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 * 1 Eritrea
 * 2 Egypt
 * 3 Djibouti
 * 4 Somalia
 * 5 Sudan
 * 6 Climate change
 * 7 Intergovernmental organizations
 * 8 References

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FOREIGN POLICY OF THE MELES ZENAWI ADMINISTRATION

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Overview of foreign affairs dominated by Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi
Meles Zenawi at World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2012

The following events detail foreign affairs dominated by Ethiopian Prime
Minister Meles Zenawi from his presidency until his death in 2012.


ERITREA

[edit]
Main article: Ethiopia–Eritrea relations

Meles relations with Eritrea were in good terms as the Tigray People's
Liberation Front (TPLF) helped the Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF) to
overthrow the Derg. During the Transitional Government, Meles helped Eritrea to
secede with referendum resulted in 99.83% in favor, with a 98.5% turnout. The
independence was declared on 27 April 1993.[1] This was the first time of
Eritrea since War on Independence in 1961. On 28 May, Eritrea was admitted to
the United Nations.[2]

The relationship between EPLF and TPLF fluctuated in some degree, especially
during the Ethiopian Civil War. By 1980s and 1990s, TPLF gained weighted power
in military but were its varied ideology gradually defected from EPLF by
1985.[3] In 1998, the disputed Badme territory between these two countries
boundary aggravated the relations and culminated in the Eritrean–Ethiopian War,
which killed ten thousand people.[4] In December 2000, Ethiopia and Eritrea
signed Algiers Agreement which finalize the war and created a pair of binding
judicial commissions, the Eritrea–Ethiopia Border Commission and the
Eritrean–Ethiopian Claims Commissions, to oversee the disputed border and
related claims. While Ethiopia rejected demarcation of border, Eritrea wanted to
demarcate in accordance with the commission. Since then, there was elevated
tensions with border conflict and stalemate what is described "war footing" and
"no-war-no-peace" with absence of foreign and domestic policy domination.[5]

Eritrea tends to support Ethiopian opposition groups like the Ogaden National
Liberation Front (ONLF) and the Oromo Liberation Front (OLF) to undermine
Ethiopia's influence in the disputed region. This has been marked by Eritrean
training and finance provision to the armed militias. The UN Monitoring Group on
Somalia reported an embargo in Eritrea, along with Ethiopia and other states, on
Somalia.[5] In late 2008, the Ethiopian Border Commission (EEBC) without
delimitation of the border in November 2007, the United Nations Missions in
Ethiopia and Eritrea (UNMEE) terminated its mandate in 2008, and Eritrea seized
the Temporary Security Zone. Ethiopia remained in control of EEBC's demarcation
border in the Eritrean territory side advancing through Badme, which resulted
mass mobilization and high concentration of troops in the area.[6]


EGYPT

[edit]
Main article: Ethiopia–Egypt relations

In May 2010, Ethiopia with five African countries signed the Nile Basin
Initiative: Tanzania, Uganda, Kenya, Rwanda and Burundi despite Egypt and Sudan
objected as a breach of the 1929 treaty. In the same month, Meles told to
Egyptian delegation that he would freeze consideration of the colonial era
treaty, which gives 90% of Nile water to both countries.[7] In November 2010,
Meles said in an interview "Egypt could not win a war with Ethiopia over the
River Nile and is also supporting rebel groups in an attempt to destabilize the
Horn of Africa nation." Egypt called it a "national security" issue.[8] Meles
claimed that Egypt supported rebel groups in Ethiopia and Egyptian President
Hosni Mubarak dismissed the allegation.

The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam project inaugurated on 2 April 2011,
expecting to produce 15,000 megawatts of power within 10 years, spending 12
billion dollars of strategy to improve power generating capabilities. Meles told
at press conference "We are planning to carry out a number of important
projects, including a major project on the Nile."[9][10] Egypt worried the dam
would affect water levels in river shared by a number of countries, which
preferred negotiations with Ethiopia. In September 2011, Meles visited Egypt to
discuss the sharing of water from the Nile river with head of ruling military
council, Hussein Tantawi, Prime Minister Essam Sharaf and Foreign Minister
Mohamed Kamel Amr.[11][12] He claimed that GERD could bring agreement about
equitable use of the Nile as the project reduce evaporation, regulate water
flow, and provide cheap energy to downstream countries. Meles assured that "the
benefits that will accrue from the dam will by no means be restricted to
Ethiopia."[13]


