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<h1 id="ctl00_cphBody_lblHeadline" itemprop="headline" class="page-title"> Optical Metasurfaces: Applications in Imaging and Sensing</h1>
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src="https://www.azonetwork.com/themes/clients/images/team/owais_ali-edited.jpg" alt="Owais Ali" itemprop="image" class="article-meta-photo"></span><span class="article-meta-contents"><span class="article-meta-left"><span
class="article-meta-author">By <a href="/authors/owais-ali" itemprop="url"><span itemprop="name">Owais Ali</span></a></span><span class="article-meta-reviewer">Reviewed by Lexie Corner</span></span><span
class="article-meta-right article-meta-right-with-date article-meta-right-one-item"><span class="article-meta-date">Sep 12 2024</span></span></span></div>
<p><strong>Optical metasurfaces have emerged as promising solutions to the limitations posed by bulky optical elements. They provide a compact, efficient method for light manipulation, offering advanced control over phase, polarization, and
emission compared to conventional refraction and propagation techniques. This article overviews optical metasurfaces, their diverse applications in imaging and sensing technologies, and recent advancements in these fields.</strong>
</p>
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<p style="text-align: right;"><span style="color:#999999;"><em>Image Credit: luchschenF/Shutterstock.com</em></span></p>
<h2>Optical Metasurfaces: Background</h2>
<p>Optical metamaterials have fascinated physicists and engineers for decades. While theoretical discussions began in the 1940s, significant experimental progress only occurred in the last 20-30 years, driven by advances in nanotechnology and
semiconductor manufacturing.</p>
<p>Early theories focused on 3D bulk nanostructured materials, but practical efforts quickly shifted to 2D nanostructured optical elements, known as optical metasurfaces. These 2D metasurfaces have revolutionized light manipulation by
enabling rapid nanoscale changes in phase and amplitude, offering unprecedented control over light.<sup>1</sup></p>
<h2>How Do Optical Metasurfaces Work?</h2>
<p>Optical metasurfaces are artificially engineered materials composed of light-scattering dielectric or metallic nanostructures arranged in two-dimensional or quasi-two-dimensional patterns. These surfaces offer a compact and sophisticated
platform for controlling light's polarization, phase, and amplitude with high precision.</p>
<p>Unlike traditional optics that rely on light refraction and propagation, optical metasurfaces manipulate light through the scattering of nanostructures. These nanostructures resonate with incoming light and re-emit it with controlled
phase, polarization, and spectral properties, enabling precise shaping of light waves.</p>
<p>This level of control allows for enhanced spectral selectivity, wavefront and polarization control, and improved light radiation and detection.<sup>2</sup></p>
<h2>Advantages Over Traditional Optical Components</h2>
<p>The key advantage of optical metasurfaces is their ability to achieve complex optical functions within a thin, planar geometry. This offers exceptional flexibility in customizing optical responses, allowing for functionalities that are
challenging or impossible with conventional optics.</p>
<p>Optical metasurfaces can perform multiple optical functions simultaneously within a single layer, leading to more efficient and compact systems by reducing the need for numerous discrete components. They can be designed to operate across a
wide range of wavelengths, from visible light to infrared, enhancing their versatility for various applications.<sup>3</sup></p>
<h2>Applications in Imaging</h2>
<h4><strong>Super-Resolution in Advanced Imaging Techniques</strong></h4>
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<p>Optical metasurfaces are transforming imaging technologies by providing enhanced resolution and miniaturization. They can overcome the diffraction limit, enabling super-resolution imaging in systems like optical coherence tomography (OCT)
and two-photon microscopy.</p>
<p>In plasmonic structured illumination microscopy (PSIM), optical metasurfaces with periodic slit arrangements enhance resolution by a factor of 2.6 compared to conventional methods.</p>
