Submitted URL: https://www3956.vip/
Effective URL: https://u729.637277.com/85999.html
Submission: On July 26 via api from BE — Scanned from NL

Summary

This website contacted 5 IPs in 3 countries across 6 domains to perform 16 HTTP transactions. The main IP is 172.67.209.40, located in United States and belongs to CLOUDFLARENET, US. The main domain is u729.637277.com.
TLS certificate: Issued by WE1 on June 14th 2024. Valid for: 3 months.
This is the only time u729.637277.com was scanned on urlscan.io!

urlscan.io Verdict: No classification

Domain & IP information

IP Address AS Autonomous System
1 188.114.96.3 13335 (CLOUDFLAR...)
1 14.215.182.140 4134 (CHINANET-...)
6 172.67.209.40 13335 (CLOUDFLAR...)
3 14.215.183.79 4134 (CHINANET-...)
16 5
Apex Domain
Subdomains
Transfer
6 637277.com
u729.637277.com
68 KB
4 baidu.com
hm.baidu.com — Cisco Umbrella Rank: 8226
23 KB
1 www3956.vip
www3956.vip
2 KB
0 Failed
function sub() { [native code] }. Failed
0 87949.com Failed
www.87949.com Failed
0 51.la Failed
js.users.51.la Failed
16 6
Domain Requested by
6 u729.637277.com www3956.vip
u729.637277.com
4 hm.baidu.com www3956.vip
u729.637277.com
1 www3956.vip
0 add_favorite Failed u729.637277.com
0 www.87949.com Failed u729.637277.com
0 js.users.51.la Failed www3956.vip
16 6

This site contains links to these domains. Also see Links.

Domain
wap.681099.com
Subject Issuer Validity Valid
www3956.vip
WE1
2024-07-20 -
2024-10-18
3 months crt.sh
baidu.com
GlobalSign RSA OV SSL CA 2018
2024-07-08 -
2025-08-09
a year crt.sh
637277.com
WE1
2024-06-14 -
2024-09-12
3 months crt.sh

This page contains 2 frames:

Primary Page: https://u729.637277.com/85999.html
Frame ID: 89FCC4F3070593BDEB54D12FED1A8EFD
Requests: 11 HTTP requests in this frame

Frame: ext://add_favorite
Frame ID: A0FDD02FA67275AD79AE0CF2ADB55EB6
Requests: 6 HTTP requests in this frame

Screenshot

Page Title

原创_【6713.cm】热闻资讯,致力打造,火热全网!

Page URL History Show full URLs

  1. https://www3956.vip/ Page URL
  2. https://u729.637277.com/85999.html Page URL

Detected technologies

Overall confidence: 100%
Detected patterns
  • hm\.baidu\.com/hm\.js

Overall confidence: 100%
Detected patterns
  • jquery[.-]([\d.]*\d)[^/]*\.js
  • jquery.*\.js(?:\?ver(?:sion)?=([\d.]+))?

Page Statistics

16
Requests

69 %
HTTPS

0 %
IPv6

6
Domains

6
Subdomains

5
IPs

3
Countries

98 kB
Transfer

245 kB
Size

7
Cookies

Page URL History

This captures the URL locations of the websites, including HTTP redirects and client-side redirects via JavaScript or Meta fields.

  1. https://www3956.vip/ Page URL
  2. https://u729.637277.com/85999.html Page URL

Redirected requests

There were HTTP redirect chains for the following requests:

16 HTTP transactions

Resource
Path
Size
x-fer
Type
MIME-Type
/
www3956.vip/
5 KB
2 KB
Document
General
Full URL
https://www3956.vip/
Protocol
H3
Security
QUIC, , AES_128_GCM
Server
188.114.96.3 Amsterdam, Netherlands, ASN13335 (CLOUDFLARENET, US),
Reverse DNS
Software
cloudflare /
Resource Hash
5342f912211a19ac4e421c113295bf0b1e69cadb87c63d9107488cf2767a22fe

Request headers

Upgrade-Insecure-Requests
1
User-Agent
Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/126.0.0.0 Safari/537.36

