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Skip to content OPTIMIZING PARAMETERS FOR FLAT-PANEL DETECTOR DIGITAL TOMOSYNTHESIS Digital tomosynthesis combines the benefits of digital imaging [1, .. “Optimizing parameters for flat-panel detector digital tomosynthesis,”. OPTIMIZING PARAMETERS FOR FLAT-PANEL DETECTOR DIGITAL TOMOSYNTHESIS Contents: References Optimizing Parameters for Flat-Panel Detector Digital Tomosynthesis Learning objectives 28 - Optimization of 2D and 3D Radiographic Imaging Systems This information, along with other information the pre-tomosynthesis image may provide, may be used by computer 40 , or by the operator in a semi-automatic mode, as a basis for optimizing the parameters or characteristics of subsequent acquisitions. For example, the information provided by the pre-tomosynthesis image may be used as a basis for optimizing the energy level of the x-rays used in the subsequent acquisitions, the pulse duration, the tube current, the tube current duration, etc. The pre-tomosynthesis image may be acquired using an equal or lower dose of x-rays than is used to acquire images in later steps in imaging chain described below. According to one embodiment, the image generated during sub-step may not be utilized during the reconstruction process described below. According to another alternative embodiment, sub-step may not be part of step and may not be included in imaging chain According to another alternative embodiment, the information provided by any image acquired during the tomosynthesis process may be used as a basis for optimizing the acquisition parameters or characteristics of subsequent acquisitions. At sub-step e. REFERENCES These parameters relate to the field of view, the method used to control the dose of the x-rays, the energy level of the x-rays, how the x-ray source will be moved during the acquisitions, whether the acquisition will require a field of view larger than the detector area, the acquisition paths of the source and detector, the slice characteristics, and the presence or absence of an anti-scatter grid. The field of view may be selected by specifying a region of interest within the localizer acquisition taken in sub-step This may be done interactively on computer 40 , which displays the localizer acquisition, by indicating where in the resulting image the x-rays should be targeted or focused. The field of view may also be selected by specifying and entering coordinates consisting of reference points defined relative to the patient. In addition, a volume of interest within the patient may be defined by specifying a region of interest in the image as well as a start and end height above the detector e. The number of slices to be reconstructed and the slice separation may also be defined. Slice separation may be predetermined, determined by the acquisition configuration e. In combination with the volume of interest, a variable-opening collimator may be controlled so as to optimally cover the volume of interest, while minimizing the dose of x-rays received by the patient. There are at least three methods that may be used to control the dose of x-rays received by the patient. The first method is to use ion chambers to automatically control the exposure of the patient to x-rays. The third method is to automatically calculate an optimal dose using information from the localizer image or from a previous acquisition in the series of acquisitions acquired during the tomosynthesis process. According to alternative embodiments, other conventional methods of controlling the dose of x-rays received by a patient or subject may be used. The energy level of the x-rays can be set to a single energy level or to multiple energy levels. For example, at each position and angle of acquisition, a single image can be acquired at a specific energy level, or several images can be acquired at different energy levels. Moreover, the energy level may also vary as a function of the projection angle. With respect to selecting how the x-ray source will move during acquisitions, the acquisition can be made while the x-ray source is moving e. To achieve better image quality, or minimize required corrections, the detector may be tilted towards the incident x-ray beam. If a large field of view e. In an alternative embodiment, the acquired images are used to reconstruct more than one volume of interest, and the pasting or stitching is performed after the 3D reconstruction. The paths along which the source and detector travel during the process of acquiring images may also be defined. These paths which may be one-dimensional, two-dimensional, three-dimensional, etc. Moreover, factors such as the type of clinical application, the portion of the anatomy that is of interest, the volume that is of interest, and the size of the patient may be taken into account in selecting the desired path. Other parameters that may be adjusted relate to the slice characteristics. These parameters relate to the number of slices, the slice thickness which may be variable or fixed , the slice orientation e. It is also possible to reconstruct on non-planar slices, where the shape or curvature of the slices may be adapted to the anatomy to be imaged. Still another parameter or option that may be selected is whether to include the anti-scatter grid. If an anti-scatter grid is selected, one of a plurality of available grids may then be