<p>Two-photon microscopy also benefits from metasurfaces, with a thin double-wavelength metasurface objective lens achieving a high numerical aperture (NA) of 0.5 for compact and high-resolution imaging.</p>
<p>Similarly, in OCT, optical metasurfaces enhance imaging resolution and extend the depth of focus (DOF) to 211 μm and 315 μm, outperforming traditional lenses while reducing component size.<sup>4</sup></p>
<h4><strong>Multi-Color Holograms</strong></h4>
<p>Optical metasurfaces also enhance computational imaging by facilitating advanced applications like ghost and complex optical field imaging. They simplify setups and improve performance in systems that extract hidden information from
scattered light or complex speckle patterns.</p>
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<p>Additionally, researchers have developed high-efficiency, multi-color holograms by encoding complex phase distributions onto a single optical metasurface layer, achieving over 90 % resolution in color imaging with chromatic aberration
correction.<sup>2,4</sup></p>
<h4><strong>High-Resolution Polarization and Hyperspectral Imaging</strong></h4>
<p>In functional imaging, optical metasurfaces enable advanced polarization and hyperspectral imaging. They provide efficient polarization analysis without traditional filters, enhancing the capability to measure and analyze polarization
states.</p>
<p>Hyperspectral imaging also benefits from optical metasurfaces that support high-quality factor resonances for ultrasensitive detection of molecular changes, allowing for detailed spectral analysis and enhanced biosensing
capabilities.<sup>4</sup></p>
<h2>Applications in Sensing</h2>
<p>The unique properties of optical metasurfaces have also led to their widespread adoption in biosensing, gas sensing, and chemical sensing. These metasurface-based sensors offer higher sensitivity, selectivity, and detection limits than
conventional plasmonic sensors and also facilitate miniaturization and integration into portable devices.</p>
<h4><strong>SPR Sensors for Viral Diagnostics</strong></h4>
<p>A key application of optical metasurfaces is their use in enhancing traditional plasmonic sensors for biomarker detection, significantly improving the accuracy of disease diagnosis.</p>
<p>Recent studies have shown that integrating metasurfaces into surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensors greatly enhances sensitivity and detection limits. These advanced SPR sensors have successfully detected viruses like hepatitis B, Zika,
and SARS-CoV-2, demonstrating the potential of metasurface-based biosensors for rapid and precise disease diagnosis.</p>
<h4><strong>Air Quality Monitoring</strong></h4>
<p>Unlike traditional gas sensors, which struggle with slow response times and sensitivity to environmental changes, optical metasurface-based sensors offer rapid and highly sensitive detection by leveraging plasmonic effects in
metal-insulator-metal (MIM) structures.</p>
<p>For instance, metamaterial perfect absorber (MPA) sensors exhibit a sensitivity of 22.4 ± 0.5 ppm·Hz<sup>−0.5</sup> for gases like carbon dioxide and butane due to enhanced analyte interaction.</p>
<p>This exceptional sensitivity, combined with their compact size and quick response times, makes these sensors ideal for extensive sensor networks. They provide real-time, high-resolution data on air quality and greenhouse gases in urban,
industrial, and natural settings.</p>
<h4><strong>Non-Destructive Real-time Chemical Monitoring</strong></h4>
<p>Optical metamaterial-based sensors, integrated with microfluidic channels and double split-ring resonators, enable real-time, label-free monitoring of multiple chemical concentrations in liquid or gaseous environments. Their ability to
tailor optical responses to specific chemical signatures makes them highly valuable for environmental monitoring, food safety testing, and industrial process control.<sup>5</sup></p>
<h2>Recent Advancements and Emerging Trends</h2>
<p>The field of optical metasurfaces is rapidly advancing, with recent breakthroughs significantly enhancing imaging and sensing applications.</p>
<h4><strong>Single-Shot Polarization Imaging</strong></h4>
<p>Harvard researchers recently developed a compact, single-shot polarization imaging system using Mueller matrix imaging with nano-engineered optical metasurfaces. The results are published in
