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DISCLAIMERS AND DISCLOSURES

ASSET SERVICING

GLOBAL DISCLOSURE

BNY.COM

BNY is the corporate brand of The Bank of New York Mellon Corporation and may be
used to reference the corporation as a whole and/or its various subsidiaries
generally. This material does not constitute a recommendation by BNY of any
kind. The information herein is not intended to provide tax, legal, investment,
accounting, financial or other professional advice on any matter, and should not
be used or relied upon as such. The views expressed within this material are
those of the contributors and not necessarily those of BNY. BNY has not
independently verified the information contained in this material and makes no
representation as to the accuracy, completeness, timeliness, merchantability or
fitness for a specific purpose of the information provided in this material. BNY
assumes no direct or consequential liability for any errors in or reliance upon
this material.

The Bank of New York Mellon, a banking corporation organized pursuant to the
laws of the State of New York, whose registered office is at 240 Greenwich St,
NY, NY 10286, USA. The Bank of New York Mellon is supervised and regulated by
the New York State Department of Financial Services and the US Federal Reserve
and is authorized by the Prudential Regulation Authority (PRA) (Firm Reference
Number: 122467).

The Bank of New York Mellon operates in the UK through its London branch (UK
companies house numbers FC005522 and BR000818) at BNY Mellon Centre, 160 Queen
Victoria Street, London, EC4V 4LA and is subject to regulation by the Financial
Conduct Authority (FCA) at 12 Endeavour Square, London, E20 1JN, UK and limited
regulation by the PRA at The Bank of England, Threadneedle St, London, EC2R 8AH,
UK. Details about the extent of our regulation by the PRA are available from us
on request.

BNY Mellon Fund Services (Ireland) Designated Activity Company is registered
with Company No 218007, having its registered office at One Dockland Central,
Guild Street, IFSC, Dublin 1, Ireland. It is regulated by the Central Bank of
Ireland.

The Bank of New York Mellon operates in Germany through its Frankfurt am Main
branch (registered in Germany with Registration No. HRB 12731) at
Friedrich-Ebert-Anlage 49, 60327 Frankfurt am Main, Germany. It is under the
supervision of the German Central Bank and the Federal Financial Supervisory
Authority (Bundesanstalt für Finanzdienstleistungsaufsicht, Marie-Curie-Str.
24-28, 60439 Frankfurt, Germany) under registration number 10100253.

The Bank of New York Mellon SA/NV, a Belgian public limited liability company,
with company number 0806.743.159, whose registered office is at Boulevard
Anspachlaan 1, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium, authorised and regulated as a
significant credit institution by the European Central Bank (ECB), under the
prudential supervision of the National Bank of Belgium (NBB) and under the
supervision of the Belgian Financial Services and Markets Authority (FSMA) for
conduct of business rules, a subsidiary of The Bank of New York Mellon.

The Bank of New York Mellon SA/NV operates in Ireland through its Dublin branch
at Riverside II, Sir John Rogerson's Quay Grand Canal Dock, Dublin 2, D02KV60,
Ireland and is registered with the Companies Registration Office in Ireland No.
907126 & with VAT No. IE 9578054E. The Bank of New York Mellon SA/NV, Dublin
Branch is subject to additional regulation by the Central Bank of Ireland for
Depository Services and for conduct of business rules.

The Bank of New York Mellon SA/NV is trading in Germany as The Bank of New York
Mellon SA/NV, Asset Servicing, Niederlassung Frankfurt am Main, and has its
registered office at MesseTurm, Friedrich-Ebert-Anlage 49, 60327 Frankfurt am
Main, Germany. It is subject to limited additional regulation by the Federal
Financial Supervisory Authority (Bundesanstalt für
Finanzdienstleistungsaufsicht, Marie-Curie-Str. 24-28, 60439 Frankfurt, Germany)
under registration number 122721.

The Bank of New York Mellon SA/NV operates in Poland as The Bank of New York
Mellon SA/NV (Joint-stock Company) Branch in Poland with Statistical Number
524311310, whose registered office is at Sucha 2, 50-086 Wroclaw, Poland. The
Bank of New York Mellon SA/NV (Joint-stock Company) Branch in Poland is a
non-contracting branch.

The Bank of New York Mellon SA/NV operates in the Netherlands through its
Amsterdam branch at Tribes SOM2 Building, Claude Debussylaan 7, 1082 MC
Amsterdam, the Netherlands. The Bank of New York Mellon SA/NV, Amsterdam Branch
is subject to limited additional supervision by the Dutch Central Bank (“De
Nederlandsche Bank” or “DNB”) on integrity issues only (registration number
34363596). DNB holds office at Westeinde 1, 1017 ZN Amsterdam, the Netherlands.

The Bank of New York Mellon SA/NV operates in Luxembourg through its Luxembourg
branch at 2-4 rue Eugene Ruppert, Vertigo Building – Polaris, L- 2453,
Luxembourg. The Bank of New York Mellon SA/NV, Luxembourg Branch is subject to
limited additional regulation by the Commission de Surveillance du Secteur
Financier at 283, route d’Arlon, L-1150 Luxembourg for conduct of business
rules, and in its role as UCITS/AIF depositary and central administration agent.

The Bank of New York Mellon SA/NV operates in France through its Paris branch at
7 Rue Scribe, Paris, Paris 75009, France. The Bank of New York Mellon SA/NV,
Paris Branch is subject to limited additional regulation by Secrétariat Général
de l’Autorité de Contrôle Prudentiel at Première Direction du Contrôle de
Banques (DCB 1), Service 2, 61, Rue Taitbout, 75436 Paris Cedex 09, France
(registration number (SIREN) Nr. 538 228 420 RCS Paris - CIB 13733).

The Bank of New York Mellon SA/NV operates in Italy through its Milan branch at
Via Mike Bongiorno no. 13, Diamantino building, 5th floor, Milan, 20124, Italy.
The Bank of New York Mellon SA/NV, Milan Branch is subject to limited additional
regulation by Banca d’Italia - Sede di Milano at Divisione Supervisione Banche,
Via Cordusio no. 5, 20123 Milano, Italy (registration number 03351).

The Bank of New York Mellon SA/NV operates in Denmark as The Bank of New York
Mellon SA/NV, Copenhagen Branch, filial af The Bank of New York Mellon SA/NV,
Belgien, and has its registered office at Tuborg Boulevard 12, 3. DK-2900
Hellerup, Denmark. It is subject to limited additional regulation by the Danish
Financial Supervisory Authority (Finanstilsynet, Århusgade 110, 2100 København
Ø).

The Bank of New York Mellon SA/NV operates in Spain through its Madrid branch
with registered office at Calle José Abascal 45, Planta 4ª, 28003, Madrid, and
enrolled on the Reg. Mercantil de Madrid, Tomo 41019, folio 185 (M-727448). The
Bank of New York Mellon, Sucursal en España is registered with Banco de España
(registration number 1573).

The Bank of New York Mellon (International) Limited is registered in England &
Wales with Company No. 03236121 with its Registered Office at BNY Mellon Centre,
160 Queen Victoria Street, London EC4V 4LA. The Bank of New York Mellon
(International) Limited is authorised by the Prudential Regulation Authority and
regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority and the Prudential Regulation
Authority.

Regulatory information in relation to the above BNY entities operating out of
Europe can be accessed at the following website:
https://www.bny.com/corporate/emea/en/regulatory-information.html.

For clients located in Switzerland: The information provided herein does not
constitute an offer of financial instrument or an offer to provide financial
service in Switzerland pursuant to or within the meaning of the Swiss Financial
Services Act ("FinSA") and its implementing ordinance. This is solely an
advertisement pursuant to or within the meaning of FinSA and its implementing
ordinance. Please be informed that The Bank of New York Mellon and The Bank of
New York Mellon SA/NV are entering into the OTC derivative transactions as a
counterparty, i.e. acting for its own account or for the account of one of its
affiliates. As a result, where you enter into any OTC derivative transactions
with us, you will not be considered a "client" (within the meaning of the FinSA)
and you will not benefit from the protections otherwise afforded to clients
under FinSA.

BNY Mellon Saudi Financial Company is licensed and regulated by the Capital
Market Authority, License number 20211-04, located in Alfaisaliah Tower, 18th
Floor, King Fahad Road, P.O. Box 99936 Riyadh 11625, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

The Bank of New York Mellon, Hong Kong Branch (a branch of a banking corporation
organized and existing under the laws of the State of New York with limited
liability), is subject to regulation by the Hong Kong Monetary Authority and the
Securities & Futures Commission of Hong Kong.

The Bank of New York Mellon, Seoul Branch, is a licensed foreign bank branch in
Korea and regulated by the Financial Services Commission and the Financial
Supervisory Service. The Bank of New York Mellon, Seoul Branch, is subject to
local regulation (e.g. the Banking Act, the Financial Investment Services and
Capital Market Act, and the Foreign Exchange Transactions Act etc.).

The Bank of New York Mellon has various other branches in the Asia-Pacific
Region which are subject to regulation by the relevant local regulator in that
jurisdiction.

The Bank of New York Mellon, Tokyo Branch, is a licensed foreign bank branch in
Japan and regulated by the Financial Services Agency of Japan. The Bank of New
York Mellon Trust (Japan), Ltd., is a licensed trust bank in Japan and regulated
by the Financial Services Agency of Japan. The Bank of New York Mellon
Securities Company Japan Ltd., is a registered type 1 financial instruments
business operator in Japan and regulated by the Financial Services Agency of
Japan.

The Bank of New York Mellon, DIFC Branch, regulated by the Dubai Financial
Services Authority (DFSA) and located at DIFC, The Exchange Building 5 North,
Level 6, Room 601, P.O. Box 506723, Dubai, UAE, on behalf of The Bank of New
York Mellon, which is a wholly-owned subsidiary of The Bank of New York Mellon
Corporation.

Past performance is not a guide to future performance of any instrument,
transaction or financial structure and a loss of original capital may occur.
Calls and communications with BNY may be recorded, for regulatory and other
reasons.

Disclosures in relation to certain other BNY group entities can be accessed at
the following
website: https://www.bny.com/corporate/emea/en/disclaimers/eu-disclosures.html.

This document and the statements contained herein, are not an offer or
solicitation to buy or sell any products (including financial products) or
services or to participate in any particular strategy mentioned and should not
be construed as such. This material is intended for wholesale/professional
clients (or the equivalent only), is not intended for use by retail clients and
no other person should act upon it. Persons who do not have professional
experience in matters relating to investments should not rely on this material.
BNY will only provide the relevant investment services to investment
professionals.

Not all products and services are offered in all countries.

If distributed in the UK, this material is a financial promotion. If distributed
in the EU, this material is a marketing communication.

This material, which may be considered advertising, is for general information
purposes only and is not intended to provide legal, tax, accounting, investment,
financial or other professional advice on any matter. This material does not
constitute a recommendation or advice by BNY of any kind. Use of our products
and services is subject to various regulations and regulatory oversight. You
should discuss this material with appropriate advisors in the context of your
circumstances before acting in any manner on this material or agreeing to use
any of the referenced products or services and make your own independent
assessment (based on such advice) as to whether the referenced products or
services are appropriate or suitable for you. This material may not be
comprehensive or up to date and there is no undertaking as to the accuracy,
timeliness, completeness or fitness for a particular purpose of information
given. BNY will not be responsible for updating any information contained within
this material and opinions and information contained herein are subject to
change without notice. BNY assumes no direct or consequential liability for any
errors in or reliance upon this material.

This material may not be distributed or used for the purpose of providing any
referenced products or services or making any offers or solicitations in any
jurisdiction or in any circumstances in which such products, services, offers or
solicitations are unlawful or not authorized, or where there would be, by virtue
of such distribution, new or additional registration requirements.

Any references to dollars are to US dollars unless specified otherwise.

This material may not be reproduced or disseminated in any form without the
prior written permission of BNY. Trademarks, logos and other intellectual
property marks belong to their respective owners.

The Bank of New York Mellon, member of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
(FDIC).

ASSET SERVICING

Compensation Disclosure (PDF)

A password is required to open the disclosure document. The password can be
found on your fee schedule, or by contacting your BNY Asset Servicing
relationship team.

CLEARANCE & COLLATERAL MANAGEMENT

Disclosures & Disclaimers

BNY is the corporate brands of The Bank of New York Mellon Corporation and may
be used to reference the corporation as a whole and/or its various subsidiaries
generally. This material and any products and services may be issued or provided
under various brand names of BNY in various countries by duly authorized and
regulated subsidiaries, affiliates, and joint ventures of BNY, which may include
any of those listed below:

The Bank of New York Mellon also operates in the UK through its London branch
(UK companies house numbers FC005522 and BR000818) at 160 Queen Victoria Street,
London EC4V 4LA, and is subject to regulation by the Financial Conduct Authority
(FCA) and limited regulation by the PRA. Details about the extent of our
regulation by the PRA are available from us on request.

The Bank of New York Mellon operates in Germany as The Bank of New York Mellon
Filiale Frankfurt am Main and has its registered office at
Friedrich-Ebert-Anlage 49, 60327 Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Zweigniederlassung
registered in Germany with Registration No. HRB 12731). It is under the
supervision of the German Central Bank and the Federal Financial Supervisory
Authority (Bundesanstalt für Finanzdienstleistungsaufsicht (BaFin),
Marie-Curie-Str. 24-28, 60439 Frankfurt, Germany) under BaFin-ID 10100253.

The Bank of New York Mellon SA/NV operates in Germany as The Bank of New York
Mellon SA/NV, Asset Servicing, Niederlassung Frankfurt am Main, and has its
registered office at MesseTurm, Friedrich-Ebert-Anlage 49, 60327 Frankfurt am
Main, Germany (Zweigniederlassung registered in Germany with registration No.
HRB 87912). It is subject to limited additional regulation by the Federal
Financial Supervisory Authority (Bundesanstalt für Finanzdienstleistungsaufsicht
(BaFin), Marie-Curie-Str. 24-28, 60439 Frankfurt, Germany) under BaFin ID
10122721.

The Bank of New York Mellon SA/NV operates in the Netherlands through its
Amsterdam branch at Tribes SOM2 Building, Claude Debussylaan 7, 1082 MC
Amsterdam, the Netherlands, registered with the Dutch Chamber of Commerce under
registration number 34363596. The Bank of New York Mellon SA/NV, Amsterdam
Branch is subject to limited additional supervision by the Dutch Central Bank
(De Nederlandsche Bank or DNB) on integrity issues only. DNB holds office at
Spaklerweg 4, 1096 BA Amsterdam, the Netherlands.

The Bank of New York Mellon SA/NV operates in Luxembourg through its Luxembourg
branch at 2-4 rue Eugene Ruppert, Vertigo Building – Polaris, L- 2453,
Luxembourg. The Bank of New York Mellon SA/NV, Luxembourg Branch (registered
with the Luxembourg Registre de Commerce et des Sociétés under number B105087)
is subject to limited additional regulation by the Commission de Surveillance du
Secteur Financier at 283, route d’Arlon, L-1150 Luxembourg for conduct of
business rules, and in its role as depositary and administration agent for
undertakings for collective investments (UCIs).

