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Human Rights Watch


WORLD COURT REVIEWS 57-YEAR ISRAELI OCCUPATION

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July 19, 2024 12:00AM EDT
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WORLD COURT REVIEWS 57-YEAR ISRAELI OCCUPATION

Judges Set to Deliver Advisory Opinion on Occupied Palestinian Territory

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The International Court of Justice in The Hague, Netherlands, August 27, 2018. ©
2018 Mike Corder/AP Photo

(The Hague) – The International Court of Justice (ICJ) is set to issue an
advisory opinion on July 19, 2024, with significant consequences for human
rights protections in Palestine under Israel’s 57-year occupation, Human Rights
Watch said today. The expected advisory opinion stems from a December 2022
request by the United Nations General Assembly to the court to consider the
legal consequences of Israel’s policies and practices in the Occupied
Palestinian Territory.

The ICJ held hearings on Israel’s occupation over six days in February. Fifty
countries and three international organizations participated in the oral
proceedings, more than in any other case since the world’s highest court began
functioning in 1946, based on Human Rights Watch analysis.

“The World Court’s opinion will be its first comprehensive assessment of the
human rights consequences for Palestinians of Israel’s occupation policies and
practices,” said Clive Baldwin, senior legal adviser at Human Rights Watch. “The
court’s recommendations could shed light on the root causes underlying the
current devastating atrocities and open the door to redress the flagrant harms
committed by Israeli authorities with impunity over the past six decades.” 

The court has a broad remit in what it can cover in its advisory opinion based
on the request from the UN General Assembly. It may address a range of issues
from Israel’s practices and policies violating international legal prohibitions
against racial discrimination, including the crime against humanity of
apartheid, to the continued application of international humanitarian law and
human rights law under occupation. 

The court may also assess the legal responsibilities of other countries and the
UN to address violations of international law arising from Israel’s occupation.
States should adopt the ICJ’s recommendations to guide their efforts to end
violations of international humanitarian and human rights law against the
Palestinians, Human Rights Watch said.

Israel, which rejects the applicability of the law of occupation to Palestine,
unlawfully purported to annex occupied East Jerusalem in 1967, and in 2023
transferred key elements of its control over the West Bank from military to
civilian authorities. It also refuses to acknowledge its responsibilities toward
Palestinian civilians as the occupying power in the Gaza Strip. However, it
remains, legally, the occupying power in Gaza and the West Bank, including East
Jerusalem, with legal duties toward the civilian population in all the Occupied
Palestinian Territory. 

The ICJ’s consideration of the legal consequences of Israel’s occupation
policies and practices began in December 2022 and so predates the October 2023
escalation of hostilities between Israel and Palestinian armed groups. On
October 7, 2023, Hamas-led Palestinian armed groups carried out an assault on
southern Israel and took 251 people hostage, committing war crimes and crimes
against humanity and have continued to launch indiscriminate rockets at
population centers. Israeli forces have unlawfully attacked residential
buildings, medical facilities, and aid workers, restricted medical evacuations,
blocked humanitarian aid, and used starvation as a weapon of war in the Gaza
Strip, which has suffered a staggering toll of over 38,600 people killed
according to the Gaza Health Ministry. Israeli authorities have detained
incommunicado and mistreated thousands of Palestinians, with persistent reports
of torture.  

In the occupied West Bank, where Israeli forces have killed over 530
Palestinians since October 7, settlers and soldiers have displaced entire
Palestinian communities, destroying every home, with the apparent backing of
higher Israeli authorities and effectively confiscating their lands. 

The World Court’s advisory opinion is expected to focus on the legal
consequences of the occupation, rather than specifically assessing the conduct
of Israeli forces and Palestinian armed groups during the recent hostilities.
However, abuses and violations by all parties since October have taken place in
the context of the occupation and the acceleration by Israeli authorities of
illegal settlement expansion, as well as the ongoing commission of the crimes
against humanity of apartheid and persecution against Palestinians. In
submissions to the court, 25 countries cited the commission of the crimes
against humanity of apartheid or persecution by Israel against Palestinians as
one key consequence of the occupation.   

The ICJ adjudicates disputes between states and issues advisory opinions on
international law. It lacks jurisdiction over the conduct of non-state armed
groups like Hamas. Although ICJ advisory opinions are nonbinding, they can carry
great moral and legal authority and can ultimately become part of customary
international law, which is legally binding on states. The last advisory opinion
by the ICJ, in 2019, addressed the deportation of the inhabitants of the Chagos
Archipelago by the United Kingdom and the decolonization of Mauritius.

The United Nations General Assembly could convene a discussion on the opinion.
By an overwhelming majority, it voted in 2004 to require Israel to abide by a
July 2004 ICJ advisory opinion finding that the route of Israel’s separation
barrier violated international law and that it should be dismantled.

The proceeding is separate from the case brought at the court by South Africa,
alleging that Israel is violating the Genocide Convention. While a ruling on the
merits of that claim will most likely take years, the ICJ has three times
ordered Israel to take certain measures, including enabling the provision of
basic services and humanitarian assistance into Gaza. Human Rights Watch
research demonstrates that Israel is continuing to flout the court’s orders,
with devastating consequences for Palestinians in Gaza. 

This ICJ proceeding is also distinct from proceedings before the International
Criminal Court (ICC), which has a mandate to assess the criminal responsibility
of individuals. On May 20, the ICC prosecutor, Karim Khan, announced that he was
seeking arrest warrants against two senior Israeli officials and three Hamas
leaders. Khan confirmed that his office is conducting an investigation since
March 2021 into atrocity crimes committed in Gaza and the West Bank, including
East Jerusalem, since 2014, and that his office has jurisdiction over crimes in
the current hostilities between Israel and Palestinian armed groups that covers
unlawful conduct by all parties. 

Given that the responsibilities of an occupying power toward the rights of the
occupied population increase over time, Human Rights Watch has also called for
Israel to provide Palestinians in the occupied territory with rights at least
equal to those it grants its own citizens, in addition to the protections of
international humanitarian law.

The ICJ is composed of 15 judges elected by the UN General Assembly and Security
Council for nine-year terms. Fifty-seven states and international
organizations had filed a written statement in the proceedings in July 2023.
Fifteen states and international organizations filed additional written comments
in October and November 2023. Israel submitted a written statement and chose not
to participate in the oral hearings.

“The participation of so many states in the hearings leading up to the ruling
demonstrates the importance of the issues before the World Court,” Baldwin said.
“The opinion could provide a useful roadmap for states seeking to protect human
rights and end years of impunity for human rights abuses in Israel and
Palestine.”  


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