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News


FOOD AID INTERVENTIONS CAN CURB CLIMATE CHANGE-INDUCED HARDSHIP. BUT SHOULD THEY
DO MORE?

By FARAI MUTSAKA and MELINA WALLING, Associated PressUpdated Nov 14, 2024 4:50
a.m.



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A villager harvests vegetables in a plot that is part of a climate-smart
agriculture program funded by the United States Agency for International
Development in Chipinge, Zimbabwe, on Thursday, Sept. 19, 2024.AU/AP


Kenias Chikamhi and his wife Chanatsi Cheku harvest corn in Chiredzi, Zimbabwe,
Wednesday, Sept. 18, 2024.AU/AP


Villagers tend to their crops in a plot that is part of a climate-smart
agriculture program funded by the United States Agency for International
Development in Chipinge, Zimbabwe, Thursday, Sept. 19, 2024.AU/AP


A villager tends to his vegetable garden that is part of a climate-smart
agriculture program funded by the United States Agency for International
Development in Chipinge, Zimbabwe, Thursday, Sept. 19, 2024.AU/AP


Chilies are harvested in a plot that is part of a climate-smart agriculture
program funded by the United States Agency for International Development in
Chipinge, Zimbabwe, Thursday, Sept. 19 2024.AU/AP


Muchaneta Mutowa, center, checks the weather while working in a plot that is
part of a climate-smart agriculture program funded by the United States Agency
for International Development in Chipinge, Zimbabwe, Thursday, Sept. 19,
2024.AU/AP


Villagers stand next to solar panels and water tanks that are part of a
climate-smart agriculture program funded by the United States Agency for
International Development in Chipinge, Zimbabwe on Thursday, Sept. 19,
2024.AU/AP


A villager tends to his vegetable garden in a plot that is part of a
climate-smart agriculture program funded by the United States Agency for
International Development in Chipinge, Zimbabwe, Thursday, Sept. 19, 2024.AU/AP


Villagers fill water buckets in a plot that is part of a climate-smart
agriculture program funded by the United States Agency for International
Development in Chipinge, Zimbabwe on Thursday, Sept. 19, 2024.AU/AP

CHIPINGE, Zimbabwe (AP) — Gertrude Siduna appears to have little appetite for
corn farming season.

0:06
/
1:19






Rather than prepare her land in Zimbabwe’s arid southeastern Chipinge district
for the crop that has fed her family for generations, the 49-year-old — bitter
at repeated droughts that have decimated yields — turns her thoughts to the
prices and farming techniques of chilies.

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“I pick my chilies from the fields and take them to the processing center close
to my home. It’s simple," she said. She's received about $400 from the
drought-resistant crop, and plans to grow some more. “Chilies are far better
than corn.”

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Siduna has been growing chilies for a year since being trained under a
climate-smart agriculture program funded by the U.S. Agency for International
Development. The program was designed to strengthen small-scale farmers'
resilience to climate change-induced droughts, many requiring food assistance
from the government or international donors. But as climate change worsens
droughts and floods worldwide, government agencies and local operators have
found that aid efforts can still be made more effective and financially
sustainable.

Experts say rich nations like the United States, which have been the biggest
contributors of planet-warming emissions historically, have a responsibility to
fund humanitarian aid in the countries that are experiencing its effects first
and most severely.

The U.S. is the world’s largest international donor of food aid, reaching over
60 million people in about 70 countries annually with direct contributions of
food or via programs to help farmers adapt to extreme weather. USAID plans to
mobilize $150 billion for climate-related initiatives, according to the agency's
climate strategy report.

In Zimbabwe, around 7.7 million people or almost half the country’s population
require food assistance, according to government and United Nations figures.
Frequent droughts are decimating people’s ability to feed themselves, a
phenomenon worsened by climate change.

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SWITCHING FROM CORN TO CHILIES AND MILLETS

Water-guzzling white corn has been the staple crop of choice for rural farmers
in Zimbabwe since its introduction to much of sub-Saharan Africa by the
Portuguese in the 17th century.

But with the threat of drought, some, like Siduna, now think it may be better to
buy the staple than grow it.

“I don’t lack corn meal, I just use my earnings from chilies to buy it from the
local shops,” she said.

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Unlike corn or other crops that she has typically grown, chilies do well in the
hotter, drier conditions. And, because they end up in stores in the United
States, they offer cash rewards.

“You have to continuously pray for the rain if you grow corn," said the mother
of three. “The crop just can’t stand heat. But chilies can. One is assured of a
harvest, and the market is readily available.”