The Bank of New York Mellon SA/NV operates in Denmark as The Bank of New York
Mellon SA/NV, Copenhagen Branch, filial af The Bank of New York Mellon SA/NV,
Belgien, CVR no. 41820063, and has its registered office at Strandvejen 125,1.
DK-2900 Hellerup, Denmark. It is subject to limited additional regulation by the
Danish Financial Supervisory Authority (Finanstilsynet, Strandgade 29, DK-1401
Copenhagen K, Denmark).

The Bank of New York Mellon (International) Limited is registered in England &
Wales with Company No. 03236121 with its Registered Office at 160 Queen Victoria
Street, London EC4V 4LA. The Bank of New York Mellon (International) Limited is
authorised by the PRA and regulated by the FCA and the PRA.

BNY Mellon, National Association, is the primary operating subsidiary of The
Bank of New York Mellon Corporation, through which BNY Wealth conducts its trust
and fiduciary business under the supervision of the US Office of the Comptroller
of the Currency.

In the UK, a number of services associated with BNY Mellon Wealth Management’s
Family Office Services – International are provided through The Bank of New York
Mellon, London Branch.

Investment management services are offered through BNY Mellon Investment
Management EMEA Limited 160 Queen Victoria Street, London EC4V 4LA, which is
registered in England No. 1118580 and is authorised and regulated by the
Financial Conduct Authority. Offshore trust and administration services are
through BNY Mellon Trust Company (Cayman) Ltd.

Regulatory information in relation to the above BNY entities operating out of
Europe can be accessed at the following website:
https://www.bny.com/corporate/emea/en/regulatory-information.html

The Bank of New York Mellon, Shanghai Branch (Financial Licence No.
B0078B231000001) and the Bank of New York Mellon, Beijing Branch (Financial
Licence No. B0078B211000001) are licensed foreign bank branches registered in
the People’s Republic of China and are supervised and regulated by the National
Financial Regulatory Administration.

The Bank of New York Mellon is regulated by the Australian Prudential Regulation
Authority and also holds an Australian Financial Services Licence No. 527917
issued by the Australian Securities and Investments Commission to provide
financial services to wholesale clients in Australia. Where a document is issued
or distributed in Australia by The Bank of New York Mellon on behalf of BNY
Mellon Australia Pty Ltd (ACN 113 947 309) located at Level 2, 1 Bligh Street,
Sydney NSW 2000, and relates to products and services of BNY Mellon Australia
Pty Ltd or one of its subsidiaries, note that The Bank of New York Mellon does
not provide these products or services. None of BNY Mellon Australia Pty Ltd or
its subsidiaries is an authorized deposit-taking institution and the obligations
of BNY Mellon Australia Pty Ltd or its subsidiaries do not represent
investments, deposits or other liabilities of The Bank of New York Mellon.
Neither The Bank of New York Mellon nor any of its related entities stands
behind or guarantees obligations of BNY Mellon Australia Pty Ltd. The Bank of
New York Mellon has various other branches in the Asia-Pacific Region which are
subject to regulation by the relevant local regulator in that jurisdiction.

The Bank of New York Mellon, DIFC Branch, regulated by the Dubai Financial
Services Authority (DFSA) and located at DIFC, The Exchange Building 5 North,
Level 6, Room 601, P.O. Box 506723, Dubai, UAE, on behalf of The Bank of New
York Mellon, which is a wholly owned subsidiary of The Bank of New York Mellon
Corporation.

The Bank of New York Mellon has various subsidiaries and representative offices
in the Latin America Region which are subject to specific regulation by the
relevant local regulator in each jurisdiction.

BNY Wealth conducts business through various operating subsidiaries of The Bank
of New York Mellon Corporation.

Pershing is the umbrella name for Pershing LLC (member FINRA, SIPC and NYSE),
Pershing Advisor Solutions (member FINRA and SIPC), Pershing Holdings (UK)
Limited, Pershing Limited (UK), Pershing Securities Limited (UK), Pershing
Securities International Limited (Ireland), Pershing (Channel Islands) Limited,
Pershing Securities Singapore Private Limited, and Pershing India Operational
Services Pvt Ltd. Pershing businesses also include Pershing X, Inc. a technology
provider. Pershing LLC is a member of SIPC, which protects securities customers
of its members up to $500,000 (including $250,000 for claims for cash).
Explanatory brochure available upon request or at sipc.org. SIPC does not
protect against loss due to market fluctuation. SIPC protection is not the same
as, and should not be confused with, FDIC insurance.

Disclosures in relation to certain other BNY group entities can be accessed at
the following website:
https://www.bny.com/corporate/emea/en/disclaimers/eu-disclosures.html

This material is intended for wholesale/professional clients (or the equivalent
only), and is not intended for use by retail clients and no other person should
act upon it. Persons who do not have professional experience in matters relating
to investments should not rely on this material. BNY will only provide the
relevant investment services, and this material is only being distributed, to
investment professionals.

Not all products and services are offered in all countries.

If distributed in the UK, this material is a financial promotion. If distributed
in the EU, this material is a marketing communication.

This material, which may be considered advertising, (but shall not be considered
advertising under the laws and regulations of Singapore), is for general
information purposes only and is not intended to provide legal, tax, accounting,
investment, financial or other professional counsel or advice on any matter.
This material does not constitute a recommendation or advice by BNY of any kind.
Use of our products and services is subject to various regulations and
regulatory oversight. You should discuss this material with appropriate advisors
in the context of your circumstances before acting in any manner on this
material or agreeing to use any of the referenced products or services and make
your own independent assessment (based on such advice) as to whether the
referenced products or services are appropriate or suitable for you. This
material may not be comprehensive or up to date and there is no undertaking as
to the accuracy, timeliness, completeness or fitness for a particular purpose of
information given. BNY will not be responsible for updating any information
contained within this material and opinions and information contained herein are
subject to change without notice. BNY assumes no direct or consequential
liability for any errors in or reliance upon this material.

Any references to dollars are to US dollars unless specified otherwise.

This material may not be reproduced or disseminated in any form without the
prior written permission of BNY. Trademarks, logos and other intellectual
property marks belong to their respective owners.

The Bank of New York Mellon, member of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
(FDIC). Please note that many products and affiliates of The Bank of New York
Mellon are NOT covered by FDIC insurance.

Trademarks and logos belong to their respective owners.

Please click here for additional information regarding disclaimers and
disclosures.

SUSTAINABILITY REPORT DISCLOSURE

Forward-Looking Statements

We have included in this report statements that may constitute “forward-looking
statements.” Forward-looking statements are not historical facts or statements
of current conditions, but instead represent only our beliefs regarding future
events, many of which, by their nature, are inherently uncertain and outside our
control. These statements are not guarantees of future results or performance
and involve certain known and unknown risks, uncertainties and assumptions that
are difficult to predict and are often beyond our control. These statements
relate to, among other things, our goals, targets, aspirations, strategy, plans,
intentions and objectives, and actual outcomes and results may differ materially
from those expressed in, or implied by, any of these forward-looking statements.
Factors that could cause our outcomes and results to differ from the
forward-looking statements include global socio-demographic and economic trends,
energy prices, technological innovations, climate-related conditions and weather
events, our ability to gather and verify data regarding environmental impacts,
our ability to successfully implement various initiatives throughout the company
under expected timeframes, the compliance of various third parties with our
policies and procedures, legislative and regulatory changes, and other
unforeseen events or conditions. In addition, important factors that generally
affect our business and operations can be found under “Risk Factors” in Part I,
Item 1A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021,
and in subsequent reports filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission
(SEC).

Certain disclosures included in this report are being provided in connection
with our application of guidelines and recommendations of the Global Reporting
Initiative, the UN Global Compact, the Task Force on Climate-related Financial
Disclosures and others. Our approach to the disclosures included in this report
differs from our approach to the disclosures we include in our mandatory
regulatory reports, including our filings with the SEC. While certain matters
discussed in this report may be significant, any significance should not be read
as necessarily rising to the level of materiality used for the purposes of
complying with the U.S. federal securities laws and regulations, even if we use
the word “material” or “materiality” in this report. This report is intended to
provide information from a different perspective and in more detail than that
required to be included in other regulatory reports, including our filings with
the SEC.

All forward-looking statements speak only as of the date on which such
statements are made, and BNY undertakes no obligation to update any statement to
reflect events or circumstances after the date on which such forward-looking
statement is made or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events.

Legal Notices and Disclosures

BNY is the corporate brand of The Bank of New York Mellon Corporation and may be
used to reference the corporation as a whole and/or its various subsidiaries
generally. This material does not constitute a recommendation by BNY of any
kind. The information herein is not intended to provide tax, legal, investment,
accounting, financial or other professional advice on any matter, and should not
be used or relied upon as such. The views expressed within this material are
those of the contributors and not necessarily those of BNY. BNY has not
independently verified the information contained in this material and makes no
representation as to the accuracy, completeness, timeliness, merchantability or
fitness for a specific purpose of the information provided in this material. BNY
assumes no direct or consequential liability for any errors in or reliance upon
this material.

This material may not be reproduced or disseminated in any form without the
express prior written permission of BNY. BNY will not be responsible for
updating any information contained within this material and opinions and
information contained herein are subject to change without notice. Trademarks,
service marks, logos and other intellectual property marks belong to their
respective owners.

BNY is the corporate brand of The Bank of New York Mellon Corporation and may be
used as a generic term to reference the corporation as a whole and/or its
various group entities. This material and any products and services may be
issued or provided under various brand names of BNY Mellon in various countries
by duly authorized and regulated subsidiaries, affiliates, and joint ventures of
BNY, which may include any of those listed below:

The Bank of New York Mellon operates in the UK through its London branch (UK
companies house numbers FC005522 and BR000818) at 160 Queen Victoria Street,
London, EC4V 4LA and is subject to regulation by the Financial Conduct Authority
(“FCA”) at 12 Endeavour Square, London, E20 1JN, UK and limited regulation by
the PRA at Bank of England, Threadneedle St, London, EC2R 8AH, UK. Details about
the extent of our regulation by the PRA are available from us on request.

The Bank of New York Mellon SA/NV, a Belgian limited liability company,
registered in the RPM Brussels with company number 0806.743.159, whose
registered office is at 46 Rue Montoyerstraat, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium,
authorized and regulated as a significant credit institution by the European
Central Bank (“ECB”) at Sonnemannstrasse 20, 60314 Frankfurt am Main, Germany,
and the National Bank of Belgium (“NBB”) at Boulevard de Berlaimont/de
Berlaimontlaan 14, 1000 Brussels, Belgium, under the Single Supervisory
Mechanism and by the Belgian Financial Services and Markets Authority (FSMA) at
Rue du Congrès/Congresstraat 12-14, 1000 Brussels, Belgium for conduct of
business rules, and is a subsidiary of The Bank of New York Mellon.

The Bank of New York Mellon SA/NV operates in Ireland through its Dublin branch
at Riverside II, Sir John Rogerson's Quay Grand Canal Dock, Dublin 2, D02KV60,
Ireland and is registered with the Companies Registration Office in Ireland No.
907126 & with VAT No. IE 9578054E. The Bank of New York Mellon SA/NV, Dublin
Branch is subject to limited additional regulation by the Central Bank of
Ireland at New Wapping Street, North Wall Quay, Dublin 1, D01 F7X3, Ireland for
conduct of business rules and registered with the Companies Registration Office
in Ireland No. 907126 & with VAT No. IE 9578054E.

The Bank of New York Mellon SA/NV is trading in Germany through its Frankfurt
branch “The Bank of New York Mellon SA/NV, Asset Servicing, Niederlassung
Frankfurt am Main”, and has its registered office at MesseTurm,
Friedrich-Ebert-Anlage 49, 60327 Frankfurt am Main, Germany. It is subject to
limited additional supervision by the Federal Financial Supervisory Authority
(Bundesanstalt für Finanzdienstleistungsaufsicht, Marie-Curie-Str. 24-28, 60439
Frankfurt, Germany) under registration number 122721.

The Bank of New York Mellon SA/NV operates in the Netherlands through its
Amsterdam branch at Claude Debussylaan 7, 1082 MC Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
The Bank of New York Mellon SA/NV, Amsterdam Branch is subject to limited
additional supervision by the Dutch Central Bank (“De Nederlandsche Bank” or
“DNB”) on integrity issues only (registration number 34363596). DNB holds office
at Westeinde 1, 1017 ZN Amsterdam, the Netherlands.

The Bank of New York Mellon SA/NV operates in France through its Paris branch at
7 Rue Scribe, Paris, Paris 75009, France. The Bank of New York Mellon SA/NV,
Paris Branch is subject to limitted additional regulation by Secrétariat Général
de l’Autorité de Contrôle Prudentiel at Première Direction du Contrôle de
Banques (DCB 1), Service 2, 61, Rue Taitbout, 75436 Paris Cedex 09, France
(registration number (SIREN) Nr. 538 228 420 RCS Paris - CIB 13733).

The Bank of New York Mellon SA/NV operates in Italy through its Milan branch at
Via Mike Bongiorno no. 13, Diamantino building, 5th floor, Milan, 20124, Italy.
The Bank of New York Mellon SA/NV, Milan Branch is subject to limiteed
additional regulation by Banca d’Italia - Sede di Milano at Divisione
Supervisione Banche, Via Cordusio no. 5, 20123 Milano, Italy (registration
number 03351).

The Bank of New York Mellon SA/NV operates in Denmark as The Bank of New York
Mellon SA/NV, Copenhagen Branch, filial af The Bank of New York Mellon SA/NV,
Belgien, and has its registered office at Strandvejen 60/5, 2900 Hellerup,
Denmark. It is subject to limited additional regulation by the Danish Financial
Supervisory Authority (Finanstilsynet, Århusgade 110, 2100 København Ø).

The Bank of New York Mellon SA/NV operates in England through its London branch
at 160 Queen Victoria Street, London EC4V 4LA, UK, registered in England and
Wales with numbers FC029379 and BR014361. The Bank of New York Mellon SA/NV,
London branch is authorized by the ECB (address above) and subject to limited
regulation by the FCA (address above) and the PRA (address above).

Regulatory information in relation to the above BNY entities operating out of
Europe can be accessed at the following website:
https://www.bny.com/corporate/emea/en/regulatory-information.html.

The Bank of New York Mellon, Singapore Branch, is subject to regulation by the
Monetary Authority of Singapore. For recipients of this information located in
Singapore: This material has not been reviewed by the Monetary Authority of
Singapore. The Bank of New York Mellon, Hong Kong Branch [(a branch of a banking
corporation organized and existing under the laws of the State of New York with
limited liability)], is subject to regulation by the Hong Kong Monetary
Authority and the Securities & Futures Commission of Hong Kong. The Bank of New
York Mellon, Seoul Branch is subject to regulation by the Financial Services
Commission, the Financial Supervisory Service and The Bank of Korea. BNY Mellon
in Japan is subject to regulation by the Financial Services Agency of Japan.

For clients located in Australia

The Bank of New York Mellon is exempt from the requirement to hold, and does not
hold, an Australian financial services license as issued by the Australian
Securities and Investments Commission under the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) in
respect of the financial services provided by it to persons in Australia. The
Bank of New York Mellon is regulated by the New York State Department of
Financial Services and the US Federal Reserve under Chapter 2 of the
Consolidated Laws, The Banking Law enacted April 16, 1914 in the State of New
York, which differs from Australian laws.

