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Войти Скрытые поля КНИГИ Добавить в библиотеку Стр. 217 1. Моя библиотека 2. Справка 3. Расширенный поиск книг 4. Скачать PDF 5. Обычный текст ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ: * Компьютер * Планшет или iPad * Устройство для чтения эл. книг * Смартфон ВОЗМОЖНОСТИ: * Адаптированный формат * Исходный формат Подробнее об устройствах и форматах Загрузить PDF - ознакомиться с инструкциями по устройству чтения Подробнее о книгах в Google Play... Стр. 2 OECD. ABOUT THE OECD The OECD is a unique forum where governments work together to address the economic, social and environmental challenges of globalisation. The OECD is also at the forefront of efforts to understand and to help ... Стр. 5 OECD. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report is part of a series of country projects within the OECD programme of work on “Building effective national and local skills strategies”. The OECD is grateful to the Spanish inter-ministerial project team ... Стр. 11 OECD. NEXT STEPS ................................................................................................ Стр. 12 OECD. Figure 25. Figure 24. Wage premium relative to upper secondary education in Spain, Employment rates at different levels of study in Spain, 2006-14 .................................................... 2006-13.............. Стр. 16 OECD. The OECD Skills Strategy : defining the concept of " skills " The OECD Skills Strategy defines skills ( or competences ) as the bundle of knowledge , attributes and capacities that can be learned and that enable individuals to ... Стр. 18 OECD. Pillar 1: Developing relevant skills 1. Improving the skills of students in compulsory education. Spanish youth need strong skills for success in ... OECD SKILLS STRATEGY DIAGNOSTIC REPORT: SPAIN OECD © 2015 18 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY. Стр. 19 OECD. Spain are employed on temporary contracts, a share only exceeded by Chile and Poland among OECD countries. Youth and low skilled adults are particularly at risk of being hired on temporary contracts. High rates of unemployment, low ... Стр. 23 OECD. INTRODUCTION Skills have become the key drivers of individual wellbeing and economic success in the 21st century. Without proper investment in skills, people languish on the margins of society, technological progress does not ... Стр. 24 ... OECD United Kingdom C. Percentage difference in employment rate and hours worked compared with the upper half of OECD 60 countries5 Hours worked Employment rate □ Working age population A Total Japan EU ( 4 ) OECD United Kingdom B ... Стр. 25 OECD. Better skills, effective labour market policies and stronger incentives to work and hire can boost labour utilisation Spain has returned to growth but employment remains very low and unemployment very high. The employment rate fell ... Стр. 26 OECD. 20 30 40 Iceland 50 Switzerland 60 New Zealand 70 Norway % 80 Korea Canada Sweden Australia Denmark Netherlands United Kingdom % 30 25 □ Current value ( Q2 2014 ) Japan Austria Figure 2. The jobs recovery remains incomplete A ... Стр. 27 ... OECD ( 2014 ) , " Historical Population Data and Projections ( 1950-2050 ) " , Demography and Population , in OECD , OECD.Stat , ( database ) , http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/data-00285-en . Improving the quality and relevance of skills ... Стр. 32 OECD. increase collaboration and improve the co-ordination of skills policies across ministries and levels of government. Skills financing arrangements could also be reformed to increase incentives to invest in skills while at the same ... Стр. 