selected. * enemies of reason thesis. * dissertation high stakes testing. * the secret sharer by joseph conrad essay. * IEEE Xplore Full-Text PDF:. * Wei Zhao, Phd-Publications | Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University! At sub-step , the time at which images are acquired is linked to certain physiological signals or events, which is referred to as physiologic gating. Physiologic gating helps to maintain uniformity between the different acquisitions and to increase the quality of the results of the tomosynthesis process. According to one embodiment, a physiological signal such as a patient's heart rhythm EKG or breathing cycle is detected and is used as a basis for triggering the acquisition of images. According to this embodiment referred to as prospective physiologic gating , the timing of the acquisition of images is linked to the physiological events such that acquisitions are taken at certain points or at certain intervals in the physiologic cycle. According to another embodiment, the physiological events are recorded at the time acquisitions are taken. According to this embodiment referred to as retrospective physiologic gating , the point or interval of the physiological cycle at which the patient is in when the images are acquired is taken into account in the reconstruction and processing of the images in the later steps of imaging chain According to another alternative embodiment, sub-step is not included within imaging chain At sub-step an acquisition is taken according to the settings selected and applied in the previous steps. Then at sub-step , the acquisition parameters are adjusted and another acquisition is taken. Such adjustments to the acquisition parameters may include, but are not limited to, adjustments to the x-ray technique parameters e. These adjustments are made to provide the variety of different images e. In making these adjustments, the x-ray technique parameters may be the same e. If adjustments are made to the x-ray technique parameters between any of the images, the adjustments may be based on information acquired from the pre-tomosynthesis image, on information acquired from any previous image or images, or on other relevant information. Sub-step is repeated until a sufficient number of images e. The acquisition of a sufficient number of images from different perspectives or acquisition angles allows computer 40 to construct a three-dimensional dataset by suitably combining the individual datasets that are represented by particular images. According to alternative embodiments, the acquisitions may be taken while the detector is moving or while the detector is stationary. As illustrated in FIG. Step e. * problem solving case studies. * State-Of-The-Art X-Ray Digital Tomosynthesis Imaging. * Detectors for Digital Mammography. * narrative essay who am i! * Optimizing parameters for flat panel detector digital tomosynthesis! Like step , step can be broken down into a number of different sub-steps, which are illustrated in FIG. At sub-step , various corrections e. At sub-step , intensity corrections are made. Intensity corrections may also include corrections to the sensitivity map of the detector, corrections to offset the effects of Modulation Transfer Function MTF variations, etc. Digital x-ray panel sensors, teardown & reverse-engineering At sub-step , scatter corrections, which are particularly important when no scatter grid is used during the acquisition of the images, are made to reduce the effects of scatter. Scatter corrections can be made using scatter reduction algorithms that use information from multiple energy images to perform the correction. Scatter correction can depend on the angle of acquisition or be angle-independent. Sub-steps , , and can be used in combination to achieve quantitative images in situations such as where the values at each pixel correspond to the line integral of the attenuation coefficient along the corresponding ray. Yulia M. Levakhina , Robert L. Duschka , Florian M. Development of a denoising convolutional neural network-based algorithm for metal artifact reduction in digital tomosynthesis for arthroplasty: A phantom study Tsutomu Gomi , Rina Sakai , Hidetake Hara , Y Watanabe , Shinya Mizukami. Miroshnychenko , A. Tomosynthesis must be considered as an extension or an addition to standard radiography, as it can be performed in the same diagnostic step. The purpose of this article was to describe the principles, advantages and limitations, and current and future applications in musculoskeletal pathology of tomosynthesis. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. Download PDF Download. In one solution, the sum of the volumes of the three constituent materials is assumed to be equivalent to the volume of the mixture volume or mass conservation [ 11 ]. In this work, we used a simple projection space prereconstruction decomposition method to estimate the material fractions f n of the CaCO 3 fcaco3, local density; 2. Three basis materials can also be expressed as a linear combination of the attenuation coefficients:. Therefore, the basis material decomposition can be accomplished by solving simultaneous equations to calculate the values of L 1 , L 2 , and L 3 from the measured projection pixel values [ 12 ]. We used the local and area densities for each material to calculate the theoretical linear attenuation coefficient curves