<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41566-024-01426-x" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em>Nature Photonics</em></a>.</p>
<p>This innovative system replaces traditional complex setups that rely on multiple rotating plates and polarizers with a simpler design that captures and analyzes polarized light in a single step.</p>
<p>The proposed approach simplifies the design by eliminating moving parts. It has the potential for real-time applications such as live tissue microscopy, polarimetric endoscopy, retinal scanning, and non-invasive cancer imaging.<sup>6</sup>
</p>
<h4><strong>Reconfigurable Metasurfaces for Adaptive Sensing Systems</strong></h4>
<p>There is a growing trend in developing reconfigurable optical metasurfaces that dynamically switch between optical functions.</p>
<p>In a recent study published in <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-48783-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em>Nature Communications</em></a><em>,</em> researchers designed a flexible sensor that can rapidly switch between
high-contrast edge detection and detailed infrared imaging.</p>
<p>This was achieved by utilizing the phase transition properties of vanadium dioxide, which alters the metasurface's optical characteristics in response to temperature changes.</p>
<p>Such reconfigurability opens new possibilities for adaptive imaging and sensing systems, including remote crop monitoring and quantitative phase microscopy, allowing them to adjust their functionality based on environmental conditions or
user needs.<sup>7</sup></p>
<h2>Future Outlooks</h2>
<p>Optical metasurfaces have significantly advanced imaging and sensing technologies, providing unprecedented control over light manipulation within ultra-thin, compact structures. This has led to new capabilities and enhancements in
applications ranging from super-resolution microscopy to highly sensitive chemical detection.</p>
<p>As fabrication techniques continue to advance, metasurface-based devices are set to transform industries, including consumer electronics, medical devices, and scientific research.</p>
<p class="cta-full-width-p">
<strong><a href="https://admin.azonetwork.com/azooptics/articles/2670" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="color:#8e44ad;">More from AZoOptics: What Role Do Lasers Play in Reducing Plastic Pollution?</span></a></strong></p>
<h2>References and Future Outlooks</h2>
<ol>
<li>Kuznetsov, AI., <em>et al</em>. (2024). Roadmap for optical metasurfaces. <em>ACS Photonics</em>.
<a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.3c00457" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.3c00457</a></li>
<li>Neshev, D., Aharonovich, I. (2018). Optical metasurfaces: new generation building blocks for multi-functional optics. <em>Light: Science & Applications</em>.
<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41377-018-0058-1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41377-018-0058-1</a></li>
<li>Pertsch, T., Xiao, S., Majumdar, A., Li, G. (2023). Optical metasurfaces: fundamentals and applications. <em>Photonics Research</em>.
<a href="https://doi.org/10.1364/PRJ.487440" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://doi.org/10.1364/PRJ.487440</a></li>
<li>Lee, D., Gwak, J., Badloe, T., Palomba, S., Rho, J. (2020). Metasurfaces-based imaging and applications: from miniaturized optical components to functional imaging platforms. <em>Nanoscale Advances</em>.
<a href="https://doi.org/10.1039/C9NA00751B" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://doi.org/10.1039/C9NA00751B</a></li>
<li>Tabassum, S., Nayemuzzaman, SK., Kala, M., Kumar Mishra, A., Mishra, SK. (2022). Metasurfaces for sensing applications: Gas, bio and chemical. <em>Sensors</em>.
<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/s22186896" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://doi.org/10.3390/s22186896</a></li>
<li>Zaidi, A., Rubin, NA., Meretska, ML., Li, LW., Dorrah, AH., Park, JS., Capasso, F. (2024). Metasurface-enabled single-shot and complete Mueller matrix imaging. <em>Nature Photonics</em>.
<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41566-024-01426-x" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41566-024-01426-x</a></li>
<li>Cotrufo, M., Sulejman, SB., Wesemann, L., Rahman, MA., Bhaskaran, M., Roberts, A., Alù, A. (2024). Reconfigurable image processing metasurfaces with phase-change materials. <em>Nature Communications</em>.