Response headers

alt-svc
h3=":443"; ma=86400
cf-cache-status
DYNAMIC
cf-ray
8a90af9c8c069f72-AMS
content-encoding
br
content-type
text/html
date
Fri, 26 Jul 2024 01:41:12 GMT
last-modified
Sat, 29 Jun 2024 06:13:37 GMT
nel
{"success_fraction":0,"report_to":"cf-nel","max_age":604800}
report-to
{"endpoints":[{"url":"https:\/\/a.nel.cloudflare.com\/report\/v4?s=R65yIOYsDByEGESs%2Fr5GcZ%2BLgKDqx5ViUai61Y9MDu%2F3lnnHX%2BUI9%2Bw6QV6cwIHUEgKnXs4JBzDr6%2BripKtI07im4sOrBSx3BYvSjPyIwd1lD4%2BdKsJ5k%2FoqZWp3GQ%3D%3D"}],"group":"cf-nel","max_age":604800}
server
cloudflare
vary
Accept-Encoding
21846973.js
js.users.51.la/
0
0

hm.js
hm.baidu.com/
29 KB
12 KB
Script
General
Full URL
https://hm.baidu.com/hm.js?21e365734177bd5ddc3d3a3f41bd92b5
Requested by
Host: www3956.vip
URL: https://www3956.vip/
Protocol
HTTP/1.1
Security
TLS 1.2, ECDHE_RSA, AES_128_GCM
Server
14.215.182.140 Guangzhou, China, ASN4134 (CHINANET-BACKBONE No.31,Jin-rong Street, CN),
Reverse DNS
Software
apache /
Resource Hash
Security Headers
Name Value
Strict-Transport-Security max-age=172800

Request headers

Referer
https://www3956.vip/
User-Agent
Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/126.0.0.0 Safari/537.36

Response headers

Date
Fri, 26 Jul 2024 01:41:13 GMT
Content-Encoding
gzip
Strict-Transport-Security
max-age=172800
Server
apache
Etag
69080332171b1227ebb8530a2cf721fe
P3p
CP="CURa ADMa DEVa PSAo PSDo OUR BUS UNI PUR INT DEM STA PRE COM NAV OTC NOI DSP COR"
Content-Type
application/javascript
Cache-Control
max-age=0, must-revalidate
Content-Length
11288
Primary Request 85999.html
u729.637277.com/
11 KB
5 KB
Document
General
Full URL
https://u729.637277.com/85999.html
Requested by
Host: www3956.vip
URL: https://www3956.vip/
Protocol
H3
Security
QUIC, , AES_128_GCM
Server
172.67.209.40 , United States, ASN13335 (CLOUDFLARENET, US),
Reverse DNS
Software
cloudflare /
Resource Hash
22f6b5a4da5d25557b9897ebb7c308b70147cdce5f3b5f11df08cc3858833cee

Request headers

Referer
https://www3956.vip/
Upgrade-Insecure-Requests
1
User-Agent
Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/126.0.0.0 Safari/537.36

Response headers

alt-svc
h3=":443"; ma=86400
cf-cache-status
DYNAMIC
cf-ray
8a90afa4e9ee9fcf-AMS
content-encoding
br
content-type
text/html
date
Fri, 26 Jul 2024 01:41:13 GMT
last-modified
Fri, 26 Apr 2024 07:58:34 GMT
nel
{"success_fraction":0,"report_to":"cf-nel","max_age":604800}
report-to
{"endpoints":[{"url":"https:\/\/a.nel.cloudflare.com\/report\/v4?s=m%2FKUsny8iVd3yxILQBJ%2FZ2U21O2jDD0Vb%2FwWU91YW98riMgNALQ79gKdb0PUmw9sSslDs00kxFvhhVJgsqTkMxnzWd536hgDhLMHSxqkXnhUOvVH1Whz14w%2BNPhDPdRgedo%3D"}],"group":"cf-nel","max_age":604800}
server
cloudflare
vary
Accept-Encoding
hm.gif
hm.baidu.com/
0
0

style.css
u729.637277.com/static/css/
30 KB
8 KB
Stylesheet
General
Full URL
https://u729.637277.com/static/css/style.css
Requested by
Host: u729.637277.com
URL: https://u729.637277.com/85999.html
Protocol
H3
Security
QUIC, , AES_128_GCM
Server
172.67.209.40 , United States, ASN13335 (CLOUDFLARENET, US),
Reverse DNS
Software
cloudflare /
Resource Hash
19ed4a0defcb097545f1c124cbf7e4bbdc01019a6987552329a6030c5072fd40