The Bank of New York Mellon has various other branches in the Asia-Pacific
Region which are subject to regulation by the relevant local regulator in that
jurisdiction.

The Bank of New York Mellon Securities Company Japan Ltd, as intermediary for
The Bank of New York Mellon.

The Bank of New York Mellon, DIFC Branch, regulated by the Dubai Financial
Services Authority (“DFSA”) and located at DIFC, The Exchange Building 5 North,
Level 6, Room 601, P.O. Box 506723, Dubai, UAE, on behalf of The Bank of New
York Mellon, which is a wholly-owned subsidiary of The Bank of New York Mellon
Corporation.

Disclosures in relation to certain other BNY group entities can be accessed at
the following website:
https://www.bny.com/corporate/emea/en/disclaimers/eu-disclosures.html

BNY Investments is one of the world’s leading investment management
organizations and one of the top U.S. wealth managers, encompassing BNY’s
affiliated investment management firms and global distribution companies.
Products and services may be provided under various brand names and in various
countries by subsidiaries, affiliates and joint ventures of The Bank of New York
Mellon Corporation where authorized and regulated as required within each
jurisdiction.

The investment products and services mentioned in this material are not insured
by the FDIC (or any other state or federal agency), are not deposits of or
guaranteed by any bank, and may lose value.

Alcentra Limited, Insight Investment International Limited, Newton Investment
Management Limited and Walter Scott & Partners Limited are authorized and
regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority.

Alcentra NY, LLC, BNY Mellon Investment Advisers, Inc., Insight Investment
International Limited, Insight North America LLC, Mellon Investments
Corporation, Newton Investment Management Limited, Newton Investment Management
North America LLC and Walter Scott & Partners Limited are SEC registered
investment advisers.

The Alcentra Group refers to the affiliated companies Alcentra, Ltd and Alcentra
NY, LLC. AUM includes assets managed by both companies. Assets under management
reflect assets of all accounts and portions of accounts managed by Alcentra for
Alcentra and its affiliates.

ARX is the brand used to describe the Brazilian investment capabilities of BNY
Mellon ARX Investimentos Ltda.

Dreyfus is a division of Mellon Investments Corporation (MIC) and BNY Mellon
Investment Adviser, Inc. (BNYMIA). When managing Dreyfus money market mutual
funds, Dreyfus personnel act in their capacity as dual employees of BNYMIA, the
funds' investment adviser, and members of its Dreyfus division.

Insight Investment's investment advisory services in North America are provided
through two different investment advisers registered with the SEC, using the
brand Insight Investment: Insight North America LLC and Insight Investment
International Limited. The North American investment advisers are associated
with other global investment managers that also (individually and collectively)
use the corporate brand Insight Investment and may be referred to as ‘Insight’
or ‘Insight Investment’.

The Newton Investment Management Group describes a group of affiliated companies
that provide investment advisory services under the brand name “Newton” or
“Newton Investment Management.” Those companies include Newton Investment
Management Ltd. and Newton Investment Management North America LLC.

BNY owns a 20% interest in Siguler Guff & Company, LP and certain related
entities (including Siguler Guff Advisers, LLC).

All investments involve risk including loss of principal. Past performance is
not a guide to future performance of any instrument, transaction, strategy, or
financial structure. Certain investments involve greater or unique risks that
should be considered along with the objectives, fees, and expenses before
investing. Calls and communications with BNY may be recorded, for regulatory and
other reasons.

This material is intended for wholesale/professional clients (or the
equivalent), is not intended for use by retail clients and no other person
should act upon it. Persons who do not have professional experience in matters
relating to investments should not rely on this material. BNY will only provide
the relevant investment services to investment professionals.

Not all products and services are offered in all countries.

If distributed in the UK, this material is a financial promotion. If distributed
in the EU, this material is a marketing communication.

Some information contained in this report has been obtained from third-party
sources and has not been independently verified by BNY. Information contained in
this report may not be comprehensive or up-to-date and is subject to change
without notice. BNY will not be responsible for updating any information in this
report and opinions and information contained herein are subject to change
without notice. BNY assumes no direct or consequential liability for any errors
in or reliance upon this material.

This material may not be distributed or used for the purpose of providing any
referenced products, services, or any security or an endorsement thereof or
making any offers or solicitations in any jurisdiction or in any circumstances
in which such products, services, offers or solicitations are unlawful or not
authorized, or where there would be, by virtue of such distribution, new or
additional registration requirements.

Any references to dollars are to US dollars unless specified otherwise.

This material may not be reproduced or disseminated in any form without the
prior written permission of BNY. Trademarks, service marks, logos and other
intellectual property marks belong to their respective owners.

The Bank of New York Mellon, member of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
(“FDIC”).

CORPORATE TRUST

GENERAL DISCLAIMER

The Bank of New York Mellon, London Branch is subject to regulation by the
Financial Conduct Authority and limited regulation by the Prudential Regulation
Authority. Details about the extent of our regulation by the Prudential
Regulation Authority are available from us on request.

The Bank of New York Mellon SA/NV, a Belgian limited liability company,
registered in the RPM Brussels with company number 0806.743.159, whose
registered office is at Multi Tower, Boulevard Anspachlaan 1, B-1000 Brussels,
Belgium, is authorised and regulated as a significant credit institution by the
European Central Bank (ECB) and the National Bank of Belgium (NBB) under the
Single Supervisory Mechanism and supervised by the Belgian Financial Services
and Markets Authority (FSMA) for conduct of business rules, and a subsidiary of
The Bank of New York Mellon.

The Bank of New York Mellon SA/NV, operates in Ireland through its branch at
Riverside 2, Sir John Rogerson’s Quay, Grand Canal Dock, Dublin 2, D02 KV60,
Ireland, trading as The Bank of New York Mellon SA/NV, Dublin Branch, which is
authorized by the ECB, regulated by the Central Bank of Ireland for conduct of
business rules and registered with the Companies Registration Office in Ireland
No. 907126 & with VAT No. IE 9578054E.

The Bank of New York Mellon SA/NV operates in Italy through its Milan branch at
Via Mike Bongiorno no. 13, Diamantino building, 5th floor, Milan, 20124, Italy,
enrolled with the Companies Register of Milan under number 09827740961 and
enrolled as a "filiale di banca estera" under number 3351.4 of the register of
banks held by the Bank of Italy pursuant to article 13 of the Consolidated
Banking Act.

The Bank of New York Mellon SA/NV operates in Luxembourg through its Luxembourg
Branch, at 2-4 rue Eugene Ruppert, Vertigo Building – Polaris, L- 2453,
Luxembourg. The Bank of New York SA/NV, Luxembourg Branch is subject to residual
regulation by the Commission de Surveillance du Secteur Financier (“CSSF”) at
283, route d’Arlon, L-1150 Luxembourg for conduct of business rules, and in its
role as UCITS/AIF depositary and central administration agent.

The Bank of New York Mellon SA/NV operates in Spain through its Madrid branch
with registered office at Calle José Abascal 45, Planta 4ª, 28003, Madrid, and
is enrolled on the Reg. Mercantil de Madrid, Tomo 41019, folio 185 (M-727448).
The Bank of New York Mellon SA/NV, Sucursal en España is registered with Banco
de España (registration number 1573).

If this material is distributed in or from, the Dubai International Financial
Centre (DIFC), it is communicated by The Bank of New York Mellon, DIFC Branch
(the “DIFC Branch”) on behalf of BNY (as defined above). The DIFC Branch is
regulated by the Dubai Financial Services Authority and is located at DIFC, The
Exchange Building 5, North, Level 6, Room 601, P.O. Box 506723, Dubai, U.A.E.

This material is intended for Professional Clients and Market Counterparties
only and no other person should act upon it. Past performance is not a guide to
future performance of any instrument, transaction or financial structure and a
loss of original capital may occur. Calls and communications with BNY may be
recorded, for regulatory and other reasons.

In Asia-Pacific, The Bank of New York Mellon, Singapore Branch is subject to
regulation by the Monetary Authority of Singapore. The Bank of New York Mellon,
Hong Kong Branch is subject to regulation by the Hong Kong Monetary Authority
and the Securities & Futures Commission of Hong Kong. The Bank of New York
Mellon is regulated by the Australian Prudential Regulation Authority and also
holds an Australian Financial Services Licence No. 527917 issued by the
Australian Securities and Investments Commission to provide financial services
to wholesale clients in Australia. This document is issued or distributed in
Australia by The Bank of New York Mellon, on behalf of BNY Mellon Australia Pty
Ltd (ACN 113 947 309) located at Level 2, 1 Bligh Street, Sydney NSW 2000, and
relates to products and services of BNY Mellon Australia Pty Ltd or one of its
subsidiaries. BNY Mellon Australia Pty Ltd is ultimately wholly-owned by The
Bank of New York Mellon Corporation. The Bank of New York Mellon does not
provide this product or service. None of BNY Mellon Australia Pty Ltd or its
subsidiaries is an authorized deposit-taking institution and the obligations of
BNY Mellon Australia Pty Ltd or its subsidiaries do not represent investments,
deposits or other liabilities of The Bank of New York Mellon. Neither The Bank
of New York Mellon nor any of its related entities stands behind or guarantees
obligations of BNY Mellon Australia Pty Ltd.

The content contained in this material which may be considered advertising, is
for general information and reference purposes only and is not intended to
provide legal, tax, accounting, investment, financial or other professional
advice on any matter, and is not to be used as such; you should obtain your own
independent professional advice (including financial, tax and legal advice). The
views expressed within this material are those of the contributors only and not
those of The Bank of New York Mellon Corporation or any of its affiliates or
subsidiaries, and no representation is made as to the accuracy, completeness,
timeliness, merchantability or fitness for a specific purpose of the information
provided in this material. No statement or expression is an offer or
solicitation to buy or sell any products or services mentioned. Past performance
is not indicative, nor a guarantee, of future results. The contents may not be
comprehensive or up-to-date, and BNY will not be responsible for updating any
information contained within this material. This material and the statements
contained herein, are not an offer or solicitation to buy or sell any products
(including financial products) or services or to participate in any particular
strategy mentioned and should not be construed as such. This material is not
intended for distribution to, or use by, any person or entity in any
jurisdiction or country in which such distribution or use would be contrary to
local law or regulation. Similarly, this material may not be distributed or used
for the purpose of offers or solicitations in any jurisdiction or in any
circumstances in which such offers or solicitations are unlawful or not
authorized, or where there would be, by virtue of such distribution, new or
additional registration requirements. Persons into whose possession this
material comes are required to inform themselves about, and to observe any
restrictions that apply to, the distribution of this document in their
jurisdiction.

Some information contained in herein has been obtained from third party sources
and has not been independently verified. BNY recommends that professional
consultation should be obtained before using any service offered by BNY.

BNY assumes no liability whatsoever for any action taken in reliance on the
information contained in this material, or for direct or indirect damages or
losses resulting from use of this material, its content, or services. Any
unauthorized use of material contained herein is at the user’s own risk.
Reproduction, distribution, republication and retransmission of material
contained herein is prohibited without the prior consent of BNY. Trademarks and
logos belong to their respective owners.

DEFINED CONTRIBUTION

Defined Contribution Disclosure

This information is general in nature and is not intended to constitute tax or
estate planning advice. Please consult your tax or estate planning advisor for
more detailed information on these issues and advice on your specific situation.

DEPOSITARY RECEIPTS

BNY is the corporate brand of The Bank of New York Mellon Corporation (NYSE:BK)
and may be used to reference the corporation as a whole and/or its various
subsidiaries generally. The information and data provided herein are provided
for general informational purposes only. BNY does not warrant or guarantee the
accuracy, timeliness or completeness of any such information or data. BNY does
not undertake any obligation to update or amend any information or data, and may
change, update or amend any information or data at any time without prior
notice.

BNY provides no advice, recommendation or endorsement with respect to any
company or securities. No information or data is intended to provide legal, tax,
accounting, investment, financial, trading or other advice on any matter, and is
not to be used as such. This material has been prepared without taking into
account your objectives, financial situation or needs and you should obtain
independent professional financial advice that considers your circumstances
before making any financial or investment decisions. We expressly disclaim any
liability whatsoever for any loss howsoever arising from or in reliance upon any
information or data, including market value loss on the sale or purchase of
securities or other instruments or obligations. BNY assumes no direct or
consequential liability for any errors in or reliance upon this material.

Nothing herein shall be deemed to constitute an offer to sell or a solicitation
of an offer to buy securities.

BNY collects fees from DR holders pursuant to the terms and conditions of the
DRs and any deposit agreement under which they are issued. From time to time,
BNY may make payments to an issuer to reimburse and/or share revenue from the
fees collected from DR holders, or waive fees and expenses to an issuer for
services provided, generally related to costs and expenses arising out of the
establishment and maintenance of the applicable DR program. BNY may pay a rebate
to brokers in connection with unsponsored DR issuances; brokers may or may not
disclose or pass back some or all of such rebate to the DR investor. BNY may
also use brokers, dealers or other service providers that are affiliates and
that may earn or share fees and commissions.

BNY may execute DR foreign currency transactions itself or through its
affiliates, or the Custodian or the underlying issuer of securities underlying
DRs may execute foreign currency transactions and pay US dollars to BNY. In
those instances where it executes DR foreign currency transactions itself or
through its affiliates, BNY acts as principal counterparty and not as agent,
advisor, broker or fiduciary. In such cases, BNY has no obligation to obtain the
most favorable exchange rate, makes no representation that the rate is a
favorable rate and will not be liable for any direct or indirect losses
associated with the rate. BNY earns and retains revenue on its executed foreign
currency transactions based on, among other things, the difference between the
rate it assigns to the transaction and the rate that it pays and receives for
purchases and sales of currencies when buying or selling foreign currency for
its own account. The methodology used by BNY to determine DR conversion rates is
available to registered Owners upon request or can be accessed here. In those
instances where BNY's Custodian executes DR foreign currency transactions, the
Custodian has no obligation to obtain the most favorable exchange rate or that
the method by which the rate will be determined will be the most favorable rate,
and BNY makes no representation that the rate is a favorable rate and will not
be liable for any direct or indirect losses associated with the rate. In certain
instances, BNY may receive dividends and other distributions from an issuer of
securities underlying DRs in U.S. dollars rather than in a foreign currency. In
such cases, BNY will not engage in or be responsible for any foreign currency
transactions and it makes no representation that the rate obtained by an issuer
is a favorable rate and it will not be liable for any direct or indirect losses
associated with the rate.

BNY is a global investments company dedicated to helping its clients manage and
service their financial assets throughout the investment lifecycle. Additional
information is available on www.bny.com.

BNY's name, brand and/or trademarks may not be used, copied or reproduced
without the prior express written consent of BNY.

DEPOSITARY RECEIPTS ARE NOT INSURED BY THE FDIC OR ANY OTHER GOVERNMENT AGENCY,
ARE NOT DEPOSITS OR OTHER OBLIGATIONS OF, AND ARE NOT GUARANTEED BY, BNY AND ARE
SUBJECT TO INVESTMENT RISKS INCLUDING POSSIBLE LOSS OF PRINCIPAL AMOUNT
INVESTED.