<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-48783-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-48783-3</a></li>
</ol>
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<p>NEBOSH certified Mechanical Engineer with 3 years of experience as a technical writer and editor. Owais is interested in occupational health and safety, computer hardware, industrial and mobile robotics. During his academic career, Owais
worked on several research projects regarding mobile robots, notably the Autonomous Fire Fighting Mobile Robot. The designed mobile robot could navigate, detect and extinguish fire autonomously. Arduino Uno was used as the microcontroller
to control the flame sensors' input and output of the flame extinguisher. Apart from his professional life, Owais is an avid book reader and a huge computer technology enthusiast and likes to keep himself updated regarding developments in
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OPTICAL METASURFACES: APPLICATIONS IN IMAGING AND SENSING
* Download PDF Copy
By Owais AliReviewed by Lexie CornerSep 12 2024
Optical metasurfaces have emerged as promising solutions to the limitations
posed by bulky optical elements. They provide a compact, efficient method for
light manipulation, offering advanced control over phase, polarization, and
emission compared to conventional refraction and propagation techniques. This
article overviews optical metasurfaces, their diverse applications in imaging
and sensing technologies, and recent advancements in these fields.
Image Credit: luchschenF/Shutterstock.com
OPTICAL METASURFACES: BACKGROUND
Optical metamaterials have fascinated physicists and engineers for decades.
While theoretical discussions began in the 1940s, significant experimental
progress only occurred in the last 20-30 years, driven by advances in
nanotechnology and semiconductor manufacturing.
Early theories focused on 3D bulk nanostructured materials, but practical
efforts quickly shifted to 2D nanostructured optical elements, known as optical
metasurfaces. These 2D metasurfaces have revolutionized light manipulation by
enabling rapid nanoscale changes in phase and amplitude, offering unprecedented
control over light.1
HOW DO OPTICAL METASURFACES WORK?
Optical metasurfaces are artificially engineered materials composed of
light-scattering dielectric or metallic nanostructures arranged in
two-dimensional or quasi-two-dimensional patterns. These surfaces offer a
compact and sophisticated platform for controlling light's polarization, phase,
and amplitude with high precision.
Unlike traditional optics that rely on light refraction and propagation, optical
metasurfaces manipulate light through the scattering of nanostructures. These
nanostructures resonate with incoming light and re-emit it with controlled
phase, polarization, and spectral properties, enabling precise shaping of light
waves.
This level of control allows for enhanced spectral selectivity, wavefront and
polarization control, and improved light radiation and detection.2
ADVANTAGES OVER TRADITIONAL OPTICAL COMPONENTS
The key advantage of optical metasurfaces is their ability to achieve complex
optical functions within a thin, planar geometry. This offers exceptional
flexibility in customizing optical responses, allowing for functionalities that
are challenging or impossible with conventional optics.
Optical metasurfaces can perform multiple optical functions simultaneously
within a single layer, leading to more efficient and compact systems by reducing
the need for numerous discrete components. They can be designed to operate
across a wide range of wavelengths, from visible light to infrared, enhancing
their versatility for various applications.3
APPLICATIONS IN IMAGING
SUPER-RESOLUTION IN ADVANCED IMAGING TECHNIQUES
Discover More:
Imaging Capabilities for Space Exploration: Ultra-Lightweight Space Cameras
Optical metasurfaces are transforming imaging technologies by providing enhanced
resolution and miniaturization. They can overcome the diffraction limit,
enabling super-resolution imaging in systems like optical coherence tomography
(OCT) and two-photon microscopy.
In plasmonic structured illumination microscopy (PSIM), optical metasurfaces
with periodic slit arrangements enhance resolution by a factor of 2.6 compared
to conventional methods.
Two-photon microscopy also benefits from metasurfaces, with a thin
double-wavelength metasurface objective lens achieving a high numerical aperture
(NA) of 0.5 for compact and high-resolution imaging.
Similarly, in OCT, optical metasurfaces enhance imaging resolution and extend
the depth of focus (DOF) to 211 μm and 315 μm, outperforming traditional lenses
while reducing component size.4
MULTI-COLOR HOLOGRAMS
Optical metasurfaces also enhance computational imaging by facilitating advanced
applications like ghost and complex optical field imaging. They simplify setups
and improve performance in systems that extract hidden information from
scattered light or complex speckle patterns.