Other crops such as millets, a cereal tolerant of poor soils, drought and harsh
growing conditions, are also gaining traction under climate resilience programs.

In Chiredzi, southeast Zimbabwe, 54-year-old Kenias Chikamhi describes growing
corn as “a gamble ... whereas with millets you have a good chance of at least
getting something.” Millet was the country’s staple before the introduction of
maize.

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But not all the corn is gone yet. Zimbabwe's agriculture ministry says it plans
to increase land under maize to 1.8 million hectares (4.4 million acres) by
using farming techniques such as digging holes into dry land and mulching to
cover the growing crops as well as by planting drought resilient varieties that
can better cope with the lack of rain.

The country harvested about 700,000 tons of corn this year, 70% down from the
season before and far short of the 2 million tons required annually for humans
and livestock.


SOLAR-POWERED IRRIGATION AS RIVERS DRY

Farming techniques are also changing.

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Another of USAID's initiatives has seen a community garden in Mutandahwe
village, where Siduna lives, irrigated by three small solar panels. The panels
pump water from a borehole into storage tanks that are connected to the garden
taps by pipes, turning the 1-hectare plot of vegetables like onions, leaf
cabbage and cow peas into an island of lush green.

Solar-powered community gardens have been spreading across the district and much
of the country’s dry areas.

“We were struggling walking long distances to fetch water from rivers, and right
now the rivers are dry," said Muchaneta Mutowa, secretary of the plot. The plot
is shared by 60 members, each growing vegetables they can eat and sell.

“We now have easy access to reliable water that flows from the taps (and) we
don’t pay for the sun,” she said. And money from the sale of vegetables goes a
long way to pay for family basics such as school fees.

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Members pay a dollar each into a savings pot that can be used to lend each other
for a small interest or pay for minor repairs “so that we are not always reliant
on the donor,” said Mutohwa.


WORKING TO MAKE FOOD AID PROGRAMS MORE EFFECTIVE

Because USAID's investments can be so consequential for receiving countries,
it's important they're done right, said Lora Iannotti, a professor who studies
global maternal and youth nutrition at the Brown School at Washington University
in St. Louis.

Richer countries like the U.S. have tended to use direct donations of surplus
staple and commodity crops like corn and wheat as a way to benefit their own
farmers, according to Iannotti’s research.

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Iannotti has seen advances in food aid considering dietary variety, but thinks
there’s room for improvement. Undernourishment became more prevalent after the
COVID-19 pandemic, and climate change is making hunger a more pressing issue
than ever, with crises that resemble “stuff from 100 years ago,” she said.

Daniel Maxwell, a professor of food security at Tufts University, thinks
countries providing aid also need strategies to address problems "causing the
hunger in the first place,” whether that's climate change, war or other factors.
He also thinks countries need a more balanced approach including projects
promoting health, protection from violence or nutrition.

USAID and the U.S. Department of Agriculture haven't yet explained how food aid
efforts might be changed or altered by the incoming U.S. administration, but the
delay on renewing expired Farm Bill legislation does hold up USDA programming
including food aid projects in a variety of ways, said Alexis Taylor,
undersecretary of trade and foreign agricultural affairs at USDA.

The U.S. Government Accountability Office, the investigative arm of Congress,
released reports finding that USAID and its partner agencies needed to improve
the ways they measured the outcomes of their programs.

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USAID says they worked with the GAO to address its recommendations. The GAO has
closed six of the eight recommendations, indicating satisfactory response. The
two remaining recommendations will be resolved with the release of the latest
Global Food Security Strategy Implementation Plan in October, a spokesperson for
USAID said.

“We are committing a lot of U.S. taxpayer dollars," said Chelsa Kenney, the
GAO’s director for international affairs issues. “It’s important that we’re good
stewards of those taxpayer dollars to ensure that the kind of programming that
we are providing to these countries is really making a difference.”

___

Follow Farai Mutsaka on X at @MutsakaFarai. Follow Melina Walling at
@MelinaWalling.

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___

The Associated Press’ climate and environmental coverage receives financial
support from multiple private foundations, including for global health and
development coverage in Africa from the Gates Foundation. AP is solely
responsible for all content. Find AP’s standards for working with
philanthropies, a list of supporters and funded coverage areas at AP.org.






Nov 14, 2024|Updated Nov 14, 2024 4:50 a.m.
FARAI MUTSAKA and MELINA WALLING





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