This material, which may be considered advertising, is for general information
and reference purposes only and is not intended to provide legal, tax,
accounting, investment, financial or other professional advice on any matter,
and is not to be used as such. BNYdoes not warrant or guarantee the accuracy or
completeness of, nor undertake to update or amend the information or data
contained herein. We expressly disclaim any liability whatsoever for any loss
howsoever arising from or in reliance upon any of this information or data. We
provide no advice nor recommendation or endorsement with respect to any company
or securities. Nothing herein shall be deemed to constitute an offer to sell or
a solicitation of an offer to buy securities. If distributed in the UK or EMEA,
this material may be a financial promotion and is for distribution only to
persons to whom it may be communicated without breach of applicable law.

This material is not intended for distribution to, or use by, any person or
entity in any jurisdiction in which such distribution or use would be contrary
to local law or regulation. Similarly, this material may not be distributed or
used for the purpose of offers or solicitations in any jurisdiction or in any
circumstances in which such offers or solicitations are unlawful or not
authorized, or where there would be, by virtue of such distribution, new or
additional registration requirements. Persons into whose possession this
material comes are required to inform themselves about and to observe any
restrictions that apply to the distribution of this material in their
jurisdiction. The information contained in this material is for use by wholesale
clients only and is not to be relied upon by retail clients. BNY , including The
Bank of New York Mellon, has various subsidiaries, affiliates, branches and
representative offices in the Asia Pacific Region that are subject to regulation
by the relevant local regulator in that jurisdiction.

This material does not constitute an offer to sell or the solicitation of an
offer to buy any products or services in the People’s Republic of China (PRC) to
any person to whom it is unlawful to make the offer or solicitation in the PRC.
BNY does not represent that this material may be lawfully distributed, or that
any products may be lawfully offered, in compliance with any applicable
registration or other requirements in the PRC, or pursuant to an exemption
available thereunder, or assume any responsibility for facilitating any such
distribution or offering. In particular, no action has been taken by the issuer
which would permit a public offering of any products or distribution of this
material in the PRC. Accordingly, the products are not being offered or sold
within the PRC by means of this material or any other material. Neither this
material nor any advertisement or other offering material may be distributed or
published in the PRC, except under circumstances that will result in compliance
with any applicable laws and regulations. Products may be offered or sold to PRC
investors outside the territory of the PRC provided that such PRC investors are
authorized to buy and sell the products in the offshore market. Potential PRC
investors are responsible for obtaining all relevant approvals from the PRC
government authorities, including but not limited to the State Administration of
Foreign Exchange, and compliance with all applicable laws and regulations,
including but not limited to those of the PRC, before purchasing the products.

BNY is not a licensed bank or branch operating in Turkey under the applicable
banking and capital market regulations. Therefore, it does not provide any
banking or capital market activities or any other regulated services in Turkey.

This material is intended only for issuers and not any type of investor in
Israel; it may not be reproduced or used for any other purpose, nor be furnished
to any person other than to whom it was sent; and in any case, any offer or
placement of DRs issued by BNY shall not be made to the public in Israel.

BNY is not registered or licensed in Ukraine, does not provide financial
services in Ukraine and has not made and will not make any offer of its products
to the public by way of a public offer of securities in Ukraine, and it is not
engaged in the placement and/or circulation (such as selling, underwriting or
trading) of securities within the territory of Ukraine.

This material has not been and will not be lodged or registered with the Central
Bank of Azerbaijan of the Republic of Azerbaijan (“CBA”). The contents herein is
not intended to create, maintain or increase interest in, nor does it aim to
promote or facilitate the sale of foreign securities or derivatives therefrom or
licensable services in the Republic of Azerbaijan.

Depositary Receipts:

NOT FDIC, STATE OR FEDERAL AGENCY INSURED

MAY LOSE VALUE

NO BANK, STATE OR FEDERAL AGENCY GUARANTEE

DERIVATIVES

DERIVATIVES DISCLAIMER

BNY is the corporate brand of The Bank of New York Mellon Corporation and may
be used as to reference the corporation as a whole and/or its various
subsidiaries generally. This material and any products and services may be
issued or provided under various brand names in various countries by duly
authorized and regulated subsidiaries, affiliates, and joint ventures of BNY ,
which may include any of the following. The Bank of New York Mellon, at 240
Greenwich Street, NY, NY USA, 10286, a banking corporation organized pursuant to
the laws of the State of New York, and operating in England through its branch
at 160 Queen Victoria Street, London, EC4V 4LA, UK, registered in England and
Wales with numbers FC005522 and BR000818. The Bank of New York Mellon is
supervised and regulated by the New York State Department of Financial Services
and the US Federal Reserve and authorized by the Prudential Regulation
Authority. The Bank of New York Mellon, London Branch is subject to regulation
by the Financial Conduct Authority and limited regulation by the Prudential
Regulation Authority. Details about the extent of our regulation by the
Prudential Regulation Authority are available from us on request. The Bank of
New York Mellon SA/NV, a Belgian public limited liability company, with company
number 0806.743.159, whose registered office is at Boulevard Anspachlaan 1,
B-1000 Brussels, Belgium, authorized and regulated as a significant credit
institution by the European Central Bank (ECB), under the prudential supervision
of the National Bank of Belgium (NBB) and under the supervision of the Belgian
Financial Services and Markets Authority (FSMA) for conduct of business rules,
and a subsidiary of The Bank of New York Mellon. The Bank of New York Mellon
SA/NV operates in England through its branch at 160 Queen Victoria Street,
London, EC4V 4LA, UK, registered in England and Wales with numbers FC029379 and
BR014361. The Bank of New York Mellon SA/NV (London Branch) is authorized by the
ECB and subject to limited regulation by the Financial Conduct Authority and the
Prudential Regulation Authority. Details about the extent of our regulation by
the Financial Conduct Authority and Prudential Regulation Authority are
available from us on request. The Bank of New York Mellon SA/NV operating in
Ireland through its branch at 4th Floor Hanover Building, Windmill Lane, Dublin
2, Ireland trading as The Bank of New York Mellon SA/NV, Dublin Branch, is
authorized by the ECB and is registered with the Companies Registration Office
in Ireland No. 907126 & with VAT No. IE 9578054E. The Bank of New York Mellon,
Singapore Branch, subject to regulation by the Monetary Authority of Singapore.
The Bank of New York Mellon, Hong Kong Branch, subject to regulation by the Hong
Kong Monetary Authority and the Securities & Futures Commission of Hong Kong. If
this material is distributed in Japan, it is distributed by The Bank of New York
Mellon Securities Company Japan Ltd, as intermediary for The Bank of New York
Mellon. If this material is distributed in, or from, the Dubai International
Financial Centre (“DIFC”), it is communicated by The Bank of New York Mellon,
DIFC Branch, regulated by the DFSA and located at DIFC, The Exchange Building 5
North, Level 6, Room 601, P.O. Box 506723, Dubai, UAE, on behalf of The Bank of
New York Mellon, which is a wholly-owned subsidiary of The Bank of New York
Mellon Corporation. This material is intended for Professional Clients only and
no other person should act upon it. Not all products and services are offered in
all countries.

The information contained in this material is intended for use by
wholesale/professional clients or the equivalent only and is not intended for
use by retail clients. If distributed in the UK, this material is a financial
promotion.

This material, which may be considered advertising, is for general information
purposes only and is not intended to provide legal, tax, accounting, investment,
financial or other professional advice on any matter. This material does not
constitute a recommendation by BNY of any kind. Use of our products and services
is subject to various regulations and regulatory oversight. You should discuss
this material with appropriate advisors in the context of your circumstances
before acting in any manner on this material or agreeing to use any of the
referenced products or services and make your own independent assessment (based
on such advice) as to whether the referenced products or services are
appropriate or suitable for you. This material may not be comprehensive or up to
date and there is no undertaking as to the accuracy, timeliness, completeness or
fitness for a particular purpose of information given. BNY will not be
responsible for updating any information contained within this material and
opinions and information contained herein are subject to change without notice.
BNY assumes no direct or consequential liability for any errors in or reliance
upon this material.

Neither BNY nor any of its respective officers, employees or agents are, by
virtue of providing the materials or information contained herein, acting as an
adviser to any recipient (including a “municipal advisor” within the meaning of
Section 15B of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, “Section 15B”),
do not owe a fiduciary duty to the recipient hereof pursuant to Section 15B or
otherwise, and are acting only for their own interests.

None of BNY, any data vendors used by BNY, nor their sources] (“Vendors),
warrants the accuracy or completeness or timeliness of any of the derivatives
valuations supplied by BNY or the Vendors. Although the derivatives valuations
may be referred to as “valuations” or “prices”, they are prepared by Vendors and
in the case of BNY’s proprietary valuation services, by BNY based on inputs from
such Vendors through the application of methods, standards of judgment and
proprietary models used and developed by each Vendor or BNY, as applicable, and
these derivatives valuations may not conform in any way to actual trading
prices, prices you may obtain in a sale or purchase, or information available
from third parties. A derivatives valuation represents only one view as to the
estimated general value of a derivatives instrument at a particular point in
time, and therefore is subject to change at any time without notice. Derivatives
valuations may incorporate information from the most active markets to which a
Vendor or BNY, as applicable, has access and, consequently, may not represent an
estimate of the value of the particular derivatives instrument in all or other
markets to which BNY or others may have access. None of BNY or the Vendors makes
any warranties, express or implied, including but not limited to any warranty of
merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose or use or non-infringement
in connection with any of the data or anything done or supplied by the Vendors
through BNY or by BNY though its proprietary valuation services. Derivatives
valuations are being provided by BNY at the client’s request for information
purposes only and are not intended as an offer or solicitation for the purchase
or sale of a security or a contractual obligation with respect to any
derivatives instrument.

Money market fund shares are not a deposit or obligation of BNY. Investments in
money market funds are not insured, guaranteed, recommended or otherwise
endorsed in any way by BNY, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation or any
other government agency. Although a money market fund seeks to preserve the
value of your investment at $1.00 per share, fund shares are subject to
investment risk and your investment may lose value. Money market fund yield
performance represents past performance, which is no guarantee of future results
and investment returns will fluctuate. Before investing, investors should
carefully consider the investment objectives, risks, charges, tax impact and
expenses of the fund that are explained in each fund’s prospectus. The following
factors, among many, could reduce any one fund’s income level and/or share
price: interest rates could rise sharply, causing the value of the fund’s
investments and its share price to drop; interest rates could drop, thereby
reducing the fund’s yield; any of the fund’s holdings could have its credit
rating downgraded or could default; and there are risks generally associated
with concentrating investments in any one industry. Investments in instruments
of non-U.S. issuers are subject to the risks of certain domestic events—such as
political upheaval, financial troubles, nationalization (certain assets,
entities or sectors) or natural disasters—that may weaken a country’s securities
markets. Country risk may be especially high in emerging markets. Such
investments may be affected by market risk on a global scale based on responses
of certain foreign markets to markets of other countries or global market
sectors. Foreign-currency denominated securities are subject to fluctuations in
exchange rates that could have an adverse effect on the value or price of, or
income derived from, the investment. Investments in foreign instruments are
subject to the risk that the value of a foreign investment, measured in U.S.
dollars, will decrease because of unfavorable changes in currency exchange
rates.

Securities instruments and services other than money market mutual funds and
off-shore liquidity funds are offered by BNY Mellon Capital Markets, LLC.

All references to dollars are in US dollars unless specified otherwise.

This material may not be reproduced or disseminated in any form without the
prior written permission of BNY. Trademarks, logos and other intellectual
property marks belong to their respective owners.

The Bank of New York Mellon, member FDIC.

INDIVIDUAL RETIREMENT

INDIVIDUAL RETIREMENT DISCLOSURE

Investors should consider the investment objectives, risks, charges and expenses
of any mutual fund carefully before investing. Contact your financial
professional or visit https://www.bny.com/investments.html to obtain a
prospectus or a summary prospectus, if available, that contains this and other
information on a fund. Read it carefully before investing.

Asset allocation and diversification do not guarantee a profit or protect
against a loss.

This information is general in nature and is not intended to constitute tax or
estate planning advice. Please consult your legal or tax advisor for more
detailed information on legal or tax issues and advice on your specific
situation. There are fees, expenses, taxes and penalties associated with IRAs.

All investment products involve risk of principal loss.

BNY Investments personnel act as licensed representatives of BNY Mellon
Securities Corporation (a registered broker-dealer) to offer securities. This
material is not intended as an offer to sell or a solicitation of an offer to
buy any security, and it is not provided as a sales or advertising communication
and does not constitute investment advice. BNY Mellon Securities Corporation, a
registered broker-dealer, FINRA member and subsidiary of The Bank of New York
Mellon Corporation, has entered into agreements to offer securities in the U.S.
on behalf of certain BNY Investments firms.

INVESTMENT MANAGEMENT

This material should not be considered as investment advice or a recommendation
of any investment manager or account arrangement, and should not serve as a
primary basis for investment decisions. Any statements and opinions expressed
are those of the author as at the date of publication, are subject to change as
economic and market conditions dictate, and do not necessarily represent the
views of BNY or any of its affiliates. The information has been provided as a
general market commentary only and does not constitute legal, tax, accounting,
other professional counsel or investment advice, is not predictive of future
performance, and should not be construed as an offer to sell or a solicitation
to buy any security or make an offer where otherwise unlawful. The information
has been provided without taking into account the investment objective,
financial situation or needs of any particular person. BNY and its affiliates
are not responsible for any subsequent investment advice given based on the
information supplied. This is not investment research or a research
recommendation for regulatory purposes as it does not constitute substantive
research or analysis. This information may contain projections or other
forward-looking statements regarding future events, targets or expectations, and
is only current as of the date indicated. There is no assurance that such events
or expectations will be achieved, and actual results may be significantly
different from that shown here. The information is based on current market
conditions, which will fluctuate and may be superseded by subsequent market
events or for other reasons. References to specific securities, asset classes
and financial markets are for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to
be and should not be interpreted as recommendations. Past performance is no
guarantee of future results. Information and opinions presented have been
obtained or derived from sources which BNY believed to be reliable, but BNY
makes no representation to its accuracy and completeness. BNY accepts no
liability for loss arising from use of this material.

All investments involve risk including loss of principal.

Not for distribution to, or use by, any person or entity in any jurisdiction or
country in which such distribution or use would be contrary to local law or
regulation. This information may not be distributed or used for the purpose of
offers or solicitations in any jurisdiction or in any circumstances in which
such offers or solicitations are unlawful or not authorized, or where there
would be, by virtue of such distribution, new or additional registration
requirements. Persons into whose possession this information comes are required
to inform themselves about and to observe any restrictions that apply to the
distribution of this information in their jurisdiction..

