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FREQUENT MARIJUANA USE DOESN’T MAKE PEOPLE LESS MOTIVATED OR CAUSE PARANOIA,
STUDY FINDS
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SCIENCE & HEALTH
FREQUENT MARIJUANA USE DOESN’T MAKE PEOPLE LESS MOTIVATED OR CAUSE PARANOIA,
STUDY FINDS
Published
10 seconds ago
on
April 29, 2024
By
Ben Adlin
A new study on effects of frequent marijuana use challenges a number of cannabis
stereotypes, with researchers finding no association with paranoia or decreased
motivation among habitual users. They also found no evidence that marijuana
consumption causes a hangover the next day.
Among the results that authors deemed “surprising,” data showed that “when
chronic users got high, they were no more amotivated, no less motivated for
extrinsic or intrinsic reasons, and no less willing to objectively push
themselves.”
Results were more mixed among especially frequent users, however, who reported
more negative emotions and greater impulsiveness, but also more motivation.
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and its effects on diabetes-related processes. “Cannabis exhibits
neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, anti-thrombotic, anti-bacterial, analgesic,
and antiepileptic properties.” Additionally, it acknowledges the industrial
applications of CBD and hemp in pharmaceuticals, skincare, fuel, paper,
clothing, rope, and massage oil production.
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Authors of the study, published in the journal Social Psychological and
Personality Science, said the results overall contained “both expected and
surprising findings” that challenge sometimes superficial beliefs about
marijuana’s effects.
“Much of this myopia comes from its historical criminalization, preventing a
neutral and clear-eyed evaluation of cannabis’s harms and benefits alike,” they
wrote. “This led to a distorted view of cannabis and cannabis users, to the
point where contemporary ethicists seriously claim that recreational cannabis
use is unethical, morally illicit, and never warranted. Such moralization helps
clarify why cannabis users are stereotyped as lazy, uneducated, and possibly
criminal.”
Despite widespread use of marijuana—the most commonly consumed drug worldwide
after caffeine, alcohol and tobacco—along with its growing legal and social
acceptance, “surprisingly little is known about its effects among habitual users
in everyday life,” wrote the three-author team, from the University of Toronto
and Osgoode Hall Law School in Ontario, Canada.
“Here, we focus on what is missing,” they continued, “describing the everyday
experience of getting high among habitual users, examining reasons they get
high, its possible salutary emotional effects, and its surprising lack of costs
to motivation and industriousness.”
Participants in the study—adults 21 and older from the U.S. or Canada who used
marijuana at least three times a week for nonmedical purposes—were recruited
from Reddit and given a 30-minute baseline survey as well as “brief surveys 5
times a day, between the hours of 10 a.m. and 11 p.m., for 1 week.”
> “Contrary to stereotypes, we observed minimal effects on motivation.”
One finding was clear, as the first sentence of the report states frankly:
“People like to get high.”
“Not surprisingly, compared with not feeling high, feeling high for chronic
users was associated with a host of increased positive emotions such as awe,
inspiration, and gratitude, as well as reduced stress and fear at the
within-person level,” said the three-author research team. “These emotional
results shed some light on the main reason chronic users report using
cannabis—because they like the feeling.”
“Interestingly, getting high was not associated with increased
suspicion/paranoia among chronic users, contrary to popular depictions and even
medical symptom lists,” they wrote, pointing American Psychiatric Association
publication from 2013.
While getting high generally was associated with more positive emotions and
fewer negative ones among chronic users, it was also linked to lower scores on
“momentary conscientiousness”—for example around self control and neatness.
Although “getting high did not impact chronic users’ momentary reports of
willpower, responsibility, and industriousness, it did hurt numerous other
aspects of momentary conscientiousness,” the study says. “When users get high,
they report being more impulsive (lower self-control), less organized and neat
(orderliness), more willing to lie to get their way (lower virtue), and less
willing to follow societal rules (traditionalism).”
The size of those effects, however, were small. And results showed few lasting
emotional effects after respondents’ high wore off.
“At least among chronic users, the effects of cannabis intoxication in the real
world are short lived,” the study says, “with little indication of any sort of
cannabis hangover a few hours later or the next day.”
> “Surprisingly, there was no evidence of a weed hangover.”
Among habitual users, the researchers also distinguished between frequent and
less-frequent consumption, though they note that both groups got high regularly.
