in better mechanical systems,
better air conditioning.  

It’s not hard. It’s not expensive. We know what to do. Significant money is
available through the stimulus related to Covid — but much of it’s still sitting
on the sidelines.

What’s the role of government in helping schools break through the barriers to
getting fixed, and the role of city government in particular?

I think the key role for the government at all levels is, first, to raise
awareness. What has to happen next is that the federal, state, local governments
and non-governmental standard-setting agencies like ASHRAE [the American Society
of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers] have to set
health-based standards for our buildings. This hasn’t been the case for
decades. 



The only way we’re going to have this healthy buildings movement reach
everyone and address these longstanding disparities is for it to be codified
through standards and codes. Otherwise, it’s just going to be the well-resourced
organizations and schools that improve their buildings.



Currently, there are at least two building certification systems focused on
health: WELL, created in 2014 by the International Well Building Institute, and
Fitwel, a joint initiative between the US Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention and the General Services Administration, which oversees government
buildings. Taking a cue from the green building movement and the widely adopted
LEED standards, why do they matter?

I think the green building movement did an excellent job of raising awareness
around the importance of energy efficiency in buildings. And now a lot of these
state-level codes go beyond the green building certifications. 

We’re at the early stages of healthy building certifications, and there’s an
opportunity to continue to show the value proposition to building owners and
developers, that there’s a business benefit to making these improvements and
communicating it. 

The most important thing is that any certification has to be based on the latest
science. They have to be flexible and incorporate new science as it becomes
available. They have to be dynamic and be able to incorporate real-time indoor
air quality monitoring, so it’s not a once-in-time stamp on the building that
will no longer be valid a year or two after certification. 

I think there’s an important warning for businesses that when it comes to
health, there’s no cutting corners. Because if you stamp your building as
healthy regardless of the certification or the process, and it’s not based on
the best science, there’s a potential liability problem.

In fact, you argue that greening buildings and making them healthier actually go
hand-in-hand, as opposed to causing conflicting priorities, right? 

There’s this false notion that a healthy building is at odds with energy
efficiency, but I don’t think they’re in conflict at all. It’s unacceptable to
have an energy-efficient building that makes people sick, just as it’s
unacceptable to have a healthy building that ignores the role that buildings
play in the climate crisis.



What people don’t realize is that outdoor air pollution penetrates indoors, and
because we spend so much time indoors, the majority of your exposure to outdoor
air pollution occurs indoors. Think about that for a minute. 

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And we actually have existing technologies that allow us to conserve energy
while improving the air quality. We need to upgrade our filters to a higher
standard, and these can be deployed without an energy penalty. We can have
higher ventilation rates, and instead of releasing that treated
air-conditioned air out into the environment, we can recapture some of that with
energy recovery ventilation. We can use demand control ventilation, so instead
of dumping air everywhere in a building — even where people aren’t — we’re using
these smart technologies and real-time indoor air quality sensors to deliver air
when and where it’s needed without wasting energy. 

It’s easy to see the future as bleak: The air is getting worse in many places,
especially those experiencing wildfires. More disease outbreaks are on the way.
Is there reason to be optimistic?

We can guarantee that there’ll be another pandemic, hopefully not soon. What I’m
optimistic about is that it won’t take so long to recognize that buildings
should be at the forefront of our response to respiratory infectious disease,
and that the way we operate in our buildings determines people’s health. 




You have a media landscape that’s hyper-focused on infectious diseases. The
White House is talking about indoor air quality, and you have a public that’s
talking about filtration and air quality. It’s also a business continuity
measure. It’s a way to keep restaurants open, your coffee shops open, your
offices open, and schools open — with basic control measures.

And so what this means is that this [movement] is not going away, right?





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