Issuing entities

This material is only for distribution in those countries and to those
recipients listed, subject to the noted conditions and limitations: • United
States: by BNY Mellon Securities Corporation (BNYMSC), 240 Greenwich Street, New
York, NY 10286. BNYMSC, a registered broker-dealer and FINRA member, and
subsidiary of BNY, has entered into agreements to offer securities in the U.S.
on behalf of certain BNY Mellon Investment Management firms. • Europe (excluding
Switzerland): BNY Mellon Fund Management (Luxembourg) S.A., 2-4 Rue
EugèneRuppertL-2453 Luxembourg. • UK, Africa and Latin America (ex-Brazil): BNY
Mellon Investment Management EMEA Limited, BNY Mellon Centre, 160 Queen Victoria
Street, London EC4V 4LA. Registered in England No. 1118580. Authorised and
regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority. • South Africa: BNY Mellon
Investment Management EMEA Limited is an authorised financial services provider.
• Switzerland: BNY Mellon Investments Switzerland GmbH, Bärengasse 29, CH-8001
Zürich, Switzerland. • Middle East: DIFC branch of The Bank of New York Mellon.
Regulated by the Dubai Financial Services Authority. • Singapore: BNY Mellon
Investment Management Singapore Pte. Limited Co. Reg. 201230427E. Regulated by
the Monetary Authority of Singapore. • Hong Kong: BNY Mellon Investment
Management Hong Kong Limited. Regulated by the Hong Kong Securities and Futures
Commission. • Japan: BNY Mellon Investment Management Japan Limited. BNY Mellon
Investment Management Japan Limited is a Financial Instruments Business Operator
with license no 406 (Kinsho) at the Commissioner of Kanto Local Finance Bureau
and is a Member of the Investment Trusts Association, Japan and Japan Investment
Advisers Association and Type II Financial Instruments Firms Association. •
Brazil: ARX Investimentos Ltda., Av. Borges de Medeiros, 633, 4th floor, Rio de
Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, CEP 22430-041. Authorized and regulated by the Brazilian
Securities and Exchange Commission (CVM). • Canada: BNY Mellon Asset Management
Canada Ltd. is registered in all provinces and territories of Canada as a
Portfolio Manager and Exempt Market Dealer, and as a Commodity Trading Manager
in Ontario.

BNY COMPANY INFORMATION

BNY Investments is one of the world’s leading investment management
organizations, encompassing BNY’s affiliated investment management firms and
global distribution companies. BNY is the corporate brand of The Bank of New
York Mellon Corporation and may also be used as a generic term to reference the
corporation as a whole or its various subsidiaries generally. • Mellon
Investments Corporation (MIC) is a registered investment advisor and subsidiary
of The Bank of New York Mellon Corporation. MIC is composed of two divisions:
Mellon, which specializes in index management, and Dreyfus, which specializes in
cash management and short duration strategies. • Insight Investment - Investment
advisory services in North America are provided through two different investment
advisers registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) using the
brand Insight Investment: Insight North America LLC (INA) and Insight Investment
International Limited (IIIL). The North American investment advisers are
associated with other global investment managers that also (individually and
collectively) use the corporate brand Insight. Insight is a subsidiary of BNY. •
Newton Investment Management - “Newton” and/or the “Newton Investment
Management” brand refers to the following group of affiliated companies: Newton
Investment Management Limited (NIM) and Newton Investment Management North
America LLC (NIMNA). NIM is incorporated in the United Kingdom (Registered in
England no. 1371973) and is authorized and regulated by the Financial Conduct
Authority in the conduct of investment business. Both Newton firms are
registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) in the United
States of America as an investment adviser under the Investment Advisers Act of
1940. Newton is a subsidiary of The Bank of New York Mellon Corporation. • ARX
is the brand used to describe the Brazilian investment capabilities of BNY
Mellon ARX Investimentos Ltda. ARX is a subsidiary of BNY. • Walter Scott &
Partners Limited (Walter Scott) is an investment management firm authorized and
regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority, and a subsidiary of BNY. • Siguler
Guff - BNY owns a 20% interest in Siguler Guff & Company, LP and certain related
entities (including Siguler Guff Advisers LLC). • BNY Mellon Advisors, Inc. is
an investment adviser registered as such with the U.S. Securities and Exchange
Commission (“SEC”) pursuant to the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, as amended.
BNY Mellon Advisors, Inc. is a subsidiary of The Bank of New York Mellon
Corporation.

No part of this material may be reproduced in any form, or referred to in any
other publication, without express written permission. All information contained
herein is proprietary and is protected under copyright law.

NOT FDIC INSURED | NO BANK GUARANTEE | MAY LOSE VALUE |

BNY MARKETS

GLOBAL DISCLAIMER

BNY is the corporate brand of The Bank of New York Mellon Corporation and may be
used to reference the corporation as a whole and/or its various group entities.
This material and any products and services may be issued or provided under
various brand names of BNY in various countries by duly authorized and regulated
subsidiaries, affiliates, and joint ventures of BNY, which may include any of
those listed below:

The Bank of New York Mellon operates in the UK through its London branch (UK
companies house numbers FC005522 and BR000818) at 160 Queen Victoria Street,
London, EC4V 4LA and is subject to regulation by the Financial Conduct Authority
(“FCA”) at 12 Endeavour Square, London, E20 1JN and limited regulation by the
PRA at Bank of England, Threadneedle St, London, EC2R 8AH. Details about the
extent of our regulation by the PRA are available from us on request.

The Bank of New York Mellon SA/NV, a Belgian limited liability company,
registered in the RPM Brussels with company number 0806.743.159, whose
registered office is at Boulevard Anspachlaan 1, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium,
authorized and regulated as a significant credit institution by the European
Central Bank (“ECB”) at Sonnemannstrasse 20, 60314 Frankfurt am Main, Germany,
and the National Bank of Belgium (“NBB”) at Boulevard de Berlaimont/de
Berlaimontlaan 14, 1000 Brussels, Belgium, under the Single Supervisory
Mechanism and by the Belgian Financial Services and Markets Authority (FSMA) at
Rue du Congrès/Congresstraat 12-14, 1000 Brussels, Belgium for conduct of
business rules, and is a subsidiary of The Bank of New York Mellon.

The Bank of New York Mellon SA/NV operates in Ireland through its Dublin branch
at Riverside II, Sir John Rogerson's Quay Grand Canal Dock, Dublin 2, D02KV60,
Ireland and is registered with the Companies Registration Office in Ireland No.
907126 & with VAT No. IE 9578054E. The Bank of New York Mellon SA/NV, Dublin
Branch is subject to limited additional regulation by the Central Bank of
Ireland at New Wapping Street, North Wall Quay, Dublin 1, D01 F7X3, Ireland for
conduct of business rules and registered with the Companies Registration Office
in Ireland No. 907126 & with VAT No. IE 9578054E.

The Bank of New York Mellon SA/NV operates in Germany through its Frankfurt
branch “The Bank of New York Mellon SA/NV, Asset Servicing, Niederlassung
Frankfurt am Main”, and has its registered office at MesseTurm,
Friedrich-Ebert-Anlage 49, 60327 Frankfurt am Main, Germany. It is subject to
limited additional supervision by the Federal Financial Supervisory Authority
(Bundesanstalt für Finanzdienstleistungsaufsicht, Marie-Curie-Str. 24-28, 60439
Frankfurt, Germany) under registration number 122721.

The Bank of New York Mellon SA/NV operates in Denmark as The Bank of New York
Mellon SA/NV, Copenhagen Branch, filial af The Bank of New York Mellon SA/NV,
Belgien, and has its registered office at Tuborg Boulevard 12, 3.
DK-2900Hellerup, Denmark. It is subject to limited additional regulation by the
Danish Financial Supervisory Authority (Finanstilsynet, Århusgade 110, 2100
København Ø).

Regulatory information in relation to the above BNY entities operating out of
Europe can be accessed at the following website:
https://www.bny.com/corporate/emea/en/regulatory-information.html.

For clients located in Switzerland

The information provided herein does not constitute an offer of financial
instrument or an offer to provide financial service in Switzerland pursuant to
or within the meaning of the Swiss Financial Services Act ("FinSA") and its
implementing ordinance. This is solely an advertisement pursuant to or within
the meaning of FinSA and its implementing ordinance.

Please be informed that The Bank of New York Mellon and The Bank of New York
Mellon SA/NV enter into OTC derivative transactions as a counterparty, i.e.
acting for their own account or for the account of one of their affiliates. As a
result, where you enter into any OTC derivative transactions with us, you will
not be considered a "client" (within the meaning of the FinSA) and you will not
benefit from the protections otherwise afforded to clients under FinSA.
Accordingly, this should not be considered an advertisement with respect to such
transactions pursuant to or within the meaning of FinSA and its implementing
ordinance.

The Bank of New York Mellon, Singapore Branch, is subject to regulation by the
Monetary Authority of Singapore. The Bank of New York Mellon, Hong Kong Branch
(a branch of a banking corporation organized and existing under the laws of the
State of New York with limited liability), is subject to regulation by the Hong
Kong Monetary Authority and the Securities & Futures Commission of Hong Kong.

For recipients of this information located in Singapore: This material has not
been reviewed by the Monetary Authority of Singapore.

The Bank of New York Mellon has various other subsidiaries, affiliates, branches
and representative office in the Asia-Pacific Region which are subject to
regulation by the relevant local regulator in that jurisdiction.

The Bank of New York Mellon, Tokyo Branch, is a licensed foreign bank branch in
Japan and regulated by the Financial Services Agency of Japan. The Bank of New
York Mellon Securities Company Japan Ltd. is a registered type 1 financial
instruments business operator in Japan and regulated by the Financial Services
Agency of Japan.

Disclosures in relation to certain other BNY group entities can be accessed at
the following website:
https://www.bny.com/corporate/emea/en/disclaimers/eu-disclosures.html.

Not all products and services are offered in all countries.

This material, which may be considered advertising (but shall not be considered
advertising under the laws and regulations of Brunei, Malaysia or Singapore), is
for general information purposes only and is not intended to provide legal, tax,
accounting, investment, financial or other professional advice on any matter.
This material does not constitute a recommendation or advice by BNY of any kind.
Use of our products and services is subject to various regulations and
regulatory oversight. You should discuss this material with appropriate advisors
in the context of your circumstances before acting in any manner on this
material or agreeing to use any of the referenced products or services and make
your own independent assessment (based on such advice) as to whether the
referenced products or services are appropriate or suitable for you.

This material may not be comprehensive or up to date and there is no undertaking
as to the accuracy, timeliness, completeness or fitness for a particular purpose
of information given. BNY will not be responsible for updating any information
contained within this material and opinions and information contained herein are
subject to change without notice. BNY assumes no direct or consequential
liability for any errors in or reliance upon this material.

Any references to dollars are to US dollars unless specified otherwise.

This material may not be reproduced or disseminated in any form without the
prior written permission of BNY. Trademarks, logos and other intellectual
property marks belong to their respective owners.

The Bank of New York Mellon, member of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
(“FDIC”).

BNY MARKETS

PRODUCT-SPECIFIC DISCLAIMERS

A. CROSS MARKETS

The terms of any products or services provided by BNY to a client, including
without limitation any administrative, valuation, trade execution or other
services shall be solely determined by the definitive agreement relating to such
products or services. Any products or services provided by BNY shall not be
deemed to have been provided as fiduciary or adviser except as expressly
provided in such definitive agreement. BNY may enter into a foreign exchange
transaction, derivative transaction or collateral arrangement as a counterparty
to a client, and its rights as counterparty or secured party under the
applicable transactional agreement or collateral arrangement shall take
precedence over any obligation it may have as fiduciary or adviser or as service
provider under any other agreement.

Investment in any floating rate instrument presents unique risks, including the
discontinuation of the floating rate reference or any successors or fallbacks
thereto. BNY does not guarantee and is not responsible for the availability or
continued existence of a floating rate reference associated with any particular
instrument. Before investing in any floating rate instrument, please evaluate
the risks independently with your financial, tax and other advisors as you deem
necessary.

Pursuant to Title VII of The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer
Protection Act of 2010 and the applicable rules thereunder, The Bank of New York
Mellon is registered as a swap dealer with the Commodity Futures Trading
Commission and is a swap dealer member of the National Futures Association (NFA
ID 0420990) and is conditionally registered as a security-based swap dealer with
the Securities Exchange Commission.

BNY (including its broker-dealer affiliates) may have long or short positions in
any currency, derivative or instrument discussed herein. BNY has included data
in this material from information generally available to the public from sources
believed to be reliable. Any price or other data used for illustrative purposes
may not reflect actual current conditions. No representations or warranties are
made, and BNY assumes no liability, as to the suitability of any products and
services described herein for any particular purpose or the accuracy or
completeness of any information or data contained in this material. Price and
other data are subject to change at any time without notice.

Pershing Prime Services is a service of Pershing LLC, member FINRA, NYSE, SIPC,
a wholly owned subsidiary of The Bank of New York Mellon Corporation (“BNY”).
Member of SIPC. Securities in your account protected up to $500,000. For
details, please see www.sipc.org.

B. FOREIGN EXCHANGE

The Bank of New York Mellon SA/NV only provides its services outside of Hong
Kong. Any transactions that are intermediated by The Bank of New York Mellon,
Hong Kong Branch are carried on through The Bank of New York Mellon, Hong Kong
Branch in compliance with the “dealing through” (or other) exemption, and not
directly by The Bank of New York Mellon SA/NV.

Interest and/or FX Rates:

Neither BNY nor any other third party provider shall be liable for any errors in
or delays in providing or making available the data (including rates,
WM/Refinitiv Intra-Day Spot Rates and WM/Refinitiv Intra-Day Forward Rates)
contained within this service or for any actions taken in reliance on the same,
except to the extent that the same is directly caused by its or its employees’
negligence. The WM/Refinitiv Intra-Day Spot Rates and WM/Refinitiv Intra-Day
Forward Rates are provided by Refinitiv Benchmark Services Limited (“RBSL”).
RBSL shall not be liable for any errors in or delays in providing or making
available the data contained within this service or for any actions taken in
reliance on the same, except to the extent that the same is directly caused by
its or its employees’ negligence.

iFlow® / FX MARKET COMMENTARY

The products and services described herein may contain or include certain
“forecast” statements that may reflect possible future events based on current
expectations. Forecast statements are neither historical facts nor assurances of
future performance. Forecast statements typically include, and are not limited
to, words such as “anticipate”, “believe”, “estimate”, “expect”, “future”,
“intend”, “likely”, “may”, “plan”, “project”, “should”, “will”, or other similar
terminology and should NOT be relied upon as accurate indications of future
performance or events. Because forecast statements relate to the future, they
are subject to inherent uncertainties, risks and changes in circumstances that
are difficult to predict.

iFlow® is a registered trademark of The Bank of New York Mellon under the laws
of the United States of America and other countries. iFlow captures select data
flows from the firm’s base of assets under custody, as well as from its trading
activity with non-custody clients, on an anonymized and aggregated basis.

This document is intended for private circulation. Persons accessing, or
reading, this material are required to inform themselves about and to observe
any restrictions that apply to the distribution of this information in their
jurisdiction.

FX OVERLAY / CURRENCY ADMINISTRATION

FX Overlay is provided under and subject to the terms of a definitive agreement
between BNY Mellon and the client. BNY exercises no investment discretion
thereunder, but acts solely pursuant to the instructions in such agreement or
otherwise provided by the client. Unless provided by definitive agreement, BNY
is not an agent or fiduciary thereunder, and acts solely as principal in
connection with related foreign exchange transactions.