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Additionally, researchers have developed high-efficiency, multi-color holograms
by encoding complex phase distributions onto a single optical metasurface layer,
achieving over 90 % resolution in color imaging with chromatic aberration
correction.2,4
HIGH-RESOLUTION POLARIZATION AND HYPERSPECTRAL IMAGING
In functional imaging, optical metasurfaces enable advanced polarization and
hyperspectral imaging. They provide efficient polarization analysis without
traditional filters, enhancing the capability to measure and analyze
polarization states.
Hyperspectral imaging also benefits from optical metasurfaces that support
high-quality factor resonances for ultrasensitive detection of molecular
changes, allowing for detailed spectral analysis and enhanced biosensing
capabilities.4
APPLICATIONS IN SENSING
The unique properties of optical metasurfaces have also led to their widespread
adoption in biosensing, gas sensing, and chemical sensing. These
metasurface-based sensors offer higher sensitivity, selectivity, and detection
limits than conventional plasmonic sensors and also facilitate miniaturization
and integration into portable devices.
SPR SENSORS FOR VIRAL DIAGNOSTICS
A key application of optical metasurfaces is their use in enhancing traditional
plasmonic sensors for biomarker detection, significantly improving the accuracy
of disease diagnosis.
Recent studies have shown that integrating metasurfaces into surface plasmon
resonance (SPR) sensors greatly enhances sensitivity and detection limits. These
advanced SPR sensors have successfully detected viruses like hepatitis B, Zika,
and SARS-CoV-2, demonstrating the potential of metasurface-based biosensors for
rapid and precise disease diagnosis.
AIR QUALITY MONITORING
Unlike traditional gas sensors, which struggle with slow response times and
sensitivity to environmental changes, optical metasurface-based sensors offer
rapid and highly sensitive detection by leveraging plasmonic effects in
metal-insulator-metal (MIM) structures.
For instance, metamaterial perfect absorber (MPA) sensors exhibit a sensitivity
of 22.4 ± 0.5 ppm·Hz−0.5 for gases like carbon dioxide and butane due to
enhanced analyte interaction.
This exceptional sensitivity, combined with their compact size and quick
response times, makes these sensors ideal for extensive sensor networks. They
provide real-time, high-resolution data on air quality and greenhouse gases in
urban, industrial, and natural settings.
NON-DESTRUCTIVE REAL-TIME CHEMICAL MONITORING
Optical metamaterial-based sensors, integrated with microfluidic channels and
double split-ring resonators, enable real-time, label-free monitoring of
multiple chemical concentrations in liquid or gaseous environments. Their
ability to tailor optical responses to specific chemical signatures makes them
highly valuable for environmental monitoring, food safety testing, and
industrial process control.5
RECENT ADVANCEMENTS AND EMERGING TRENDS
The field of optical metasurfaces is rapidly advancing, with recent
breakthroughs significantly enhancing imaging and sensing applications.
SINGLE-SHOT POLARIZATION IMAGING
Harvard researchers recently developed a compact, single-shot polarization
imaging system using Mueller matrix imaging with nano-engineered optical
metasurfaces. The results are published in Nature Photonics.
This innovative system replaces traditional complex setups that rely on multiple
rotating plates and polarizers with a simpler design that captures and analyzes
polarized light in a single step.
The proposed approach simplifies the design by eliminating moving parts. It has
the potential for real-time applications such as live tissue microscopy,
polarimetric endoscopy, retinal scanning, and non-invasive cancer imaging.6
RECONFIGURABLE METASURFACES FOR ADAPTIVE SENSING SYSTEMS
There is a growing trend in developing reconfigurable optical metasurfaces that
dynamically switch between optical functions.
In a recent study published in Nature Communications, researchers designed a
flexible sensor that can rapidly switch between high-contrast edge detection and
detailed infrared imaging.
This was achieved by utilizing the phase transition properties of vanadium
dioxide, which alters the metasurface's optical characteristics in response to
temperature changes.