34 OECD. Mobilising comparative data and international experience Working in close partnership with the national project team , the OECD has mobilised its resources to support analysis of Spain's skills challenges and opportunities . These ... Стр. 35 OECD. information was captured through group discussion and bilateral meetings with the OECD (Figure 10). While many of these skills challenges are long standing and well known to all participants, the exercise also generated new ... Стр. 40 OECD. REFERENCES Autor, D. H. and D. Dorn (2013), “The Growth of low-skill service jobs and the polarization of the US labor market”, American Economic ... OECD SKILLS STRATEGY DIAGNOSTIC REPORT: SPAIN OECD © 2015 40 INTRODUCTION Figure. Стр. 42 OECD. McGowan , A. M. and D. Andrews ( forthcoming ) , " Mismatch and labour productivity : New evidence from OECD countries ” , OECD Economics Department Working Papers , OECD Publishing , Paris . Ministerio de Economía Y Competitividad ... Стр. 45 OECD. INTRODUCTION TO DEVELOPING SKILLS Skills are critical to people's success in the economy and society. When ... OECD countries, the performance of Spanish students overall is below the OECD average. Comparatively few Spanish ... Стр. 48 OECD. % 100 80 60 40 20 0 Korea Poland Canada Sweden Slovenia Slovak Republic Czech Republic Figure 11. Upper secondary education attainment rate , 2011 25-34 55-64 Finland Switzerland United States Austria Hungary Germany Australia ... Стр. 51 OECD. 0 Finland 20 Netherlands Slovenia Spanish students are less likely to participate in VET and work - based learning As in other OECD countries , in Spain there is considerable interest in vocational education and training ( VET ) ... Стр. 54 OECD. Many students fail to develop strong foundation skills and few perform at the highest levels of proficiency , yet students in some regions perform ... OECD SKILLS STRATEGY DIAGNOSTIC REPORT : SPAIN OECD © 2015 54 DEVELOPING SKILLS. Стр. 55 OECD. regions are accounted for by socio-economic disparities. Performance differences across schools in Spain are much smaller than the OECD average, but differences within schools and across regions were larger than the OECD average (OECD ... Стр. 56 OECD. Figure 17. 0 % 25 20 15 10 5 Percentage of variance in mathematics performance explained by socio-economic background, for Spanish autonomous communities* and selected OECD countries, PISA 2012 Source: OECD (2013c). PISA 2012 ... Стр. 57 OECD. Expenditure per student ( equivalent USD converted using PPPs ) 20,000 18,000 16,000 14,000 12,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 0 Luxembourg ... OECD SKILLS STRATEGY DIAGNOSTIC REPORT : SPAIN OECD © 2015 DEVELOPING SKILLS 57. Стр. 58 OECD. schools where the principal reports that there is no induction programme, while 59% of teachers do not have access a mentoring system (TALIS ... OECD SKILLS STRATEGY DIAGNOSTIC REPORT: SPAIN OECD © 2015 58 DEVELOPING SKILLS. Стр. 61 OECD. Hanushek, E.A. & Woessmann, L. (2011), “The economics of international differences in educational achievement”, in E.A. Hanushek, S. Machin and L ... OECD SKILLS STRATEGY DIAGNOSTIC REPORT: SPAIN OECD © 2015 61 DEVELOPING SKILLS. Стр. 62 OECD. OECD ( 2013c ) . PISA 2012 Results : Excellence through Equity ( Volume II ) : Giving Every Student the Chance to Succeed , PISA , OECD Publishing , Paris , http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264201132-en . OECD ( 2013 ) , " Spain ... Стр. 63 OECD. CHALLENGE 2: ENSURING THAT TERTIARY STUDENTS DEVELOP HIGH QUALITY AND JOB-RELEVANT SKILLS A selection of challenges identified by Spanish workshop ... OECD SKILLS STRATEGY DIAGNOSTIC REPORT: SPAIN OECD © 2015 63 DEVELOPING SKILLS. Стр. 64 OECD. 100 % 80 % 60 % 40 % 20 % 0 % Norway Finland Mexico Hungary Slovak Republic % 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Korea Poland Japan Ireland France Spain ... OECD SKILLS STRATEGY DIAGNOSTIC REPORT : SPAIN OECD © 2015 64 DEVELOPING SKILLS. Стр. 65 OECD. University programmes are typically 4 years in duration and may be followed by a one - year master's programme or longer doctoral programme ... OECD SKILLS STRATEGY DIAGNOSTIC REPORT : SPAIN OECD © 2015 DEVELOPING SKILLS 65. Стр. 66 ... OECD countries , PIAAC 2012 10 0 20 30 Japan Finland The Netherlands Sweden Australia Norway UK Average Canada Germany France Korea Spain Italy Source : OECD ( 2014b ) , Education at a Glance 2014 : OECD Indicators , Table A1.6a ( L ) ... Стр. 67 OECD. Figure 23. Distribution of tertiary new entrants by field of education, selected OECD countries, 2012 % 40 30 20 10 France Germany United Kingdom OECD average Spain 0 Humanities, arts and education Health and welfare Social ... Стр. 72 OECD. Despite the high value placed on higher levels of education in the labour market , today many recent tertiary graduates are struggling in the ... OECD SKILLS STRATEGY DIAGNOSTIC REPORT : SPAIN OECD © 2015 72 DEVELOPING SKILLS. Стр. 73 OECD. of academics and students than those of other actors, such as employers, thereby preserving the status quo. Furthermore, academic staff are hired ... OECD SKILLS STRATEGY DIAGNOSTIC REPORT: SPAIN OECD © 2015 DEVELOPING SKILLS 73. Стр. 76 OECD. are obliged to offer a minimum number of degree courses in order to ensure provision of a broad range of programmes, despite the fact that 30% of degree programmes have fewer than 30 students enrolled (OECD, 2014a). The current ... Стр. 80 OECD. Ministerio de Educación , Cultura y Deporte ( MECD ) ( 2015b ) , " Decreto 43/2015 , de 2 de febrero " , Boletín Oficial del Estado , No. 29 ... OECD SKILLS STRATEGY DIAGNOSTIC REPORT : SPAIN OECD © 2015 80 DEVELOPING SKILLS. Стр. 81 OECD. OECD (2011), OECD Reviews of Regional Innovation: Basque Country, Spain 2011, OECD Reviews of Regional Innovation, OECD Publishing, Paris. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264097377-en. OECD (2009), OECD Reviews of Tertiary Education ... Стр. 84 ... OECD (2012), Survey of Adult Skills (PIAAC) (database), Source: OECD calculations based on www.oecd.org/site/piaac/surveyofadultskills.htm. The large number of low-skilled adults in Spain is due, in part, to the historical legacy of low ... Стр. 86 OECD. Figure 34. The effect of literacy proficiency on labour market participation , PIAAC 2012 Adjusted odds ratios ... OECD calculations based on OECD ( 2012 ) , Survey of Adult Skills ( PIAAC ) ( database ) , www.oecd.org/site ... Стр. 89 OECD. 0 % 15 Figure 37. Percentage of adults aged 25-64 who participated in a distance learning activity ( formal or non - formal ) , selected countries , 2012 10 5 United Kingdom Spain Greece Czech Republic Ireland Denmark Finland ... Стр. 90 OECD. Adults with low levels of skill are also less likely than their counterparts in other countries to receive employer - sponsored training . Close ... OECD SKILLS STRATEGY DIAGNOSTIC REPORT : SPAIN OECD © 2015 90 DEVELOPING SKILLS. Стр. 93 OECD. Figure 42. Percentage of apprenticeship contracts signed by workers with primary education or less 40% 30% 20% 15% 13% 12% 10% 36% 32% 32 ... OECD SKILLS STRATEGY DIAGNOSTIC REPORT: SPAIN OECD © 2015 93 DEVELOPING SKILLS Figure. Стр. 100 OECD. McDonnell , P. , L. Soricone and M. Sheen ( 2014 ) , " Promoting persistence through comprehensive student supports " , Jobs for the Future ... OECD SKILLS STRATEGY DIAGNOSTIC