C. SECURITIES FINANCE

Agency Securities Lending

D. COLLATERAL MANAGEMENT & SEGREGATION

Liquidity DIRECT

Money market fund shares are not a deposit or obligation of BNY. Investments in
money market funds are not insured, guaranteed, recommended or otherwise
endorsed in any way by BNY , the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation or any
other government agency. Although a money market fund seeks to preserve the
value of your investment at $1.00 per share, fund shares are subject to
investment risk and your investment may lose value. Money market fund yield
performance represents past performance, which is no guarantee of future results
and investment returns will fluctuate. Before investing, investors should
carefully consider the investment objectives, risks, charges, tax impact and
expenses of the fund that are explained in each fund’s prospectus. The following
factors, among many, could reduce any one fund’s income level and/or share
price: interest rates could rise sharply, causing the value of the fund’s
investments and its share price to drop; interest rates could drop, thereby
reducing the fund’s yield; any of the fund’s holdings could have its credit
rating downgraded or could default; and there are risks generally associated
with concentrating investments in any one industry. Investments in instruments
of non-U.S. issuers are subject to the risks of certain domestic events—such as
political upheaval, financial troubles, nationalization (certain assets,
entities or sectors) or natural disasters—that may weaken a country’s securities
markets. Country risk may be especially high in emerging markets. Such
investments may be affected by market risk on a global scale based on responses
of certain foreign markets to markets of other countries or global market
sectors. Foreign-currency denominated securities are subject to fluctuations in
exchange rates that could have an adverse effect on the value or price of, or
income derived from, the investment. Investments in foreign instruments are
subject to the risk that the value of a foreign investment will decrease because
of unfavorable changes in currency exchange rates.

Securities instruments and services other than money market mutual funds and
off-shore liquidity funds are offered by BNY Mellon Capital Markets, LLC.

E. CAPITAL MARKETS

ervices provided in the United States by BNY Mellon Capital Markets, LLC, member
of FINRA, SIPC and a wholly owned subsidiary of The Bank of New York Mellon
Corporation (“BNY”). Services provided in the United Kingdom by The Bank of New
York Mellon, London Branch, a wholly owned subsidiary of BNY. Please contact
your BNY Mellon representative for services available outside the United States
and the United Kingdom.

For clients located in Jordan

These materials do not constitute a public offering prospectus under the laws of
Jordan. These materials are intended solely for use on a confidential basis by
those persons to whom it is transmitted. These materials will be transmitted to
potential investors in Jordan: (a) upon their request and confirmation that they
understand that the contemplated securities have not been approved or licensed
by or registered with the Jordan Securities Commission or any other relevant
licensing authorities or governmental agencies in Jordan; and (b) on the
condition that this document and the information contained herein will not be
provided to any person other than the original recipient. These materials are
not for general circulation in Jordan and may not be reproduced or used for any
other purpose. The investments being marketed through this material have not
been meant to be offered, sold or delivered in Jordan. The contemplated
securities described in these materials are not intended to be offered, sold or
delivered in Jordan.

F. PRIME BROKERAGE

Prime brokerage services are provided by Pershing LLC, a FINRA registered
broker-dealer. Pershing Prime Services is a service of Pershing LLC, member
FINRA, NYSE, SIPC, a wholly owned subsidiary of The Bank of New York Mellon
Corporation (“BNY”). For professional use only. Not for distribution to the
public. Securities in your account protected up to $500,000. For details, please
see www.sipc.org.

EMPTY HEADING

BNY MARKETS

BNY Mellon Capital Markets, LLC

General Disclosure

BNY Mellon Capital Markets, LLC (“Capital Markets”) is a full service registered
broker-dealer and an indirect wholly owned non-bank subsidiary of The Bank of
New York Mellon Corporation (“BNY”). BNY and its affiliates lend and provide
other products and services to issuers and others, and provide and receive
related fees and compensation. Capital Markets is a member of FINRA and SIPC,
which protects securities customers of its members up to $500,000 (including
$250,000 for claims for cash). Explanatory brochure available upon request or at
www.sipc.org. SIPC does not protect against loss due to market fluctuation. SIPC
protection is not the same as, and should not be confused with, FDIC insurance.

This material is for reference purposes only and not intended to be a
recommendation with respect to, or solicitation or offer to buy or sell, any
particular financial instrument, including but not limited to BNY stock, or to
participate in any particular trading strategy and is not tax, legal, investment
or accounting advice. Nor is it an offer or solicitation in any jurisdiction in
which such an offer or solicitation would be illegal. Capital Markets does not
make representations as to the actual value to be received in connection with a
transaction. Although information is from sources believed reliable, there is no
undertaking as to accuracy and opinions and information contained herein are
subject to change without notice. Difficulties in the mortgage and broader
credit markets have led to a substantial decrease in the availability of credit.
The extent and duration of any future continued weakening of U.S. and global
credit and financial markets, higher costs of borrowing, and disruptions in debt
and equity markets potentially make it more difficult to liquidate an
investment, or determine the impact, if any, on the performance and prospects of
particular issuers or securities. A client should not enter into any
transactions unless it has fully understood all risks and that not all
investments will be suitable, and has independently determined that such
transactions are appropriate, for the client. Prices may fluctuate and it is
possible that such fluctuations may be substantial in response to many factors
including, without limitation, general market and market sector conditions, U.S.
and global, in addition to company specific conditions. Past performance is not
a guide to future performance of any instrument, transaction or financial
structure, and a loss of original capital may occur.

©2024 BNY Mellon Capital Markets, LLC. All rights reserved. Trademarks,
service marks and logos are the property of their respective owners.

Securities Products: Not FDIC-Insured – Subject to Loss in Value – Not a Deposit
of or Guaranteed by a Bank or any Bank Affiliate.

DISCLOSURES

* BNY Mellon Capital Markets, LLC Annual Letter to Customers
* BNY Mellon Capital Markets, LLC Business Continuity Planning Disclosure
* BNY Mellon Capital Markets, LLC Privacy Statements and Privacy Notices
* BNY Mellon Capital Markets, LLC Disclosure of Additional General Terms and
Conditions
* BNY Mellon Capital Markets, LLC ERISA §408(b)(2) Disclosure

FINANCIAL INFORMATION

* BNY Mellon Capital Markets, LLC Business Monthly FOCUS Reports (Rolling 12
months)

* September 2024
* August 2024
* July 2024
* June 2024
* May 2024
* April 2024
* March 2024
* February 2024
* January 2024
* December 2023
* November 2023
* October 2023

* BNY Mellon Capital Markets, LLC December 31, 2023 Statement of Financial
Condition (Audited)
* BNY Mellon Capital Markets, LLC June 2024 Statement of Financial Condition
(Unaudited)

DISCLOSURES

* SEC Rule 605 - Public Disclosure of Order Execution
* SEC Rule 606 - Quarterly Disclosure of Order Routing
* SEC Rule 605 - Public Disclosure of Order Execution (prior to October 2021)
* SEC Rule 606 - Quarterly Disclosure of Order Routing (prior to December 2021)
* SEC Rule 606 - Quarterly Disclosure of Order Routing (prior to October 2019)

BNY MARKETS

BNY Mellon Capital Markets, LLC

PRODUCT-SPECIFIC DISCLOSURES

Fixed Income Securities. Fixed income investments, including municipal bonds,
are subject to various risks including changes in interest rates, call features,
credit quality, possible default, difficulty in market valuations, liquidity,
prepayments, early redemption, tax ramifications, inflation and other factors.

Floating Rates. Investment in any floating rate instrument presents unique
risks, including the discontinuation of the floating rate reference or any
successors or fallbacks thereto. Capital Markets does not guarantee and is not
responsible for the availability or continued existence of a floating rate
reference associated with any particular instrument. Before investing in any
floating rate instrument, please evaluate the risks independently with your
financial, tax and other advisors as you deem necessary.

Treasury and Government Agency Obligations. Not all obligations of the U.S.
government or its agencies and instrumentalities are backed by the full faith
and credit of the U.S. Treasury. In addition, if not held to maturity, prices
will rise and fall on interest rate movements in response to economic
conditions.

Corporate Debt. Corporate debt securities are subject to risks including, but
not limited to: early call or redemption risk, reinvestment risk, interest rate
risk, credit risk, event risk, sector risk or market risk.

Commercial Paper. Commercial paper, an unsecured, short-term debt instrument, is
not usually backed by any form of collateral, and although there may be back up
lines of credit or back up liquidity, may still be subject to default by the
issuer.

Certificates of Deposit. Certificates of Deposit are most suitable for holding
until maturity. Early withdrawal of any CD may not be available and may be
subject to applicable penalties.

CDs: Limits on FDIC insurance. If you have or will have money on deposit (such
as a savings account) at the same insured institution that issues the CDs, the
total value of your deposit accounts could exceed the amount of FDIC insurance
to which your deposits (including CDs) are entitled.

Yankee CDs/No FDIC Insurance. Yankee CDs are not FDIC insured in whole or in
part.

Money Market Mutual Funds and Ultra Short Bond Funds. Money market funds
generally only invest in certain high-quality, short-term investments issued by
the U.S. government, U.S. corporations and state and local governments and are
subject to strict diversification and maturity standards. Ultra-short bond funds
are not subject to these requirements. The net asset value (NAV) of an
ultra-short bond fund will fluctuate, while money market funds seek to maintain
a stable NAV of $1 per share, although there is no guarantee that they will
achieve this goal.

Not acting as Municipal Advisor, Financial Advisor or Fiduciary: Capital Markets
is providing the information contained in this document for discussion purposes
only in anticipation of serving as an Underwriter, Broker-Dealer, CP Dealer or
Remarketing Agent to the addressee and is not recommending any action to the
addressee. The primary role of Capital Markets, as Underwriter, is to sell and
purchase securities, as applicable, to and from investors, in arm's length
commercial transactions; Capital Markets has financial and other interests that
differ from those of the addressee. As such, Capital Markets is not acting as a
municipal advisor, financial advisor or fiduciary to the addressee or any other
person or entity in connection with the information provided. The information
provided is not intended to be and should not be construed as "advice" within
the meaning of Section 15B of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 or the rules
thereunder. The addressee should consult with its own financial and/or
municipal, legal, accounting, tax and other advisors, as applicable, to the
extent it deems appropriate. If the addressee would like a municipal advisor in
a transaction that has legal fiduciary duties to the addressee, then the
addressee is free to engage a municipal advisor to serve in that capacity.
Notwithstanding the foregoing, Capital Markets is registered as a municipal
advisor and may, from time to time, act as a municipal advisor with respect to
municipal issuers and their investments. Issuers should contact their Capital
Markets representative to discuss an engagement with Capital Markets as a
municipal advisor.

Mutual Funds. Before investing in mutual funds, it is important to understand
the sales charges, expenses, and management fees that you will be charged, as
well as any available volume-based breakpoint discounts, and whether the mutual
fund's investment strategy is compatible with your investment objectives.

Equity Securities. Prices may fluctuate and it is possible that such
fluctuations may be substantial in response to many factors including, without
limitation, general market and market sector conditions, U.S. and global, in
addition to company specific conditions. Dividends are not guaranteed and are
subject to change or elimination.

Exchange-Traded Funds (ETFs). ETFs generally represent an interest in a
portfolio of securities and/or commodities, subjecting the investor to a
substantial loss in principal and income due to market risk, interest rate risk,
liquidity risk, currency exchange risk, and risks specific to a particular
sector.

Options. Options carry a high level of risk and are not suitable for all
investors. An option holder may lose the entire amount paid for the option in a
relatively short period of time and an options writer may incur significant loss
if the price of the underlying interest declines.

Investment Banking and Public Finance. The Company should discuss any financial
instrument offering, engagement, or relationship with its own counsel and
financial advisors. Capital Markets does not provide tax, legal, or accounting
advice, and any information provided by Capital Markets does not include the
legal, tax or accounting effects of consummating any transaction.

No Tax, Legal or Accounting Advice. Capital Markets does not provide tax, legal,
or accounting advice. You should independently and carefully consider whether
any information or investment instruments are suitable for your particular
investment objectives and financial position and, if you believe it appropriate,
seek professional advice, including tax, legal and accounting advice.

Past performance is not indicative of nor a guarantee of future performance and
a loss of original capital may occur. You should not enter into any transactions
unless you have fully understood all risks, that not all investments will be
suitable, and you have independently determined that such transactions are
appropriate, for you. Investing in securities involves risk, including loss of
the principal amount invested. Additional information is provided on FINRA's Web
site
at https://www.finra.org/investors/learn-to-invest/key-investing-concepts/evaluating-investment-performance.

Mortgage Backed Securities (MBS). Potential issuers of securities should
discuss any financial instrument offering, engagement, or relationship with
their own counsel and financial advisors. Beginning in the second half of 2007,
difficulties in the mortgage and broader credit markets led to a substantial
decrease in the availability of credit. As a result, U.S., European and global
credit and financial markets in general have been, and are, experiencing
difficulties. The extent and duration of any future continued weakening of
these markets, higher costs of borrowing, and disruptions in debt and equity
markets may potentially make it more difficult to issue a financial instrument,
exit an investment or define the impact, if any, on the performance and
prospects of particular issuers or securities. There can be no assurance that
any of the governmental or private sector initiatives designed to strengthen the
condition of the credit markets will be successful, and there is no way to know
the effect that these initiatives will have on the performance of any particular
securities or issuers.

Only GNMA is backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. Government.
Securities issued by Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and MBS in general have recently
experienced volatility and other increased risks due to homeowner defaults and
severe problems in the housing market.

Structured products are not suitable for all investors. Structured Products are
subject to special risks and considerations. All relevant offering documents
including, but not limited to, term sheets and prospectuses should be consulted
and understood prior to investing. Investors should understand characteristics,
risks, and potential rewards. Investors should contact their own accounting,
tax or legal advisors to review the suitability of any investment.

Securities Direct®. Securities Direct® is the registered trademark of The Bank
of New York Mellon.

BNY MARKETS

Capital Markets EMEA

BNY Markets – Capital Markets EMEA provides brokerage and trading services for
fixed income securities to Professional Clients and Eligible Counterparties (in
each case as defined in the FCA Rules) through The Bank of New York Mellon,
London Branch.

Services are provided in the United Kingdom. Not all products and services are
offered at all locations.

The Bank of New York Mellon is a wholly owned subsidiary of The Bank of New York
Mellon Corporation (BNY). BNY and its affiliates lend and provide other
products and financial services to issuers and others, and provide and receive
related fees and compensation.

The Bank of New York Mellon is a banking corporation organized pursuant to the
laws of the State of New York, whose registered office is at 240 Greenwich St,
NY, NY 10286, USA. The Bank of New York Mellon is supervised and regulated by
the New York State Department of Financial Services and the US Federal Reserve
and is authorized by the Prudential Regulation Authority (“PRA”).

The Bank of New York Mellon operates in the UK through its London branch (UK
Companies House numbers FC005522 and BR000818) at 160 Queen Victoria Street,
London, EC4V 4LA and is subject to regulation by the Financial Conduct Authority
(“FCA”) at 12 Endeavour Square, London, E20 1JN, UK and limited regulation by
the PRA at Bank of England, Threadneedle St, London, EC2R 8AH, UK. Details about
the extent of our regulation by the PRA are available from us on request. The
Bank of New York Mellon’s Firm Reference Number is 122467.

For clients located in Switzerland

For clients located in Jordan

For recipients of this information located in Singapore: This material has not
been reviewed by the Monetary Authority of Singapore.