DJIBOUTI

[edit]
Main article: Ethiopia–Djibouti relations

Ethiopia and Djibouti relations were reconstructed after the Eritrean–Ethiopian
War that left Ethiopia without accessing direct sea basin. Today, Ethiopia has
90% imports arrived from Port of Djibouti and 95% of Djiboutian regional
exports.[14] On 1 November 1999, Djiboutian President Ismail Omar Guelleh met
with Ethiopian President Negasso Gidada and later Meles in Addis Ababa to
discuss for bilateral and regional relations. During his state visit, Guelleh
signed accords covering the use of Port of Djibouti by landlocked Ethiopia, as
well as on trade, customs, investment and transport. Guelleh also headed to
Tigray Region for talks with Tigrayan authorities and visited Negash Mosque,
being the first African leader to visit the mosque.[15]

Similarly, on 2 June 2001, Meles met with President Guelleh in Nairobi to
discuss the issues, which has been said "fruitful". Ethiopian radio quoted
Guelleh speech that the agreement strengthen "the brotherly relations" between
the two countries.[16]


SOMALIA

[edit]
Main articles: Ethiopia–Somalia relations, Somali Civil War, and Insurgency in
Ogaden

When the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) came to power
in 1991, the Somali government collapsed in the same year. According to former
senior Somali government official told IRIN, Meles lived in Mogadishu while he
was leader in 1980s, together with Isaias Afwerki "in a villa behind Tawfiq
Hotel, north Mogadishu, and were handled by the National Security Service."[17]

By early phase, Somali militias wanted to use Meles as broker for peace talks
and considered him revolutionary leader in the "new generation" of African
leaders. Thus, in 1992, Ethiopia gained international praise for bring Somali
factions together in Addis Ababa for peace talks. By 1993, many of these
factions claimed that Ethiopia was forcibly use for pursuing its own agenda. The
new government has increasingly influenced by Somali Region, which by this time
had political link with Somalia.[17]

The EPRDF found it difficult to establish itself in the Somali Region, which
remained unstable area in the country. By introducing ethnic nationalism, the
central government of Ethiopia found itself struggling to establish "obidient"
Somali party. On other side, the Ogaden National Liberation Front (ONLF) turmoil
the regional independence, while Islamic extremist group Al-Ittihad believed
comprises about 50% of Muslim and 50% Christian, although the Ethiopian
officials told to IRIN the ratio was 60% Christian to 40% Muslim.

Although Somali population is relatively small consisted of around 3.5 million,
the Somali Region encompasses the larger portion of the area, bordered by
Somalia and frequently under control of armed opposition groups like Oromo
Liberation Front (OLF) and ONLF. The Somali Region problem was exacerbated by
the collapse of the Somali government, leading to of hundreds of thousands
refugees and returnees cross the border because of the Somali Civil War.
Ethiopian foreign policy increasingly directed toward the threatening of
"Islamic fundamentalism". In December 2000, Meles told to an interview "What
concerns us first and last is what the government [of Somalia] and the different
parties and organisations do inside Ethiopia. Some of the extremist
organisations did not limit their activities inside Somalia and went to
destabilise Ethiopia.” In the interview, published in the Arabic London-based
‘Al-Hayat’ newspaper, Meles said of the situation in Somalia: “What worries us
is the presence of well-trained terrorists, and that is enough to destabilise
the security and stability of Ethiopia."[17]

By the time of new Somali government was elected during Djibouti hosted peace
talks in August 2000, Ethiopia firmly committed to certain Somali leaders and
territories.[17] In 2006, the Islamic Courts Union (ICU) virtually controlled
the whole of southern Somalia and successfully united Mogadishu and imposed
Shari'a law.[18]

The Transitional Federal Government (TFG) sought to reestablish authority in
cooperation with Ethiopian troops, African Union peacekeeper and air support by
the United States to drive out the rival ICU and solidify the rule. Thus,
resulted the eventual ICU's split and formation of several factions with some
have radical elements, including Al-Shabaab, regrouped to continue the
insurgency against TFG and Ethiopian military presence in Somalia. Ethiopia was
accused of backing rival Somali warlords in order to keep the country weak.[19]
In October 2011, a coordinated multinational operation began against Al-Shabaab
in southern Somalia, with Ethiopian military joining the following month.[20]