shown in Figure 2 ; these values were generated by inputting the chemical compositions of the CaCO 3 , epoxy resin, and PMMA into the XCOM program developed by Berger and Hubbell [ 27 ]. Finally, we used the projection space decomposition approach to generate material decomposition images for the CaCO 3 , epoxy resin image, and PMMA by using the following process. These values were then used to construct a sensitivity matrix, and the material fractions were obtained from the inverse of this matrix Eq. Virtual monochromatic processing is performed according to Eq. The real projection data acquired on a DT system were used for reconstruction. A large energy gap between low and high tube potential kVp imaging yields better material decomposition [ 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 ]. We selected the abovementioned kV values because this study aimed to improve contrast and artifact reduction during DT acquisition while maintaining an imaging performance similar to that of conventional DT. Pulsed X-ray exposures and rapid switching between low and high tube potential kVp values were used for DE-DT imaging. The experiments were performed according to the scheme shown in Figure 3. A range of optional parameters have been identified for IR algorithms. Among these parameters, some are important for determining algorithmic behavior. In this study, we compared the root-mean-square error RMSE and mean structural similarity MSSIM; reconstructed volume image from the previous iterations between the current iteration to optimize the iteration numbers i. The MSSIM of local patterns of luminance- and contrast-normalized pixel intensity were compared to determine the structural similarity SSIM index of contrast preservation. OPTIMIZING PARAMETERS FOR FLAT-PANEL DETECTOR DIGITAL TOMOSYNTHESIS This image quality metric is based on the assumed suitability of the human visual system for extracting structure-based information [ 34 ]. The SSIM index between pixel values x and y was calculated as follows:. LEARNING OBJECTIVES Development and application of programs to measure modulation transfer function, noise power spectrum and detective quantum efficiency. Computer 40 e. Visually sharp reproduction of retroglandular fat tissue CC. The method also comprises the steps of applying a first set of corrective measures to the series of images, reconstructing the series of images into a series of slices through the subject, and applying a second set of corrective measures to the slices. Both dual-energy and tomosynthesis techniques offer advantages in terms of reduction in anatomical noise. A method of creating and displaying images resulting from digital tomosynthesis performed on a subject using a flat panel detector comprising the steps of: optimizing parameters for flat-panel detector digital tomosynthesis a series of x-ray images of the subject, the x-ray images being acquired at two or more different angles relative to the subject. Figures 5b optimizing parameters for flat-panel detector digital tomosynthesis the spectra corresponding to this optimum point indicating a good separation of the spectra bracketing the K-edge of iodine. It can be observed in Table 2 that most of the compression forces used in these examinations are not adequate to the Brazilian legislation Brasil, Advanced Application Technology Top. Rowlands, "Screen optics effects on detective quantum efficiency in digital radiography: Zero-frequency effects", Med. Young KC. Other features and advantages of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon review of the following detailed description, claims, and drawings. This website uses cookies. On site evaluation of three flat panel detectors for digital radiography. It was feasible to maintain a steady convergence of polychromatic IR images for inconsistency after the fourth iteration and a convergence of monochromatic IR images for inconsistency after the fifth iteration Figures 4 and 5. In DT, the CNR is frequently used to estimate low-contrast detectability and was defined in this study as follows:. The latter parameter includes the photon statistics, the electronic noise from the results, and the structural noise that could obscure the object. Figure 6 shows each density projection image generated by the material decomposition process. 28 - OPTIMIZATION OF 2D AND 3D RADIOGRAPHIC IMAGING SYSTEMS Radiographics. Mar;30(2) doi: /rg Optimizing parameters for flat-panel detector digital tomosynthesis. Machida H(1), Yuhara T . The imaging technique for digital tomosynthesis is reviewed, with emphasis on the standard acquisition parameters, potential. A novel DE virtual monochromatic image processing is performed from a density projection image, and Figures 7 and 8 show the image generated by each reconstruction algorithm. In the novel DE virtual monochromatic image processing performed according to Eq. In the conventional polychromatic image, noise is reduced in the high-voltage image. In contrast, the depth-resolution of DT radiography 2 mm was References 1. Functional endoscopic surgery: experience with the first patients. Int Surg ; Optimizing parameters for flat-panel detector digital tomosynthesis. RadioGraphics ; Digital x-ray tomosynthesis: current state of the art and clinical potential. Phys Med Biol ; RR Breast tomosynthesis: present Vallini , N. 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