This website and the information and any statements contained herein (but shall
not be considered advertising under the laws and regulations of Brunei, Malaysia
or Singapore) are for general information and reference purposes only. It is
not a recommendation with respect to, or solicitation or offer to buy or sell,
any products (including financial products) or services, including but not
limited to BNY stock, or to participate in any particular trading strategy,
including in any jurisdiction in which such an offer or solicitation or trading
strategy, would be illegal, and should not be construed as such. The
information herein is not intended to provide tax, legal, investment,
accounting, financial or other professional advice on any matter, and should not
be used or relied upon as such. The contents may not be comprehensive or up to
date and there is no undertaking as to the accuracy, timeliness, completeness or
fitness for a particular purpose of information given. The Bank of New York
Mellon, London Branch will not be responsible for updating any information
contained within this website, and opinions and information contained herein are
subject to change without notice. Neither The Bank of New York Mellon, London
Branch nor any BNY affiliate assumes any direct or consequential liability for
any errors in or reliance upon this information, and are not responsible for any
third party website or website content (including, without limitation, any
advertising appearing therein) which can be accessed through any of the
following websites
at https://www.bny.com/corporate/global/en/solutions/capital-markets-execution-services.html; https://www.bny.com/corporate/emea/en/regulatory-information.html;
and https://www.bny.com/corporate/global/en/disclaimers/business-disclaimers.html.
The Bank of New York Mellon, London Branch includes links to other websites for
information purposes only and makes no representation whatsoever about any such
link, website or consent.

The Bank of New York Mellon, London Branch does not make any representations as
to the actual value to be received in connection with a transaction.
Difficulties in the mortgage and broader credit markets have generally led to a
substantial decrease in the availability of credit. The extent and duration of
any future continued weakening of U.S. and global credit and financial markets,
higher costs of borrowing, and disruptions in debt and equity markets
potentially make it more difficult to liquidate an investment, or determine the
impact, if any, on the performance and prospects of particular issuers or
securities. A person should not enter into any transactions unless they have
fully understood all risks, understands that not all investments will be
suitable, and has independently determined (by way of having obtained, where
required, its own independent legal, financial, tax and other professional
advice), or that such transactions are appropriate. Prices may fluctuate and it
is possible that such fluctuations may be substantial in response to many
factors including, without limitation, general market and market sector
conditions, U.S. and global, in addition to company specific conditions.
Dividends are not guaranteed and are subject to change or elimination. There
are risks generally associated with foreign investments, such as economic and
political developments, seizure or nationalization of deposits, currency
limitations, imposition of taxes or other restrictions on the payment of
principal and interest. Make sure you understand all risks before investing in
any financial instrument. Past performance is not a guide to future performance
of any instrument, transaction or financial structure, and a loss of original
capital may occur. Calls and communications with The Bank of New York Mellon,
London Branch may be recorded, for regulatory and other reasons.

Trademarks and logos belong to their respective owners. The terms of this
disclaimer are subject to English law and to the exclusive jurisdiction of the
English courts.

The Bank of New York Mellon, member of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
(“FDIC”).

BNY MARKETS

Markets Sales and Trading Commentary Disclaimer

This commentary has been prepared by a member of the sales and/or trading
department of The Bank of New York Mellon. This content does not constitute a
research report and is not produced or distributed by BNY’s strategy department,
by any research department or any registered research analysts. Any opinions
expressed in this commentary are solely those of the author, who is a member of
either a BNY Mellon FX Sales or Trading desk, and may differ from opinions
expressed by BNY’s strategy department or any research department/registered
research analysts. This material is not investment research or a research
recommendation (as referred to in CFTC regulation 17 CEA Part 23.605, Art. 36(1)
of the MiFID II Delegated Regulation (EU) 2017/565, and the Financial Conduct
Authority Handbook), and has not been prepared in accordance with legal
requirements to promote the independence of research, including but not limited
to, the prohibition on dealing ahead of dissemination of investment research.
Commentary contained in this communication is not a recommendation with respect
to, or solicitation or offer to buy or sell, any products or services, including
but not limited to BNY stock, or to participate in any particular trading
strategy, including in any jurisdiction where such an offer, solicitation or
trading strategy may be contrary to permitted activity in such jurisdiction, and
should not be construed as such. This communication is marketing material, desk
strategy and/or trader commentary for sophisticated investors and market
professionals, and any information or statements contained herein are for
general information and reference purposes only, and not intended for retail
customer use.

This material is provided for information purposes only and does not bind BNY in
any way. It is not intended as a recommendation (except to the extent it is an
“investment recommendation” under MAR (as defined below)) or an offer or
solicitation (except to the extent otherwise covered by U.S. Commodity Futures
Trading Commission rules) for the purchase or sale of any security or financial
instrument, or to enter into a transaction involving any financial instrument or
trading strategy, or as a formal valuation of any transaction mentioned herein.
Any pricing information provided is indicative only. BNY is not an advisor.
Nothing in this material should be construed as investment, tax, legal,
accounting, financial, regulatory or other professional advice (including within
the meaning of Section 15B of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934) or as
creating a fiduciary relationship.

Transactions involving securities, financial instruments and/or strategies
mentioned herein may not be suitable for all clients. Clients are solely
responsible for deciding whether any investment or transaction is suitable based
upon respective investment goals, financial situations and risk-appetite.
Clients should consider seeking independent professional advice to ascertain the
investment, legal, tax, accounting, regulatory or other consequences before
investing or transacting.

Variations in rates of exchange may have an adverse or beneficial effect on the
value of investments or concepts referenced in materials provided by BNY
personnel. Any analysis or forward-looking information provided is intended only
to illustrate hypothetical results based on certain assumptions (which
assumptions may or may not be specified), and actual events or conditions may
differ from assumptions made in the materials provided; no result based upon
reliance of any material is promised or guaranteed.

MAR Disclosure: This material is not, and is not intended to be, an “investment
recommendation” as that term is defined in Article 3(1)(35) of the EU Market
Abuse Regulation (EU) No 596/2014 (“MAR”).

Research Disclosure: This material is not, and is not intended to be, a
“research report”, “investment research” or “independent research” as may be
defined in applicable laws and regulations worldwide. However, it may constitute
“research” as defined in Recital 28 of the Commission Delegated Directive (EU)
2017/593.

Derivatives Disclosure: Where distribution of material is subject to the rules
of the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission (the “CFTC”), it shall be
considered a “solicitation” of derivatives business generally, as such term is
used within CFTC Rule 1.71 and 23.605, pursuant to the U.S. Commodity Exchange
Act.

Options Disclosure: Structured securities, options, futures and other
derivatives are complex instruments and may involve a high degree of risk.
Before entering into any such transactions, we encourage clients to read and
understand the Options Clearing Corporation’s Characteristics and Risks of
Standardized Options, also known as the options disclosure document (ODD)
available at: http://www.theocc.com/about/publications/character-risks.jsp.

Exchange Traded Fund (“ETF”) Disclosure: Each U.S. registered ETF has filed a
registration statement (including a prospectus) with the U.S. Securities and
Exchange Commission. Each non-U.S. ETF will have its own offering documents as
required by applicable law. No offer or sale of the ETFs described may be made
except pursuant to the prospectus or offering documents, as applicable. The
ETF’s prospectus and/or offering documents are available through the ETF
issuer’s website; you should read these carefully before deciding to invest.

All market prices, data and other information (including that which may be
derived from third party sources believed to be reliable) are not warranted as
to completeness or accuracy, and are subject to change without notice. BNY
disclaims any responsibility or liability to the fullest extent permitted by
applicable law, whether in contract, tort (including, without limitation,
negligence), equity or otherwise, for any loss or damage arising from any
reliance on or the use of this material in any way. The contents may not be
comprehensive or up to date and there is no undertaking as to the accuracy,
timeliness, completeness or fitness for a particular purpose of information
given. BNY does not undertake any obligation to update such information.

BNY is not responsible for any third party website or website content
(including, without limitation, any advertising appearing therein) which can be
accessed through the website at www.bny.com. BNY may include links to other
websites for information purposes only and makes no representation whatsoever
about any such link, website or consent.

BNY may have positions, effect transactions or make markets in securities or
financial instruments mentioned in materials provided, or in related
instruments, or may otherwise provide advice to legal entities referenced in any
commentary. BNY Sales and Trading personnel who prepare this material may be
compensated based on trading activity. This material should not be relied upon
as either objective or independent from the interests of BNY , or from its
associated affiliates and personnel.

Securities, financial instruments or strategies referenced in materials may not
be available in all jurisdictions or to all clients. Clients should contact
their salespersons at, and execute transactions through, a BNY entity
appropriately licensed in the client’s respective jurisdiction unless governing
law permits otherwise. This material is provided on a confidential basis and may
not be reproduced, redistributed or disseminated, in whole or in part, without
the prior consent of BNY. This commentary may not be used for the purpose of
providing any services or making any offers or solicitations in any jurisdiction
or in any circumstances in which such products, services, offers or
solicitations are unlawful or not authorized, or where there would be, by virtue
of such distribution, new or additional registration requirements. Trademarks,
product names, company names, logos and other intellectual property marks belong
to their respective owners.

The Bank of New York Mellon operates in the UK through its London branch (UK
companies house numbers FC005522 and BR000818) at 160 Queen Victoria Street,
London, EC4V 4LA and is subject to regulation by the Financial Conduct Authority
at 12 Endeavour Square, London, E20 1JN and limited regulation by the Prudential
Regulation Authority (“PRA”) at Bank of England, Threadneedle St, London, EC2R
8AH. Details about the extent of our regulation by the PRA are available from us
on request.

The Bank of New York Mellon SA/NV operates in Ireland through its Dublin branch
at Riverside II, Sir John Rogerson's Quay Grand Canal Dock, Dublin 2, D02KV60,
Ireland and is registered with the Companies Registration Office in Ireland No.
907126 & with VAT No. IE 9578054E. The Bank of New York Mellon SA/NV, Dublin
Branch is subject to limited additional regulation by the Central Bank of
Ireland at New Wapping Street, North Wall Quay, Dublin 1, D01 F7X3, Ireland for
conduct of business rules and registered with the Companies Registration Office
in Ireland No. 907126 & with VAT No. IE 9578054E.

Regulatory information in relation to the above BNY entities operating out of
Europe can be accessed at the following website:
https://www.bny.com/corporate/emea/en/regulatory-information.html.

For clients located in Switzerland

Please be informed that The Bank of New York Mellon and The Bank of New York
Mellon SA/NV are entering into the OTC derivative transactions as a
counterparty, i.e. acting for their own account or for the account of one of
their affiliates. As a result, where you enter into any OTC derivative
transactions with us, you will not be considered a "client" (within the meaning
of the FinSA) and you will not benefit from the protections otherwise afforded
to clients under FinSA. Accordingly, this should not be considered an
advertisement pursuant to or within the meaning of FinSA and its implementing
ordinance.

For recipients of this information located in Singapore: This material has not
been reviewed by the Monetary Authority of Singapore.

Disclosures in relation to certain other BNY group entities can be accessed at
the following website:
https://www.bny.com/corporate/emea/en/disclaimers/eu-disclosures.html

The Bank of New York Mellon, member of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
(“FDIC”).

BNY MARKETS

iFlow 2.0 Website Disclaimer

The content on this website has been prepared by members of the sales and/or
trading department of The Bank of New York Mellon. The content on this website
does not constitute a research report and is not produced or distributed by any
strategy department, by any research department or any registered research
analysts. Any opinions expressed in the commentary on this website are solely
those of the author, who is a member of either a BNY FX Sales or Trading desk,
and may differ from opinions expressed by BNY’s strategy department or any
research department/registered research analysts. The material contained on this
website is not investment research or a research recommendation (as referred to
in CFTC regulation 17 CEA Part 23.605, Art. 36(1) of the MiFID II Delegated
Regulation (EU) 2017/565 and the Financial Conduct Authority Handbook), and has
not been prepared in accordance with legal requirements to promote the
independence of research, including but not limited to, the prohibition on
dealing ahead of dissemination of investment research. Commentary contained on
this website is not a recommendation with respect to, or solicitation or offer
to buy or sell, any products or services, including but not limited to BNY
stock, or to participate in any particular trading strategy, including in any
jurisdiction where such an offer, solicitation or trading strategy may be
contrary to permitted activity in such jurisdiction, and should not be construed
as such. The content on this website is marketing material, desk strategy
and/or trader commentary for sophisticated investors and market professionals,
and any information or statements contained herein are for general information
and reference purposes only, and not intended for retail customer use.

The material provided on this website is provided for information purposes only
and does not bind BNY in any way. It is not intended as a recommendation (except
to the extent it is an “investment recommendation” under MAR (as defined below))
or an offer or solicitation (except to the extent otherwise covered by U.S.
Commodity Futures Trading Commission rules) for the purchase or sale of any
security or financial instrument, or to enter into a transaction involving any
financial instrument or trading strategy, or as a formal valuation of any
transaction mentioned herein. Any pricing information provided is indicative
only. BNY is not an advisor. Nothing on this website should be construed as
investment, tax, legal, accounting, financial, regulatory or other professional
advice (including within the meaning of Section 15B of the Securities Exchange
Act of 1934) or as creating a fiduciary relationship.

MAR Disclosure: The material contained on this website is not, and is not
intended to be, an “investment recommendation” as that term is defined in
Article 3(1)(35) of the EU Market Abuse Regulation (“MAR”).

Research Disclosure: The material contained on this website is not, and is not
intended to be, a “research report”, “investment research” or “independent
research” as may be defined in applicable laws and regulations worldwide.
However, it may constitute “research” as defined in Recital 28 of the Commission
Delegated Directive (EU) 2017/593.

Derivatives Disclosure: Where distribution of material contained on this website
is subject to the rules of the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission (the
“CFTC”), it shall be considered a “solicitation” of derivatives business
generally, as such term is used within CFTC Rule 1.71 and 23.605, pursuant to
the U.S. Commodity Exchange Act.

BNY is not responsible for any third party website or website content
(including, without limitation, any advertising appearing therein) which can be
accessed through the website at www.bny,com. BNY may include links to other
websites for information purposes only and makes no representation whatsoever
about any such link, website or consent.

BNY may have positions, effect transactions or make markets in securities or
financial instruments mentioned in materials provided, or in related
instruments, or may otherwise provide advice to legal entities referenced in any
commentary. BNY Sales and Trading personnel who prepare the material contained
on this website may be compensated based on trading activity. The material
contained on this website should not be relied upon as either objective or
independent from the interests of BNY, or from its associated affiliates and
personnel.

Securities, financial instruments or strategies referenced in material contained
on this website may not be available in all jurisdictions or to all clients.
Clients should contact their salespersons at, and execute transactions through,
a BNY entity appropriately licensed in the client’s respective jurisdiction
unless governing law permits otherwise. The material contained on this website
is provided on a confidential basis and may not be reproduced, redistributed or
disseminated, in whole or in part, without the prior consent of BNY. The
commentary contained on this website may not be used for the purpose of
providing any services or making any offers or solicitations in any jurisdiction
or in any circumstances in which such products, services, offers or
solicitations are unlawful or not authorized, or where there would be, by virtue
of such distribution, new or additional registration requirements. Trademarks,
product names, company names, logos and other intellectual property marks belong
to their respective owners.

