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Climate change is linked to the spread of viruses like monkeypox, experts say
Researchers say diseases that spread between humans and animals will become
increasingly commonplace as human expansion into previously uninhabited areas
intensifies.
CLIMATE
ZOONOTIC DISEASES LIKE COVID-19 AND MONKEYPOX WILL BECOME MORE COMMON, EXPERTS
SAY
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September 29, 20225:00 AM ET
Ayana Archie
Enlarge this image
This photograph, taken on February 24, 2014 during an aerial survey mission by
Greenpeace in Indonesia, shows cleared trees in a forest located in the
concession of Karya Makmur Abadi, which was being developed for a palm oil
plantation. Environmental group Greenpeace on February 26 accused US consumer
goods giant Procter & Gamble of aiding the destruction of Indonesian
rainforests. BAY ISMOYO/AFP via Getty Images hide caption
toggle caption
BAY ISMOYO/AFP via Getty Images
This photograph, taken on February 24, 2014 during an aerial survey mission by
Greenpeace in Indonesia, shows cleared trees in a forest located in the
concession of Karya Makmur Abadi, which was being developed for a palm oil
plantation. Environmental group Greenpeace on February 26 accused US consumer
goods giant Procter & Gamble of aiding the destruction of Indonesian
rainforests.
BAY ISMOYO/AFP via Getty Images
Cases of monkeypox are on the rise in the U.S., with about 67,600 global cases,
including about 25,500 in the U.S. Simultaneously, the world is still facing a
COVID-19 pandemic, despite the number of cases tapering off.
Researchers say these types of viruses, known as zoonotic diseases, or ones that
spread between humans and animals, will become increasingly commonplace as
factors such as the destruction of animal habitats and human expansion into
previously uninhabited areas intensify.
HUMANS AND ANIMALS ARE INTERACTING MORE
Monkeypox was first found in monkeys in 1958 and in humans in 1970, according to
the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Elements such as deforestation, population growth and animal breeding have
removed the boundaries between where humans and wild animals live, bringing them
into closer contact.
Since 1990, about 1 billion acres of forest have been cut own to make room for
other uses. Deforestation rates have been decreasing, with an average of 25
million acres being cleared each year from 2015 to 2020, down from about 40
million per year in the 1990s, according to a United Nations report.
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Besides the impact on the climate, deforestation means a loss of habitat that
often ends up driving wildlife nearer to people.
"You're just seeing the effects of the change in the environment, the change in
animal behavior, the change in human behavior, bringing wild animals and humans
more into contact where they can have more contamination," said Lanre
Williams-Ayedun, the senior vice president of international programs at World
Relief, a sustainability nonprofit organization.
FUNGAL DISEASE DEVASTATING BAT POPULATIONS MOVES WEST
Those changing patterns in animal migration and reproduction can influence how
pathogens behave in their natural host, possibly becoming more contagious in the
process, said Dr. Carl Fichtenbaum, the vice chairperson for clinical research
for internal medicine at the University of Cincinnati.
"Depending on the particular germ, when it has an opportunity to do this
multiple times, the germ adapts to the new species," he said.
A United Nations study found an estimated 60% of known infectious diseases found
in humans and 75% of all emerging infectious diseases are zoonotic, or
transmitted between species, from animals to humans.
Some of those include Ebola, Zika and COVID-19, which scientists hypothesize
started in bats.
COULD THE CURRENT MONKEYPOX OUTBREAK HAVE BEEN PREDICTED?
Monkeypox is endemic, or regularly found, in some African countries. But because
monkeypox can be "self-limiting" and not as transmissible as other viruses. "It
wasn't something that you would have thought would become such a big outbreak,"
Williams-Ayedun said.
WHY IT'S IMPORTANT TO CENTER SEX IN CONVERSATIONS ABOUT THE MONKEYPOX OUTBREAK
The virus was nearly eradicated at one point when people in those regions
received vaccines for smallpox, a relative of monkeypox, in larger numbers. But
now, vaccine rates are much lower in people 40 and younger, Williams-Ayedun
said.
People are also traveling farther and more frequently these days.
"It's easy to spread diseases globally, and we've seen that something that
happens in what we think is a remote part of the world somewhere can very easily
become something that is a concern where we live," she said.
Luis Escobar, an assistant professor in Virginia Tech's fish and wildlife
department, said that while researchers have been able to predict where small
outbreaks of monkeypox are more likely to occur – poorer regions, areas with war
or social conflict or remote places — it is in those places where data is less
accessible.
"My perception is that the data may not be enough," he said. "The data may have
not been enough to anticipate a global epidemic of this magnitude."
He added that scientists must survey zoonotic diseases "in all corners of the
world because we don't know which [region] is going to trigger the next
pandemic."
CLIMATE
DROUGHT IS DRIVING ELEPHANTS CLOSER TO PEOPLE. THE CONSEQUENCES CAN BE DEADLY
Fichtenbaum agrees, and said that with the thousands of germs in the ecosphere,
it's hard to know which ones will spread to pandemic-level proportions.
"I think it would be really disingenuous if someone says, 'Well, I can predict
that this germ is going to be the next big germ,'" he said. "I think we're not
very good at that, in the same way that we're not very good at predicting
earthquakes."
THE SPREAD OF ZOONOTIC DISEASES WILL LIKELY BECOME MORE FREQUENT
Escobar said that in looking to the future, researchers have neglected past data
in their work to combat disease spread.
"The research I do is a bit to anticipate the future," he said. "But we're
putting a lot of effort to try to reconstruct the past. We're analyzing data
from the last century – in terms of wildlife diseases, climate, forest laws in
the last 100 years – and with that, we are understanding what is happening now."
He and his colleagues have used that data in simulations to predict patterns in
the next 50 to 100 years. But zoonotic diseases may not need that long.
Escobar's research suggests in the next 12 to 20 years, there could be a
significant increase in diseases spread to humans from bats. Diseases endemic to
Latin America's bat population could begin making their way to the American
South as Latin America gets warmer, he said, which affects the distribution of
and quantity of bats.
Additionally, diseases that are only exclusive to animals could tell us a lot
about what society might look like down the line.
For example, as global warming continues to intensify, a virus common among fish
could decimate aquaculture, causing blows to food production and the economy,
Escobar said.
POLITICS
WHAT'S IN THE SWEEPING BILL AFFECTING CLIMATE CHANGE, HEALTH CARE, TAXES AND
MORE
WHAT CAN BE DONE ABOUT IT?
Fichtenbaum says public policy will need to address the spread of zoonotic
diseases.
"I think right now, much of the climate change focus has been focused on, 'Well,
this is bad for the environment, and we're going to see floods, and we're going
to see heat waves, and this may affect economic survival.' But people aren't
always looking at it in terms of health and human disease, which is very
costly."
In recent years, some researchers in the zoonoses field of study have been
pushing toward a "one health" approach, the merging of public health, veterinary
health and environmental health, Ayedun-Wliliams said.
Helping people secure jobs, safe shelter and food is also important, as scarcity
can result in hunting wild animals or cutting down trees for homes, and in turn,
drive zoonotic diseases, she said.
CORRECTION OCT. 29, 2022
An earlier version of this story mistakenly said deforestation was 16 million
acres annually in the 1990s. In fact, the figure is 16 million hectares, or 40
million acres.
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* zoonotic diseases
* wild animals
* climate change
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