Request headers

Referer
https://u729.637277.com/85999.html
User-Agent
Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/126.0.0.0 Safari/537.36

Response headers

date
Fri, 26 Jul 2024 01:41:14 GMT
content-encoding
gzip
cf-cache-status
MISS
last-modified
Tue, 11 Oct 2022 05:59:51 GMT
nel
{"success_fraction":0,"report_to":"cf-nel","max_age":604800}
server
cloudflare
etag
W/"63450657-7856"
vary
Accept-Encoding
report-to
{"endpoints":[{"url":"https:\/\/a.nel.cloudflare.com\/report\/v4?s=cOhdK%2Bxnzq3JwR8KaKziDRi%2FqIVLUltRGuM2qzLoR49xuQtcdSsrFYWwZwcPoqvjn0Bb9mlP%2FaNsuJF%2FGswy7qNS4dfhE1u9bnLZmyzJip1SvM3eLGc9sCpDUwYx11OrIl4%3D"}],"group":"cf-nel","max_age":604800}
content-type
text/css
cache-control
max-age=43200
cf-ray
8a90afa82d759fcf-AMS
alt-svc
h3=":443"; ma=86400
expires
Fri, 26 Jul 2024 13:41:14 GMT
common.css
u729.637277.com/static/css/
26 KB
8 KB
Stylesheet
General
Full URL
https://u729.637277.com/static/css/common.css
Requested by
Host: u729.637277.com
URL: https://u729.637277.com/85999.html
Protocol
H3
Security
QUIC, , AES_128_GCM
Server
172.67.209.40 , United States, ASN13335 (CLOUDFLARENET, US),
Reverse DNS
Software
cloudflare /
Resource Hash
67070bbc9c28a665d9505d025eec2dcad0b5df7dc4faf67ce67a151e5eae88fc

Request headers

Referer
https://u729.637277.com/85999.html
User-Agent
Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/126.0.0.0 Safari/537.36

Response headers

date
Fri, 26 Jul 2024 01:41:14 GMT
content-encoding
gzip
cf-cache-status
MISS
last-modified
Tue, 11 Oct 2022 05:59:50 GMT
nel
{"success_fraction":0,"report_to":"cf-nel","max_age":604800}
server
cloudflare
etag
W/"63450656-6998"
vary
Accept-Encoding
report-to
{"endpoints":[{"url":"https:\/\/a.nel.cloudflare.com\/report\/v4?s=S7Xobz9t140cVgz9oEuhHSV0Jy3kwoNf%2F7MaHmOpRXgJY0ynnybYcysG9cF%2BeT1wD6WF2XXJ%2BNqFJJhu0c3UxxXKkduOzyrbnVKFSKHOIGtteCmnnZprOD59ODwFJf8GVjw%3D"}],"group":"cf-nel","max_age":604800}
content-type
text/css
cache-control
max-age=43200
cf-ray
8a90afa82d799fcf-AMS
alt-svc
h3=":443"; ma=86400
expires
Fri, 26 Jul 2024 13:41:14 GMT
zy1.js
u729.637277.com/static/js/
1 KB
1 KB
Script
General
Full URL
https://u729.637277.com/static/js/zy1.js?88
Requested by
Host: u729.637277.com
URL: https://u729.637277.com/85999.html
Protocol
H3
Security
QUIC, , AES_128_GCM
Server
172.67.209.40 , United States, ASN13335 (CLOUDFLARENET, US),
Reverse DNS
Software
cloudflare /
Resource Hash
15553d2d1283eeac41dd7fc064f316fc86c51652f4528a3a1c7fa6081aa0040e