“Our between-person comparisons are comparing people who are high often (i.e.,
high on 32% of experience samples, high 4–6 times per week) to people who are
high exceptionally often (i.e., high on 96% of experience samples, high multiple
times a day).”
Nevertheless, among those who used marijuana most frequently, “the emotional
picture looks much less positive.”
“Compared with those who got high less frequently, people who get high very
frequently report greater negative emotions across the board, for example
feeling more disgust, scorn, fear, and embarrassment. All these were
medium-to-large effect sizes.”
The study, of course, cannot determine whether heavy consumers exhibited those
emotions because of cannabis use or whether they may have been using marijuana
as a result of those feelings.
Especially frequent users also reported less self-control and willpower than
less-frequent, but still habitual, consumers. However, they were also more
motivated.
“People who get high very frequently (e.g., daily) are not less motivated
dispositionally than those who also get high frequently, but relatively less
frequently (e.g., weekly),” the study says. “If anything, they are more
motivated (at least for external and introjected reasons).”
One limitation of the new research, authors noted, is how participants were
selected. “Our participants were recruited from online forums that cater to
cannabis enthusiasts and growers, meaning our results might not generalize to
novice or to less frequent users,” the study says.
“Not only were our participants very heavy users, but they also needed to show
diligence and care to complete an effortful study protocol over 7 days,” it
adds. “It is possible, therefore, that our sample was quite conscientious and
not representative of the broader population of chronic cannabis users.”
Further, the study did not “compare cannabis users to nonusers, or even frequent
to infrequent users.”
“While we think the research here is a real advance over past work given its use
of experience sampling, micro-longitudinal design, and a large and diverse
sample, it is not without its limitations,” the report says, expressing hope for
future research and “shifts in research philosophy that has been too quick to
pathologize use.”
The study follows separate research published last December that examined
neurocognitive effects in medical marijuana patients, finding that “prescribed
medical cannabis may have minimal acute impact on cognitive function among
patients with chronic health conditions.”
Another report, published March in the journal Current Alzheimer Research,
linked marijuana use to lower odds of subjective cognitive decline (SCD), with
consumers and patients reporting less confusion and memory loss compared to
non-users.
While the long-term effects of cannabis use are far from settled science,
findings from those and other recent studies suggest some fears have been
overblown.
A report published in April that drew on dispensary data, for instance, found
that cancer patients reported being able to think more clearly when using
medical marijuana. They also said it helped manage pain.
A separate study of teens and young adults at risk of developing psychotic
disorders found that regular marijuana use over a two-year period did not
trigger early onset of psychosis symptoms—contrary to the claims of
prohibitionists who argue that cannabis causes mental illness. In fact, it was
associated with modest improvements in cognitive functioning and reduced use of
other medications.
“CHR youth who continuously used cannabis had higher neurocognition and social
functioning over time, and decreased medication usage, relative to non-users,”
authors of that study wrote. “Surprisingly, clinical symptoms improved over time
despite the medication decreases.”
A separate study published by the American Medical Association (AMA) in January
that looked at data from more than 63 million health insurance beneficiaries
found that there’s “no statistically significant increase” in psychosis-related
diagnoses in states that have legalized marijuana compared to those that
continue to criminalize cannabis.
Studies from 2018, meanwhile, found that marijuana may actually increase working
memory and that cannabis use doesn’t actually change the structure of the brain.
And, contrary to then-President Trump’s claim that marijuana makes people “lose
IQ points,” the National Institute of Drug Abuse (NIDA) says the results of two
longitudinal studies “did not support a causal relationship between marijuana
use and IQ loss.”
Research has shown that people who use cannabis can see declines in verbal
ability and general knowledge but that “those who would use in the future
already had lower scores on these measures than those who would not use in the
future, and no predictable difference was found between twins when one used
marijuana and one did not.”
“This suggests that observed IQ declines, at least across adolescence, may be
caused by shared familial factors (e.g., genetics, family environment), not by
marijuana use itself,” NIDA concluded.
> ‘No Evidence’ That Marijuana Legalization For Adults Increases Youth Cannabis
> Use, New Research Published By American Medical Association Finds
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Ben Adlin
Ben Adlin, a senior editor at Marijuana Moment, has been covering cannabis and
other drug policy issues professionally since 2011. He was previously a senior
news editor at Leafly, an associate editor at the Los Angeles Daily Journal and
a Coro Fellow in Public Affairs. He lives in Washington State.
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