REPORT : SPAIN OECD © 2015 100 DEVELOPING SKILLS. Стр. 103 OECD. INTRODUCTION TO ACTIVATING SKILLS To realise the full benefits of investments in skills, the skills of working-age adults must be fully activated in the labour market. However, if the labour market does not provide sufficient ... Стр. 105 ... OECD and an employment rate that is third lowest in the OECD in 2014, many working-age adults in Spain are not realising the full benefits of investments in their skills. In the 2000s, unemployment fell and employment rose to near the ... Стр. 106 ... OECD countries, 1993-2013 Spain Employment rate Spain Unemployment rate 40 OECD countries Employment rate OECD countries Unemployment rate 30 20 10 0 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 ... Стр. 107 ... OECD countries , 2013 Portugal Netherlands Sweden France Finland Europe Japan Germany Canada Italy Switzerland Greece Hungary OECD countries Czech Republic Austria Denmark Norway Belgium Australia United Kingdom Note : Data for ... Стр. 108 OECD. (2011, 2010b) find that differences in the extent of employment protection can explain approximately 45% of the much larger rise in unemployment in Spain than in France. They observe that while both Spain and France share similar ... Стр. 109 OECD. Scale 0-6 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 Figure 45 . France Portugal Germany Netherlands Czech Republic Chile Sweden Italy Slovenia Finland Korea Norway Turkey Poland Strictness of employment protection legislation1 2013 ... Стр. 111 OECD. Increased labour market flexibility may create new challenges Less strict rules governing dismissals should create greater incentives to hire, but will also imply more frequent periods in and out of work, even during good economic ... Стр. 114 OECD. 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Figure 48. Tax revenue of main headings as a percentage of total tax revenues, 2012 Other taxes Taxes ... OECD SKILLS STRATEGY DIAGNOSTIC REPORT: SPAIN OECD © 2015 114 ACTIVATING SKILLS. Стр. 116 OECD. 0.5 0.4 Figure 50. Average Personal Income Tax ( PIT ) rate progression , 50-67 % of the average wage , 2012 0.3 Average PIT rate progression 0.2 ... OECD SKILLS STRATEGY DIAGNOSTIC REPORT : SPAIN OECD © 2015 116 ACTIVATING SKILLS. Стр. 117 OECD. 0 % 30 25 20 15 10 5 Greece Figure 51 . The size of the shadow economy in 21 OECD countries as a % of official GDP , 2007 Italy Spain Portugal Belgium Sweden Norway Denmark Germany Finland OECD average Ireland Canada France ... Стр. 119 OECD. REFERENCES Athreya, K., D. Reilly and N. Simpson (2014), “Single mothers and the earned income tax credit: Insurance without ... OECD SKILLS STRATEGY DIAGNOSTIC REPORT: SPAIN OECD © 2015 119 ACTIVATING SKILLS REFERENCES. Стр. 120 OECD. OECD ( 2015b ) , OECD Labour Force Statistics ( OECD.Stat database ) , OECD Publishing , Paris , http://stats.oecd.org . OECD ( 2014a ) , OECD Economic Surveys : Spain 2014 , OECD Publishing , Paris , http://dx.doi.org/10.1787 ... Стр. 122 OECD. 0 15 10 5 % 30 25 Figure 52 . Unemployment rate Percentage of the labour force □ Current value Start of the crisis ( Q2 2014 ) ( Q4 2007 ) ... OECD SKILLS STRATEGY DIAGNOSTIC REPORT : SPAIN OECD © 2015 122 ACTIVATING SKILLS. Стр. 126 OECD. monitoring is not systematically conducted. Furthermore, while job seekers are required to accept an “adequate” offer, what constitutes an “adequate” job offer is not clearly defined, making enforcement difficult. Spain ranks among ... Стр. 127 OECD. The capacity of the public employment service has been strained by the large increase in unemployment Large caseloads make it difficult for ... OECD SKILLS STRATEGY DIAGNOSTIC