The Bank of New York Mellon operates in the UK through its London branch (UK
companies house numbers FC005522 and BR000818) at 160 Queen Victoria Street,
London, EC4V 4LA and is subject to regulation by the Financial Conduct Authority
at 12 Endeavour Square, London, E20 1JN and limited regulation by the Prudential
Regulation Authority (“PRA”) at Bank of England, Threadneedle St, London, EC2R
8AH. Details about the extent of our regulation by the PRA are available from us
on request.

The Bank of New York Mellon SA/NV operates in Ireland through its Dublin branch
at Riverside II, Sir John Rogerson's Quay Grand Canal Dock, Dublin 2, D02KV60,
Ireland and is registered with the Companies Registration Office in Ireland No.
907126 & with VAT No. IE 9578054E. The Bank of New York Mellon SA/NV, Dublin
Branch is subject to limited additional regulation by the Central Bank of
Ireland at New Wapping Street, North Wall Quay, Dublin 1, D01 F7X3, Ireland for
conduct of business rules and registered with the Companies Registration Office
in Ireland No. 907126 & with VAT No. IE 9578054E.

Regulatory information in relation to the above BNY entities operating out of
Europe can be accessed at the following
website: https://www.bny.com/corporate/emea/en/regulatory-information.html.

For clients located in Switzerland

For recipients of this information located in Singapore: This material has not
been reviewed by the Monetary Authority of Singapore.

Disclosures in relation to certain other BNY Mellon group entities can be
accessed at the following
website: https://www.bny.com/corporate/emea/en/disclaimers/eu-disclosures.html.

The Bank of New York Mellon, member of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
(“FDIC”).

PERSHING

Pershing Disclaimer

Pershing LLC, member FINRA, NYSE, SIPC, is a subsidiary of The Bank of New York
Mellon Corporation (BNY). Pershing Advisor Solutions LLC, member FINRA, SIPC,
and BNY Mellon, N.A., member FDIC, are affiliates of Pershing LLC. Pershing
businesses also include its affiliate Pershing X, Inc., a technology provider.
For professional use only. Not intended for use by the general public.
Trademark(s) belong to their respective owners. For all disclosures,
visit https://www.bny.com/pershing/us/en/disclosures.html.

TREASURY SERVICES

bny.com

BNY is the corporate brand of The Bank of New York Mellon Corporation and may be
used to reference the corporation as a whole and/or its various subsidiaries
generally. This material and any products and services may be issued or provided
under various brand names in various countries by duly authorised and regulated
subsidiaries, affiliates, and joint ventures of BNY, which may include any of
the following. The Bank of New York Mellon, at 240 Greenwich Street, New York,
NY 10286, USA a banking corporation organised pursuant to the laws of the State
of New York, and operating in England through its branch at 160 Queen Victoria
Street, London, EC4V 4LA, UK, registered in England and Wales with numbers
FC005522 and BR000818. The Bank of New York Mellon is supervised and regulated
by the New York State Department of Financial Services and the US Federal
Reserve and authorised by the Prudential Regulation Authority. The Bank of New
York Mellon, London Branch is subject to regulation by the Financial Conduct
Authority and limited regulation by the Prudential Regulation Authority. Details
about the extent of our regulation by the Prudential Regulation Authority are
available from us on request. The Bank of New York Mellon SA/NV, a Belgian
public limited liability company, with company number 0806.743.159, whose
registered office is at 46 Rue Montoyerstraat, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium,
authorised and regulated as a significant credit institution by the European
Central Bank (ECB), under the prudential supervision of the National Bank of
Belgium (NBB) and under the supervision of the Belgian Financial Services and
Markets Authority (FSMA) for conduct of business rules, and a subsidiary of The
Bank of New York Mellon. The Bank of New York Mellon SA/NV operates in England
through its branch at 160 Queen Victoria Street, London EC4V 4LA, UK, registered
in England and Wales with numbers FC029379 and BR014361. The Bank of New York
Mellon SA/NV (London Branch) is authorised by the ECB and subject to limited
regulation by the Financial Conduct Authority and the Prudential Regulation
Authority. Details about the extent of our regulation by the Financial Conduct
Authority and Prudential Regulation Authority are available from us on request.
The Bank of New York Mellon SA/NV operating in Ireland through its branch at 4th
Floor Hanover Building, Windmill Lane, Dublin 2, Ireland trading as The Bank of
New York Mellon SA/NV, Dublin Branch, is authorised by the ECB and is registered
with the Companies Registration Office in Ireland No. 907126 & with VAT No. IE
9578054E. The Bank of New York Mellon, Singapore Branch, subject to regulation
by the Monetary Authority of Singapore. The Bank of New York Mellon, Hong Kong
Branch, subject to regulation by the Hong Kong Monetary Authority and the
Securities & Futures Commission of Hong Kong. If this material is distributed in
Japan, it is distributed by The Bank of New York Mellon Securities Company Japan
Ltd, as intermediary for The Bank of New York Mellon. If this material is
distributed in, or from, the Dubai International Financial Centre (“DIFC”), it
is communicated by The Bank of New York Mellon, DIFC Branch, regulated by the
DFSA and located at DIFC, The Exchange Building 5 North, Level 6, Room 601, P.O.
Box 506723, Dubai, UAE, on behalf of The Bank of New York Mellon, which is a
wholly-owned subsidiary of The Bank of New York Mellon Corporation. This
presentation, which may be considered advertising, is for general information
and reference purposes only and is not intended to provide legal, tax,
accounting, investment, financial or other professional advice on any matter,
and is not to be used as such. BNY does not warrant or guarantee the accuracy
or completeness of, nor undertake to update or amend the information or data
contained herein. We expressly disclaim any liability whatsoever for any loss
howsoever arising from or in reliance upon any of this information or data. This
material is intended for Professional Clients and market counterparties only and
no other person should act upon it. The information contained in this
presentation is for use by wholesale clients only and is not to be relied upon
by retail clients. Not all products and services are offered in all countries.

This material does not constitute an offer to sell or the solicitation of an
offer to buy any products or services in the People’s Republic of China (PRC) to
any person to whom it is unlawful to make the offer or solicitation in the PRC.
BNY does not represent that this material may be lawfully distributed, or that
any products may be lawfully offered, in compliance with any applicable
registration or other requirements in the PRC, or pursuant to an exemption
available thereunder, or assume any responsibility for facilitating any such
distribution or offering. In particular, no action has been taken by the issuer
which would permit a public offering of any products or distribution of this
material in the PRC. Accordingly, the products are not being offered or sold
within the PRC by means of this material or any other document. Neither this
material nor any advertisement or other offering material may be distributed or
published in the PRC, except under circumstances that will result in compliance
with any applicable laws and regulations. Products may be offered or sold to PRC
investors outside the territory of the PRC provided that such PRC investors are
authorized to buy and sell the products in the offshore market. Potential PRC
investors are responsible for obtaining all relevant approvals from the PRC
government authorities, including but not limited to the State Administration of
Foreign Exchange, and compliance with all applicable laws and regulations,
including but not limited to those of the PRC, before purchasing the products.

Trademarks and logos belong to their respective owners.

WEALTH MANAGEMENT

BNY Wealth Disclaimer

Investment products (other than deposit products) referenced here (including
money market funds) are not insured by the FDIC (or any other state or federal
agency), are not deposits of or guaranteed by BNY or any bank or non-bank
subsidiary thereof, and are subject to investment risk, including the loss of
principal amount invested.

Consumer credit services, which are subject to application and credit approval,
and banking services are provided by BNY Mellon, N.A., member FDIC. Commercial
credit services, which are subject to application and credit approval, may be
provided by The Bank of New York Mellon or BNY Mellon, N.A. Mortgage services
are subject to credit approval and are provided by BNY Mellon, BNY Mellon
Brokerage Services are provided by BNY Mellon Wealth Advisors who are registered
representatives of BNY Mellon Securities Corporation (BNYMSC). BNYMSC is a
dually registered investment adviser/broker-dealer and member FINRA and SIPC and
an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of BNY Mellon. BNY is an equal housing
lender.

SIPC protects securities in customer accounts of its members up to $500,000 in
securities (including $250,000 for claims for cash). Explanatory brochure
available upon request or at www.sipc.org. SIPC does not protect against loss
due to market fluctuation. SIPC protection is not the same as, and should not be
confused with, FDIC insurance.

WEALTH MANAGEMENT

Investment Management Disclaimer

WEALTH MANAGEMENT

Investment Servicing and Information Management Disclaimer

WEALTH MANAGEMENT

Wealth Management Online Banking

Electronic Account Documents - Agreement and Disclosure

With Online Banking, BNY Mellon, National Association (“BNY”) allows you the
convenience of deciding how you would like to receive your account1 related
documents.

By enrolling to receive your account related documents online through Online
Banking you will have access to an electronic copy that mirrors what has
traditionally been sent via U.S. mail. For example, if you currently receive
images of your checks in your monthly statement those same check images will be
available to you online.

For your convenience, we offer two choices regarding delivery of your account
related documents:

Online - If you select this option we will deliver your account related
documents to you electronically and securely through Online Banking. Simply log
in and the account related documents that you elect to receive online will be
available for you to view, print, or save. With this option you will no longer
receive paper copies of account related documents in the mail.

Important Note For Clients with Duplicate Statements - If you currently have
duplicate paper account related documents, by selecting the Online-only option
for electronic delivery, you will suppress paper copies of account related
documents completely. As a result, duplicate account related documents will no
longer be mailed. It is possible to request online access to account related
documents for others, if needed, by contacting the BNY Phone Center at
1-800-830-0549.

Paper - If you select this option we will continue to mail you paper copies of
account related documents. Note that if you select this option you will not have
access to view your account related documents via Online Banking.

If you opt to receive electronic copies of your account related documents, after
you enroll in this service you will receive a monthly email telling you when
your account related documents are available for viewing/printing.

For your convenience, the message indicating that your account related documents
are available for viewing/printing will be sent to you via the Online Banking
Message Center as well as to the external email address you specify in Online
Banking. Please note that for security reasons, at no time will we send you
electronic account related documents via email. The only email we send is the
reminder email that an account related document is available for viewing.

If you have selected "Online" delivery for your account related documents, once
enrolled, you will be able to view any documents we have stored for you in our
archive as well as any subsequent statements for eligible accounts.

In some cases, such as with new accounts, you will be able to view your account
related documents online beginning with your next statement.

You can log into Online Banking at any time to change the delivery option of
your account related documents. If you change your delivery option to "Paper"
only, you will no longer have access to your account related documents online.

Hardware and Software Required to Use Service - To electronically access and
retain your documents, you will need to have access to a computer with the
latest version of Internet Explorer, Safari, Chrome or Firefox installed.

In addition, your computer must have Internet connectivity and you must maintain
a working email account that enables you to receive, view and print or store
email messages. In order to retain the documents provided to you electronically,
your personal computer will also need to have the capability to save and store
the documents.

Account related documents will be published in Portable Document Format (PDF).
You may download and save the PDFs to your personal computer. To view the
documents, you will need Adobe Acrobat Reader software. Adobe Acrobat Reader
software is available online at http://www.adobe.com.

Acknowledgment - In considering whether to enroll to receive your account
related documents online through Online Banking, you hereby acknowledge and
agree with BNY as follows:

1. You have read the Electronic Account Documents - Agreement and Disclosure
above in connection with the online delivery service and you have had an
opportunity to ask any questions relating to it.
2. You have an account with an internet service provider, you have the hardware
and software described above under “Hardware and Software Required to Use
Service,” and you are able to receive email with hyperlinks to websites and
to open, review, save and print documents in PDF format.
3. By completing this consent process and clicking “ACCEPT,” you represent and
effectively demonstrate that you can access electronic documents through
Online Banking.
4. By selecting electronic delivery through Online Banking for new documents
and/or new accounts, you reaffirm acceptance of the Electronic Account
Documents - Agreement and Disclosure. Such terms and conditions are subject
to change without notice.
5. By clicking “Accept,” you hereby elect enroll in electronic delivery through
Online Banking.
6. By clicking “Decline,” you hereby decline to subscribe to electronic
delivery through Online Banking.

1. Accounts for which online delivery is available are subject to change solely
at the discretion of BNY. To identify accounts for which online delivery is
available, please refer to Online Banking, which will list all of your accounts
that are eligible for online delivery of account related documents.

WEALTH MANAGEMENT

Private Banking Disclaimer

Investment products referenced here (including money market funds) are not
insured by the FDIC (or any other state or federal agency), are not deposits of
or guaranteed by BNY or any bank or non-bank subsidiary thereof, and are subject
to investment risk, including the loss of principal amount invested.

Consumer credit services, which are subject to application and credit approval,
and banking services are provided by BNY Mellon, N.A., member FDIC. Commercial
credit services, which are subject to application and credit approval, may be
provided by The Bank of New York Mellon or BNY Mellon, N.A. Mortgage services
are subject to credit approval and are provided by BNY Mellon, BNY Mellon
Brokerage Services are provided by BNY Mellon Wealth Management Direct, a
division of BNY Mellon Securities Corporation ("BNYMSC"). BNYMSC is a dually
registered investment adviser/broker-dealer and member FINRA and SIPC and an
indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of BNY Mellon. BNY is an equal housing lender.

WEALTH MANAGEMENT

Wealth and Estate Planning Disclaimer

NON-BUSINESS / GENERAL DISCLAIMERS

BNY

BNY General Disclaimer

BNY is the corporate brand of The Bank of New York Mellon Corporation and may
also be used to reference the Corporation as a whole or its various
subsidiaries. Products and services may be provided under various brand names,
including BNY Asset Servicing and BNY Investments . BNY Asset Servicing is the
brand name encompassing BNY’s affiliated companies that provide the services
referenced in this brochure. BNY Investments is the brand name encompassing
BNY's affiliated investment management firms and global distribution companies.
Products and services may be provided by various subsidiaries, affiliates, joint
ventures and in some instances by third party providers of The Bank of New York
Mellon Corporation where authorized and regulated as required within each
jurisdiction, and may include The Bank of New York Mellon, One Wall Street, New
York, New York 10286, a banking corporation organized and existing pursuant to
the laws of the State of New York and operating in England through its branch at
160 Queen Victoria Street, London, EC4V 4LA, England. Registered in England and
Wales with FC005522 and BR000818. The Bank of New York Mellon is supervised and
regulated by the New York State Department of Financial Services and the Federal
Reserve and authorized by the Prudential Regulation Authority. The Bank of New
York Mellon London branch is subject to regulation by the Financial Conduct
Authority and limited regulation by the Prudential Regulation Authority. Details
about the extent of our regulation by the Prudential Regulation Authority are
available from us on request. Not all products and services are offered at all
locations.

EUROPEAN EMAIL DISCLAIMER

The information contained in this email, and any attachment, is confidential and
is intended solely for the use of the intended recipient. Access, copying or
re-use of the email or any attachment, or any information contained therein, by
any other person is not authorized. If you are not the intended recipient please
return the email to the sender and delete it from your computer. Although we
attempt to sweep email and attachments for viruses, we do not guarantee that
either are virus-free and accept no liability for any damage sustained as a
result of viruses.

Please refer to
https://www.bny.com/corporate/global/en/disclaimers/eu-disclosures.html for
certain disclosures relating to European legal entities.

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BNY is the corporate brand of The Bank of New York Mellon Corporation and may be
used to reference the corporation as a whole and/or its various subsidiaries
generally. ©2024 The Bank of New York Mellon.

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