Request headers

Referer
https://u729.637277.com/85999.html
User-Agent
Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/126.0.0.0 Safari/537.36

Response headers

date
Fri, 26 Jul 2024 01:41:14 GMT
content-encoding
gzip
cf-cache-status
MISS
last-modified
Wed, 17 Apr 2024 09:36:06 GMT
nel
{"success_fraction":0,"report_to":"cf-nel","max_age":604800}
server
cloudflare
etag
W/"661f9806-57b"
vary
Accept-Encoding
report-to
{"endpoints":[{"url":"https:\/\/a.nel.cloudflare.com\/report\/v4?s=AhCVATaa%2BpuObFgplfuI5kVc8Wl4Z3XRDanzhLV5IJ7dyFg9wOUjyQplvgt%2BxVNL1ig2ZLCfifR%2BxcJEhkd7whgTQ9cFp5m3T51beg6Z7MAbcM3d0g1W4ewjAoft6ksbDsU%3D"}],"group":"cf-nel","max_age":604800}
content-type
application/javascript
cache-control
max-age=43200
cf-ray
8a90afa82d7e9fcf-AMS
alt-svc
h3=":443"; ma=86400
expires
Fri, 26 Jul 2024 13:41:14 GMT
85888.html
u729.637277.com/zy/ Frame A0FD
15 KB
7 KB
Document
General
Full URL
https://u729.637277.com/zy/85888.html
Requested by
Host: u729.637277.com
URL: https://u729.637277.com/static/js/zy1.js?88
Protocol
H3
Security
QUIC, , AES_128_GCM
Server
172.67.209.40 , United States, ASN13335 (CLOUDFLARENET, US),
Reverse DNS
Software
cloudflare /
Resource Hash
5897f30af84b4fb2b306f14dccf6da55dd58c678f6767e0643beb16eef38636b

Request headers

Referer
https://u729.637277.com/85999.html
Upgrade-Insecure-Requests
1
User-Agent
Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/126.0.0.0 Safari/537.36

Response headers

alt-svc
h3=":443"; ma=86400
cf-cache-status
DYNAMIC
cf-ray
8a90afabaad79fcf-AMS
content-encoding
br
content-type
text/html
date
Fri, 26 Jul 2024 01:41:14 GMT
last-modified
Sat, 20 Jul 2024 11:55:33 GMT
nel
{"success_fraction":0,"report_to":"cf-nel","max_age":604800}
report-to
{"endpoints":[{"url":"https:\/\/a.nel.cloudflare.com\/report\/v4?s=xfNUEwQRbcFq6lfRMFaaOn3NFnCOwRJy3IOeHfyfpe2AqeJ4z2W5Y8Wr0%2F78Fr%2Fm5JSZwB7zT4%2FQiLD1%2B4b9sPXbOfVlJQr47b0JphAWxbOsbYy3Av3ZB4gbqzbJUMr9k7c%3D"}],"group":"cf-nel","max_age":604800}
server
cloudflare
vary
Accept-Encoding
hm.js
hm.baidu.com/
0
175 B
Script
General
Full URL
https://hm.baidu.com/hm.js?c334b96acfb4abcae1300bf7f9de79f8
Requested by
Host: u729.637277.com
URL: https://u729.637277.com/static/js/zy1.js?88
Protocol
HTTP/1.1
Security
TLS 1.2, ECDHE_RSA, AES_128_GCM
Server
14.215.183.79 Guangzhou, China, ASN4134 (CHINANET-BACKBONE No.31,Jin-rong Street, CN),
Reverse DNS
Software
apache /
Resource Hash
e3b0c44298fc1c149afbf4c8996fb92427ae41e4649b934ca495991b7852b855
Security Headers
Name Value
Strict-Transport-Security max-age=172800

Request headers

Referer
https://u729.637277.com/
User-Agent
Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/126.0.0.0 Safari/537.36