SUDAN

[edit]
Main article: Ethiopia–Sudan relations

Sudan–Ethiopia relations had worsened following assassination attempt of
Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak in Addis Ababa in June 1995, where Meles
alleged that Sudan plotted the assassination. In April 1996, Meles accused
Khartoum of destabilizing the region and the Sudanese army was incapable of
engaging in a large-scale conflict with its neighbors.[21] On 12 June 1996,
Meles said to Sudanese government "despite its worsening relations with the
Islamic government in Sudan, Ethiopia will not allow its territory to be used by
Sudanese rebels." He denied the Sudan's allegation of the main anti-Khartoum
rebel groups Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA) were operating inside
Ethiopia.[22]

On 18–19 November 1999, Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir visited Ethiopia
accompanied by high-ranking government officials and received by Ethiopian
President Negasso Gidada on discussion of bilateral and regional issues of
common interests. The discussion said to be cordial and characterized the
historical bond relationship.[23]

Meles worked in negotiation between Sudan and South Sudan on details of their
split and largely used as neutral broker in their relations. This was aggravated
after his death in 2012.[24] In September 2011, Meles dismissed an allegation in
leaked diplomatic cables quoting Meles' desire to topple the Sudanese President
al-Bashir.[25]


CLIMATE CHANGE

[edit]

Meles played frontal role in engaging with UN's climate change policy since
2009, and his role as chair of the meeting of the Committee of African Heads of
State and Government on Climate Change.[26] He was known for voicing climate
change in Africa and clear example of his legacy in advocating Pan-Africanism
through intergovernmental processes and dialogue.[27]

Under his leadership, Ethiopia developed a comprehensive Climate Resilient and
Green Economy (CRGE) Strategy, which has the goal of transforming the country
into carbon-neutral middle income country by 2025. Meles initiated UNEP's
Billion Tree Campaign, planting total of 1.7 billion trees since early 2007.
Ethiopia was the third largest behind India and China.[27]

On 31 August 2009, Meles was appointed Chair of the African Heads of State and
Government on Climate Change (CAHOSCC).[27] The head of the African groups of
nations at the UN climate change conference in Copenhagen has adapted financial
deal that able the rich countries to pay poor states to conserve climate change
and develop their economies using clean technology. From the proposal, Meles
deal of 50 billion dollar a year for poor countries by 2015 and 100 billion
dollars by 2020, is far less than many developing nations had been calling for,
but is roughly in line with a proposal in June by the UK Prime Minister Gordon
Brown, and an offer agreed by the EU in October.[28]


INTERGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS

[edit]

In 2005 general election, Meles slammed the European Union report on the
election, calling it "trash". He described the EU Election Observer Mission
report as "useless trash that deserves to be thrown in the garbage". The final
EU report, released in Brussels on May 16, criticized the irregularities of the
23 May election. Among other things, it charged the ruling party use of state
resources for campaign, in significant number of polling stations, final vote
counts were different from those recorded by observers.[29]


