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Health & Wellbeing
NANOPARTICLE-ENHANCED NASAL FLU VACCINE DELIVERS PROMISING EARLY DATA
By Rich Haridy
January 30, 2022
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Nanoparticle-enhanced nasal fl...
Mouse experiments revealed an influenza nasal vaccine induced strong immune
responses in the nose and lungs
Syda_Productions/Depositphotos
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Mouse experiments revealed an influenza nasal vaccine induced strong immune
responses in the nose and lungs
Syda_Productions/Depositphotos
Researchers at Georgia State University have produced a novel
nanoparticle-enhanced intranasal influenza vaccine. The results of a preclinical
study that have just been published demonstrate the unique nasal spray induces
robust local and systemic immune responses for over six months in animal models.
Inhalable nasal vaccines have long been considered a holy grail for vaccines
against viruses known to take hold in a person’s upper respiratory tract. The
idea is that administering vaccine antigens directly to mucous membranes in the
nose could train that local tissue to more rapidly mount an immune response
immediately at the point a virus enters a human body.
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But producing an effective intranasal vaccine has proved a huge challenge to
scientists for decades. Mucous membranes in the nose and upper respiratory tract
are thick, and high doses of vaccine antigens are often needed to trigger an
immune response.
In the United States there is an intranasal flu vaccine already available called
FluMist and its effectiveness can vary from year to year depending on the
dominant strains of influenza circulating.
FluMist is known as a live attenuated vaccine, meaning it contains real active
viral particles. The virus in these kinds of vaccines has been weakened to
ensure it doesn’t cause serious disease, however, there is still a chance of
infection from live attenuated vaccines. So this means they are often limited to
young healthy cohorts (in this case healthy subjects aged between two and 49).
This new intranasal flu vaccine takes a more traditional path, training the
immune system to target a single small part of the influenza virus. In this
instance the vaccine presents the immune system with a part of a protein on the
surface of the influenza virus called hemagglutinin (HA).
Current flu vaccines often target the head of HA proteins but this part of the
virus is known to mutate frequently, leading to the need for the vaccines to be
reformulated every year. Instead of using the head of HA proteins as a vaccine
antigen, newer flu vaccines in development target the stalk of these proteins.
HA stalks are thought to be conserved from mutation to mutation, meaning an
effective vaccine using this as its antigenic target could offer universal
protection from annual influenza mutations.
The primary innovation in this new intranasal vaccine candidate from Georgia
State University researchers is the creation of a complex nanoparticle that can
present the immune system with HA stalk antigens alongside several other
structures that amplify an immune response.
The nanoparticle is first built out of a polymer called polyethyleneimine (PEI).
Then the researchers incorporated a substance known as CpG into the nanoparticle
to further amplify the immune response.
“The PEI-HA/CpG nanoparticles show good potential as a cross-protective
influenza vaccine candidate,” said Baozhong Wang, corresponding author on the
new study. “The combination of PEI and CpG in the PEI-HA/CpG nanoparticle group
contributed to the multifaceted immune responses, leading to vigorous cross
protection. The incorporation of CpG and antigens into the same nanoparticle
enhanced cellular immune responses.”
Early mouse studies have revealed this novel intranasal nanoparticle vaccine
induced broad and robust immune responses lasting over six months. It seems the
unique combination of a PEI-based nanoparticle with CpG immune-enhancement helps
the HA stalk antigen trigger strong immune responses through mucosal surfaces.
First author on the study Chunhong Dong says these preliminary studies are
promising but notes there still is work to be done before the vaccine is ready
to move to human studies. These initial animal tests have found no adverse
effects from the vaccine but more safety work is needed before clinical trials
can start.
“Nanoparticle platforms have shown intriguing characteristics and great
potentials in the development of next-generation cross-protective influenza
vaccines,” said Dong. “However, challenges exist to the successful research and
development of nanoparticle vaccines. Though no apparent adverse effects were
observed in the study, a more comprehensive safety evaluation of the
nanoparticle adjuvant system is needed before clinical trials.”
The new study was published in the journal ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces.
Source: Georgia State University
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1 comment
Rich Haridy
With interests in film, new media, and the new wave of psychedelic science, Rich
has written for a number of online and print publications over the last decade
and was Chair of the Australian Film Critics Association from 2013-2015. Since
joining New Atlas Rich’s interests have broadened to encompass the era-defining
effects of new technology on culture and life in the 21st century.
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uday pasricha February 1, 2022 02:02 AM
Tragic that all these potential treatments and preventives had to wait till the
big pharma managed to get their billlions of doses out and now legislative as
mandates in most countries. These developments were held up for too long
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