Response headers

Date
Fri, 26 Jul 2024 01:41:14 GMT
Strict-Transport-Security
max-age=172800
Server
apache
Content-Length
0
Content-Type
text/plain; charset=utf-8
search.jpg
www.87949.com/skin/images/
0
0

jquery-1.11.2.min.js
u729.637277.com/static/js/ Frame A0FD
94 KB
37 KB
Script
General
Full URL
https://u729.637277.com/static/js/jquery-1.11.2.min.js
Requested by
Host: u729.637277.com
URL: https://u729.637277.com/zy/85888.html
Protocol
H3
Security
QUIC, , AES_128_GCM
Server
172.67.209.40 , United States, ASN13335 (CLOUDFLARENET, US),
Reverse DNS
Software
cloudflare /
Resource Hash
d4ec583c7604001f87233d1fe0076cbd909f15a5f8c6b4c3f5dd81b462d79d32

Request headers

Referer
https://u729.637277.com/zy/85888.html
User-Agent
Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/126.0.0.0 Safari/537.36

Response headers

date
Fri, 26 Jul 2024 01:41:14 GMT
content-encoding
gzip
cf-cache-status
MISS
last-modified
Wed, 15 Feb 2023 15:09:54 GMT
nel
{"success_fraction":0,"report_to":"cf-nel","max_age":604800}
server
cloudflare
etag
W/"63ecf5c2-176de"
vary
Accept-Encoding
report-to
{"endpoints":[{"url":"https:\/\/a.nel.cloudflare.com\/report\/v4?s=6YWkrAQl4ZIikRsWVlydOkYeONKJTUJ33GZi78Odmn36cC44nURI7tn7mHk3MrWFETSskr3GLYUqMj1dBzMaP%2BLmROq0E6mWT3b5TGKB29gjClcpbPmEH5G3eIkGGMXGYFQ%3D"}],"group":"cf-nel","max_age":604800}
content-type
application/javascript
cache-control
max-age=43200
cf-ray
8a90afad7db19fcf-AMS
alt-svc
h3=":443"; ma=86400
expires
Fri, 26 Jul 2024 13:41:14 GMT
hm.js
hm.baidu.com/ Frame A0FD
29 KB
11 KB
Script
General
Full URL
https://hm.baidu.com/hm.js?82152c14c91948f566fc7351fc2eb53b
Requested by
Host: u729.637277.com
URL: https://u729.637277.com/zy/85888.html
Protocol
HTTP/1.1
Security
TLS 1.2, ECDHE_RSA, AES_128_GCM
Server
14.215.183.79 Guangzhou, China, ASN4134 (CHINANET-BACKBONE No.31,Jin-rong Street, CN),
Reverse DNS
Software
apache /
Resource Hash
bd52d60f5b45f4a0eec6f6b1061ec34b9763932b2c494c799dee26b3109e4783
Security Headers
Name Value
Strict-Transport-Security max-age=172800

Request headers

Referer
https://u729.637277.com/
User-Agent
Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/126.0.0.0 Safari/537.36

Response headers

Date
Fri, 26 Jul 2024 01:41:15 GMT
Content-Encoding
gzip
Strict-Transport-Security
max-age=172800
Server
apache
Etag
819acacaadc672025dd2ab641aa366e0
Content-Type
application/javascript
Cache-Control
max-age=0, must-revalidate
Content-Length
11287
truncated
/ Frame A0FD
5 KB
5 KB
Font
General
Full URL
data:truncated
Protocol
DATA
Server
-, , ASN (),
Reverse DNS
Software
/
Resource Hash
b3b812720c532be020fff8ed451ce81c5bdcad52993cf88b0e0385fbdae1b2bd

Request headers

Referer
Origin
https://u729.637277.com
User-Agent
Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/126.0.0.0 Safari/537.36