REFERENCES

[edit]
 1.  ^ "Elections in Eritrea". africanelections.tripod.com. Retrieved
     2023-11-19.
 2.  ^ Kohen, Marcelo G. (2006-03-30). Secession: International Law
     Perspectives. Cambridge University Press. p. 128. ISBN 978-1-139-45069-0.
 3.  ^ Young, John (1996). "The Tigray and Eritrean Peoples Liberation Fronts: A
     History of Tensions and Pragmatism". The Journal of Modern African Studies.
     34 (1): 105–120. doi:10.1017/S0022278X00055221. ISSN 0022-278X.
     JSTOR 161740. S2CID 153543164.
 4.  ^ "Ethiopia-Eritrea border: Landmark summit aims to end conflict". BBC
     News. 2018-07-08. Retrieved 2022-05-30.
 5.  ^ Jump up to: a b Watch (Organization), Human Rights (2009). Service for
     Life: State Repression and Indefinite Conscription in Eritrea. Human Rights
     Watch. ISBN 978-1-56432-472-6.
 6.  ^ Lyons, Terrence (2009). "The Ethiopia-Eritrea Conflict and the Search for
     Peace in the Horn of Africa". Review of African Political Economy. 36
     (120): 167–180. doi:10.1080/03056240903068053.
     hdl:10.1080/03056240903068053. ISSN 0305-6244. JSTOR 27756259.
     S2CID 154642333.
 7.  ^ "Ethiopia Freezes Nile Water Treaty in Sign of Thaw With Egypt". VOA. May
     2011. Retrieved 2022-08-10.
 8.  ^ "Ethiopian PM warns Egypt off Nile war". Reuters. 2010-11-23. Retrieved
     2022-08-10.
 9.  ^ "Ethiopia to build hydropower dam along Nile river". Reuters. 2011-03-13.
     Retrieved 2022-08-10.
 10. ^ Nyssen, Jan (2022-03-18). "Ethiopia's Nile dam was Meles' endeavor, not
     Haile Selassie's". Ethiopia Insight. Retrieved 2022-08-10.
 11. ^ "Meles to hold talks with Egypt rulers over Nile". The Africa Report.com.
     2011-08-31. Retrieved 2022-08-10.
 12. ^ "Ethiopian Prime Minister Zenawi's recent visit to Egypt receives mixed
     reviews - Politics - Egypt". Ahram Online. Retrieved 2022-08-10.
 13. ^ "The Egypt–Ethiopian Nile Conflict: A Dam(n) Shame". Northeastern
     University Political Review. 2020-02-26. Retrieved 2022-08-10.
 14. ^ MORMUL, Joanna (2016). "ETHIO-DJIBOUTIAN RELATIONS IN THE 21ST CENTURY –
     TOWARDS NEW AFRICAN COOPERATION". Politeja (42): 263–286. ISSN 1733-6716.
     JSTOR 24920258.
 15. ^ "Horn of Africa: The Monthly Review (Oct-Nov 1999) - Djibouti |
     ReliefWeb". reliefweb.int. December 1999. Retrieved 2022-08-10.
 16. ^ "Leaders speak of "brotherly relations"". The New Humanitarian.
     2001-06-05. Retrieved 2022-08-10.
 17. ^ Jump up to: a b c d "An uneasy relationship". The New Humanitarian.
     2001-01-02. Retrieved 2022-08-10.
 18. ^ "Stabilization and Common Identity: Reflections on the Islamic Courts
     Union and Al-Itihaad". 10 August 2022.
 19. ^ Inc, IBP (June 2015). Somalia Business Law Handbook Volume 1 Strategic
     Information and Basic Laws. Lulu.com. ISBN 978-1-5145-0191-7. {{cite
     book}}: |last= has generic name (help)
 20. ^ WILLIAMS, PAUL D. (2014). "After Westgate: opportunities and challenges
     in the war against Al-Shabaab". International Affairs. 90 (4): 907–923.
     doi:10.1111/1468-2346.12147. ISSN 0020-5850. JSTOR 24538204.
 21. ^ "Ethiopia warns Sudan over "hostile moves" - Sudan | ReliefWeb".
     reliefweb.int. 24 April 1996. Retrieved 2022-08-11.
 22. ^ "Ethiopian leader rules out bases for Sudan rebels - Sudan | ReliefWeb".
     reliefweb.int. 12 June 1996. Retrieved 2022-08-11.
 23. ^ "ETHIOPIA-SUDAN: Joint communique [19991122]". www.africa.upenn.edu.
     Retrieved 2022-08-11.
 24. ^ "Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi Dies after Illness". United States
     Institute of Peace. Retrieved 2022-08-11.
 25. ^ "Ethiopia PM denies calling for Sudan president Bashir's ouster". The
     Africa Report.com. 2011-09-16. Retrieved 2022-08-11.
 26. ^ "Climate change will hit Africa hardest | Meles Zenawi". the Guardian.
     2009-11-28. Retrieved 2022-08-11.
 27. ^ Jump up to: a b c "UNEP Pays Tribute to Meles Zenawi, Prime Minister of
     Ethiopia". UN Environment. 2017-10-04. Retrieved 2022-08-11.
 28. ^ "Copenhagen: Head of African bloc calls on poorer nations to compromise
     over climate funding". the Guardian. 2009-12-16. Retrieved 2022-08-11.
 29. ^ "Meles Clashes with EU about Elections Report". VOA. 11 August 2022.

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