Such reconfigurability opens new possibilities for adaptive imaging and sensing
systems, including remote crop monitoring and quantitative phase microscopy,
allowing them to adjust their functionality based on environmental conditions or
user needs.7
FUTURE OUTLOOKS
Optical metasurfaces have significantly advanced imaging and sensing
technologies, providing unprecedented control over light manipulation within
ultra-thin, compact structures. This has led to new capabilities and
enhancements in applications ranging from super-resolution microscopy to highly
sensitive chemical detection.
As fabrication techniques continue to advance, metasurface-based devices are set
to transform industries, including consumer electronics, medical devices, and
scientific research.
More from AZoOptics: What Role Do Lasers Play in Reducing Plastic Pollution?
REFERENCES AND FUTURE OUTLOOKS
1. Kuznetsov, AI., et al. (2024). Roadmap for optical metasurfaces. ACS
Photonics. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.3c00457
2. Neshev, D., Aharonovich, I. (2018). Optical metasurfaces: new generation
building blocks for multi-functional optics. Light: Science & Applications.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41377-018-0058-1
3. Pertsch, T., Xiao, S., Majumdar, A., Li, G. (2023). Optical metasurfaces:
fundamentals and applications. Photonics Research.
https://doi.org/10.1364/PRJ.487440
4. Lee, D., Gwak, J., Badloe, T., Palomba, S., Rho, J. (2020).
Metasurfaces-based imaging and applications: from miniaturized optical
components to functional imaging platforms. Nanoscale Advances.
https://doi.org/10.1039/C9NA00751B
5. Tabassum, S., Nayemuzzaman, SK., Kala, M., Kumar Mishra, A., Mishra, SK.
(2022). Metasurfaces for sensing applications: Gas, bio and
chemical. Sensors. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22186896
6. Zaidi, A., Rubin, NA., Meretska, ML., Li, LW., Dorrah, AH., Park, JS.,
Capasso, F. (2024). Metasurface-enabled single-shot and complete Mueller
matrix imaging. Nature Photonics. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41566-024-01426-x
7. Cotrufo, M., Sulejman, SB., Wesemann, L., Rahman, MA., Bhaskaran, M.,
Roberts, A., Alù, A. (2024). Reconfigurable image processing metasurfaces
with phase-change materials. Nature Communications.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-48783-3
Disclaimer: The views expressed here are those of the author expressed in their
private capacity and do not necessarily represent the views of AZoM.com Limited
T/A AZoNetwork the owner and operator of this website. This disclaimer forms
part of the Terms and conditions of use of this website.
Written by
OWAIS ALI
NEBOSH certified Mechanical Engineer with 3 years of experience as a technical
writer and editor. Owais is interested in occupational health and safety,
computer hardware, industrial and mobile robotics. During his academic career,
Owais worked on several research projects regarding mobile robots, notably the
Autonomous Fire Fighting Mobile Robot. The designed mobile robot could navigate,
detect and extinguish fire autonomously. Arduino Uno was used as the
microcontroller to control the flame sensors' input and output of the flame
extinguisher. Apart from his professional life, Owais is an avid book reader and
a huge computer technology enthusiast and likes to keep himself updated
regarding developments in the computer industry.
* Download PDF Copy
CITATIONS
Please use one of the following formats to cite this article in your essay,
paper or report:
* APA
Ali, Owais. (2024, September 12). Optical Metasurfaces: Applications in
Imaging and Sensing. AZoOptics. Retrieved on September 24, 2024 from
https://www.azooptics.com/Article.aspx?ArticleID=2670.
* MLA
Ali, Owais. "Optical Metasurfaces: Applications in Imaging and Sensing".
AZoOptics. 24 September 2024.
<https://www.azooptics.com/Article.aspx?ArticleID=2670>.
* Chicago
Ali, Owais. "Optical Metasurfaces: Applications in Imaging and Sensing".
AZoOptics. https://www.azooptics.com/Article.aspx?ArticleID=2670. (accessed
September 24, 2024).
* Harvard
Ali, Owais. 2024. Optical Metasurfaces: Applications in Imaging and Sensing.
AZoOptics, viewed 24 September 2024,
https://www.azooptics.com/Article.aspx?ArticleID=2670.
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