REPORT: SPAIN OECD © 2015 127 ACTIVATING SKILLS 207. Стр. 130 ... OECD countries , the unemployment rate for low - skilled adults ( those who scored lower than level 2 on the Survey of Adult Skills in literacy ) is higher than for those with higher levels of skills . Across the OECD , low - skilled ... Стр. 131 OECD. Figure 56. Unemployment rates by educational attainment in Spain and the OECD, 2007 and 20121 Persons aged 25-64, as a percentage of the labour force in each gender Below upper secondary Upper secondary or post-secondary non ... Стр. 133 OECD. Funding for labour market programmes is low given the large number of unemployed Labour market programmes for the unemployed and those who are out of the labour force can be passive or active. Passive labour market programmes ... Стр. 137 OECD. Jefatura del Estado ( 2013 ) , " Real Decreto - ley 4/2013 , de 22 de febrero " , Boletín Oficial del Estado , No. 47 , Sábado 23 de febrero de 2013 , www.boe.es/boe ... OECD SKILLS STRATEGY DIAGNOSTIC REPORT: SPAIN OECD © 2015. Стр. 138 OECD. OECD (2012a), Activating Jobseekers: How Australia Does It, OECD Publishing, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264185920-en. OECD (2012b), Survey of Adult Skills (PIAAC) (database), www.oecd.org/site/piaac/surveyofadultskills.htm. Стр. 142 OECD. Figure 63 . Unemployment rates of youth ( 15-24 ) Figure 64 . per level of education over time % Below upper ... OECD ( 2012 ) , “ Unemployment is particularly high among low skilled youth ” , in OECD , OECD Economic Surveys ... Стр. 143 OECD. % 80 Literacy and field of study Field of study and qualification 70 Literacy , qualification and field of study Qualification only As a ... OECD SKILLS STRATEGY DIAGNOSTIC REPORT : SPAIN OECD © 2015 ACTIVATING SKILLS 143. Стр. 149 OECD. REFERENCES Amuedo-Dorantes, C. (2000), “Work transitions into and out of involuntary temporary employment in a segmented market: Evidence from ... OECD SKILLS STRATEGY DIAGNOSTIC REPORT: SPAIN OECD © 2015 149 ACTIVATING SKILLS. Стр. 150 OECD. European Commission ( EC ) ( 2011 ) , " Youth guarantees : PES approaches and measures for low skilled young people " , 10 May 2011 , http://ec.europa.eu/social/main ... OECD SKILLS STRATEGY DIAGNOSTIC REPORT: SPAIN OECD © 2015. Стр. 151 OECD. OECD ( 2012 ) , Survey of Adults Skills ( PIAAC ) ( database ) , www.oecd.org/site/piaac/surveyofadultskills.htm . Prause J. and D. Dooley ( 1997 ) , " Effect of underemployment on school - leaver's self - esteem " , Journal of ... Стр. 158 OECD. ( log ) Labour productivity 4.6 4.4 4.2 Figure 68. Labour productivity and the use of reading skills at work adjusted for literacy and numeracy ... OECD SKILLS STRATEGY DIAGNOSTIC REPORT : SPAIN OECD © 2015 158 USING SKILLS. Стр. 163 OECD. Youth in Spain are less likely to use computers in the workplace . Figure 71 shows that young employees are less likely to use computers at work than ... OECD SKILLS STRATEGY DIAGNOSTIC REPORT : SPAIN OECD © 2015 USING SKILLS 163. Стр. 164 OECD. 0 % 20 15 10 5 Austria Spain Figure 72. Percentage of over- and under - skilled workers , PIAAC 2012 Over - skilled Under - skilled Czech Republic ... OECD SKILLS STRATEGY DIAGNOSTIC REPORT : SPAIN OECD © 2015 164 USING SKILLS. Стр. 166 ... OECD ( 2013 ) , “ Organisational change and new technologies ” , in OECD , OECD Skills Outlook 2013 : First Results from the Survey of Adult Skills , http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888932900346 . High performance workplaces are a form of ... Стр. 168 OECD. A number of factors limit the use of skills and adoption of high performance workplace practices A number of characteristics of the Spanish skills ... OECD SKILLS STRATEGY DIAGNOSTIC REPORT : SPAIN OECD © 2015 168 USING SKILLS. Стр. 169 OECD. Box 24. Spotlight on Spain: Innovative Business Groups Program (IBGP) Established in 2006 by the Ministry of Industry, Energy and Tourism, the ... OECD SKILLS STRATEGY DIAGNOSTIC REPORT: SPAIN OECD © 2015 169 USING SKILLS. Стр. 173 OECD. REFERENCES Autor , D.H. ( 2001 ) , " Why do temporary help firms provide free general skills training ? " , The ... OECD countries ” , OECD Economics Department Working Papers , OECD Publishing , Paris . Ministerio de Empleo y ... Стр. 174 OECD. OECD (2015b), OECD Skills Outlook 2015: Youth, Skills and Employability, OECD Publishing, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264234178-en. OECD (2014a), Job Creation and Local Economic Development, OECD Publishing, Paris. http ... Стр. 177 OECD. Figure 78 . % Brand equity , firm - specific human capital , organisational capital Software and databases As a ... OECD ( 2013f ) , “ Investment in physical and knowledge - based capital , 2010 ” , in OECD , Science ... Стр. 178 OECD. Higher education spending on R & D also lags behind key competitors Higher education spending on research and development ( R & D ) in Spain is ... OECD SKILLS STRATEGY DIAGNOSTIC REPORT : SPAIN OECD © 2015 178 USING SKILLS. Стр. 179 OECD. 40 60 80 0 1 Figure 81 . Graduation rates at doctorate level , 2000 and 2011 As a percentage of population in the reference age cohort % 43 47 45 51 45 46 45 42 50 46 49 49 51 44 53 46 47 43 43 43 32 51 57 53 52 44 47 30 38 44 47 ... Стр. 181 OECD. 15 % 10 5 20 4 260 Figure 84. The quantity and quality of scientific production , 2003-11 Number of documents and percentage of world's top - cited ... OECD SKILLS STRATEGY DIAGNOSTIC REPORT : SPAIN OECD © 2015 USING SKILLS 181. Стр. 182 OECD. Box 26. Programmes to support knowledge transfer and commercialisation of public research The Linkage Scheme in Australia (ARC) aims to enable public and private sector organisations to develop and undertake research projects ... Стр. 186 OECD. 0 1 2 4 3 Figure 89. Barriers to Entrepreneurship ( 0 to 6 , from least to most restrictive ) 6 barriers to entrepreneurship 2013 barriers in services ... OECD SKILLS STRATEGY DIAGNOSTIC REPORT : SPAIN OECD © 2015 186 USING SKILLS. Стр. 189 OECD. REFERENCES Criscuolo , C. , P.N. Gal and C. Menon ( 2014 ) , " The dynamics of employment growth : New evidence from 18 countries " , OECD Science , Technology and Industry Policy Papers , No. 14 , OECD Publishing , Paris , http ... Стр. 196 ... OECD ( 2014c ) , “ Skills supply and demand , Spanish regions , 2010 ” , in OECD , Job Creation and Local Economic Development , http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933139366 ; Labour force survey and regional accounts data are from the ... Стр. 205 OECD. REFERENCES CEDEFOP (2015a), “Forecasting skill demand and supply”, 2013-2025, www.cedefop.europa.eu/en/events- and-projects/projects/forecasting-skill-demand ... OECD SKILLS STRATEGY DIAGNOSTIC REPORT: SPAIN OECD © 2015 REFERENCES. Стр. 208 OECD. Across OECD countries there are a variety of examples of how this partnership can be strengthened. In Ontario, Canada, employers advise community colleges (which offer tertiary non-university programs, typically with a duration of ... Стр. 217 OECD. REFERENCES Chamber of Commerce (2015), “Conclusiones Seminario Factores de Éxito de la Formación Profesional ... OECD Reviews of Vocational Education and Training: A Learning for Jobs Review of Germany 2010, OECD Reviews of ... Стр. 220 OECD. Figure 95. General government debt and deficit in Spain compared to OECD averages , % of GDP 4 % 2 0 -2 -4 -6 -8 -10 -12 100 % 80 ... OECD SKILLS STRATEGY DIAGNOSTIC REPORT : SPAIN OECD © 2015 220 STRENGTHENING THE SKILLS SYSTEM. Стр. 221 OECD. Rate progression 0.20 Figure 96. Average Personal Income Tax ( PIT ) rate progression , 50-200 % of the average wage , 2012 0.15 ... OECD SKILLS STRATEGY DIAGNOSTIC REPORT : SPAIN OECD © 2015 STRENGTHENING THE SKILLS SYSTEM 221. Стр. 223 ... OECD countries. Many OECD countries incentivise the granting of scholarship income by making this income tax exempt. In Spain, however, only public scholarships are tax exempt. This may discourage the provision of scholarships from ... Стр. 224 ... OECD analysis (OECD, 2010) has found that the CIT rate is the most distortive tax from an economic growth perspective. As governments are tightening international tax rules to prevent artificial profit shifting and base erosion, it is ... Стр. 225 OECD. 0.0 0.1 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 % Norway Figure 98. Corporate income tax revenues , % of GDP and total taxation , 2011 Australia Korea ... OECD SKILLS STRATEGY DIAGNOSTIC REPORT : SPAIN OECD © 2015 STRENGTHENING THE SKILLS SYSTEM 225. Стр. 226 OECD. It is essential to get the framework conditions right. Creating propitious framework conditions can be a low-cost step for policy ... OECD SKILLS STRATEGY DIAGNOSTIC REPORT: SPAIN OECD © 2015 226 STRENGTHENING THE SKILLS SYSTEM. Стр. 229 OECD. REFERENCES Ministerio de Educación , Cultura y Deporte ( MECD ) ( 2014 ) , “ Datos y Cifras del sistema ... OECD ( 2015a ) , General government deficit ( indicator ) , http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/77079edb-en ( Accessed on 25 ... Стр. 230 OECD. OECD (2013d), Regions at a Glance 2013, OECD Publishing, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/reg_glance- 2013-en. OECD (2010), Tax Policy Reform and Economic Growth, OECD Tax Policy Studies, No. 20, OECD Publishing, Paris, http://dx ... Стр. 235 OECD. Box 41. Governance mechanisms to facilitate co-ordination among levels of government in Spain (continued) • • • Bilateral co ... OECD SKILLS STRATEGY DIAGNOSTIC REPORT: SPAIN OECD © 2015 235 STRENGTHENING THE SKILLS SYSTEM. Стр. 236 OECD. OECD countries have developed a wide range of mechanisms to promote collaboration among levels of governments, improve the coherence and complementarities among their measures, exchange information and knowledge, reduce ... Стр. 240 OECD. REFERENCES Charbit, C. and M. Michalun (2009), "Mind the Gaps: Managing Mutual Dependence in Relations among Levels of Government", OECD Working Papers on Public Governance, No. 14, OECD Publishing, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787 ... Стр. 241 OECD. OECD (2013), Rural-Urban Partnerships: An Integrated Approach to Economic Development, OECD Publishing, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264204812-en. OECD (2011), Water Governance in OECD Countries: A Multi-level Approach, OECD ... Стр. 252 OECD. OECD Skills Strategy Diagnostic Report Spain Better skills policies help build economic resilience , boost employment and reinforce social cohesion . The OECD Skills Strategy provides countries with a framework to analyse their ... Купить эл. книгу: 0,00 $ Получить печатную версию этой книги▼ * OECD Publishing * Amazon.com * Barnes&Noble.com * Books-A-Million * IndieBound * -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * Найти в библиотеке * Все продавцы » OECD SKILLS STUDIES OECD SKILLS STRATEGY DIAGNOSTIC REPORT: SPAIN 2015 Авторы: OECD Подробнее о книге Моя библиотека Моя история Условия использования Страницы показаны с разрешения OECD Publishing. Авторские права. 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