Response headers

Content-Type
application/octet-stream
add_favorite
/ Frame A0FD
0
0

hm.gif
hm.baidu.com/ Frame A0FD
43 B
299 B
Image
General
Full URL
https://hm.baidu.com/hm.gif?hca=3BD53DE17F01B9F3&cc=1&ck=1&cl=24-bit&ds=1600x1200&vl=500&et=0&ja=0&ln=nl-nl&lo=0&rnd=285132911&si=82152c14c91948f566fc7351fc2eb53b&su=https%3A%2F%2Fu729.637277.com%2F85999.html&v=1.3.2&lv=1&sn=25951&r=0&ww=720&u=https%3A%2F%2Fu729.637277.com%2Fzy%2F85888.html&tt=%E9%80%9A%E8%BF%87%EF%BC%8C%E8%AF%B7%E7%95%8C%E5%8F%8B%E6%94%BE%E5%BF%83%E6%B5%8F%E8%A7%88%EF%BC%8C%E6%84%9F%E8%B0%A2%E6%94%AF%E6%8C%81%EF%BC%81
Requested by
Host: u729.637277.com
URL: https://u729.637277.com/85999.html
Protocol
HTTP/1.1
Security
TLS 1.2, ECDHE_RSA, AES_128_GCM
Server
14.215.183.79 Guangzhou, China, ASN4134 (CHINANET-BACKBONE No.31,Jin-rong Street, CN),
Reverse DNS
Software
apache /
Resource Hash
cf4724b2f736ed1a0ae6bc28f1ead963d9cd2c1fd87b6ef32e7799fc1c5c8bda
Security Headers
Name Value
Strict-Transport-Security max-age=172800
X-Content-Type-Options nosniff

Request headers

Referer
https://u729.637277.com/
User-Agent
Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/126.0.0.0 Safari/537.36

Response headers

Pragma
no-cache
Date
Fri, 26 Jul 2024 01:41:15 GMT
Strict-Transport-Security
max-age=172800
X-Content-Type-Options
nosniff
Server
apache
Content-Type
image/gif
Cache-Control
private, max-age=0, no-cache
Content-Length
43
favicon.ico
u729.637277.com/
0
0

Failed requests

These URLs were requested, but there was no response received. You will also see them in the list above.

Domain
js.users.51.la
URL
https://js.users.51.la/21846973.js
Domain
hm.baidu.com
URL
https://hm.baidu.com/hm.gif?hca=3BD53DE17F01B9F3&cc=1&ck=1&cl=24-bit&ds=1600x1200&vl=1200&et=0&ja=0&ln=nl-nl&lo=0&rnd=1895010704&si=21e365734177bd5ddc3d3a3f41bd92b5&v=1.3.2&lv=1&sn=25949&r=0&ww=1600&u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww3956.vip%2F&tt=%E7%99%BE%E5%BA%A6%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%8B
Domain
www.87949.com
URL
https://www.87949.com/skin/images/search.jpg
Domain
add_favorite
URL
ext:add_favorite
Domain
u729.637277.com
URL
https://u729.637277.com/favicon.ico

Verdicts & Comments Add Verdict or Comment

2 JavaScript Global Variables

These are the non-standard "global" variables defined on the window object. These can be helpful in identifying possible client-side frameworks and code.

object| 0 object| _hmt

7 Cookies

Domain/Path Name / Value
.hm.baidu.com/ Name: HMACCOUNT_BFESS
Value: 3BD53DE17F01B9F3
.www3956.vip/ Name: Hm_lvt_21e365734177bd5ddc3d3a3f41bd92b5
Value: 1721958074
.www3956.vip/ Name: Hm_lpvt_21e365734177bd5ddc3d3a3f41bd92b5
Value: 1721958074
.www3956.vip/ Name: HMACCOUNT
Value: 3BD53DE17F01B9F3
.u729.637277.com/ Name: Hm_lvt_82152c14c91948f566fc7351fc2eb53b
Value: 1721958076
.u729.637277.com/ Name: Hm_lpvt_82152c14c91948f566fc7351fc2eb53b
Value: 1721958076
.u729.637277.com/ Name: HMACCOUNT
Value: 3BD53DE17F01B9F3

1 Console Messages

Source Level URL
Text
other error URL: https://u729.637277.com/zy/85888.html
Message:
Not allowed to launch 'ext:add_favorite' because a user gesture is required.