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GETTYSBURG ADDRESS

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The only known photo of Abraham Lincoln at Gettysburg (seated, center), taken
about noon, just after Lincoln arrived and some three hours before he spoke. To
Lincoln's right is his bodyguard, Ward Hill Lamon. (full view)

The Gettysburg Address is the most famous speech of U. S. President Abraham
Lincoln and one of the most quoted speeches in United States history. It was
delivered at the dedication of the Soldiers' National Cemetery in Gettysburg,
Pennsylvania, on November 19, 1863, during the American Civil War, four and a
half months after the Battle of Gettysburg. Of the 165,000 soldiers present at
the battle, 45,000 suffered casualties—among them more than 7,500 dead. The
battle turned the tide of the war irrevocably toward the Union side.

Lincoln's carefully crafted address, secondary to other presentations that day,
shines brightly in history while the other speeches have long been forgotten. In
fewer than three hundred words delivered over two to three minutes, Lincoln
invoked the principles of human equality espoused by the Declaration of
Independence and redefined the Civil War as a struggle not merely for the Union,
but as "a new birth of freedom" that would bring true equality to all of its
citizens.


CONTENTS

 * 1 Background
 * 2 Program and Everett's "Gettysburg Oration"
 * 3 Lincoln's Gettysburg Address
 * 4 The five manuscripts
   * 4.1 Nicolay Copy
   * 4.2 Hay Copy
   * 4.3 Everett Copy
   * 4.4 Bancroft Copy
   * 4.5 Bliss Copy
 * 5 Contemporary sources and reaction
 * 6 Audio recollections of an eyewitness
 * 7 Themes and textual analysis
 * 8 Myths and trivia
 * 9 In popular culture
 * 10 Notes
 * 11 External links
 * 12 Credits



Beginning with the now-iconic phrase "Four score and seven years ago," Lincoln
referred to the events of the American Revolutionary War and described the
ceremony at Gettysburg as an opportunity not only to dedicate the grounds of a
cemetery, but also to consecrate the living in the struggle to ensure that
"government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from
the earth." Despite the speech's prominent place in the history and popular
culture of the United States, the exact wording of the speech is disputed. The
five known manuscripts of the Gettysburg Address differ in a number of details
and also differ from contemporary newspaper reprints of the speech.


BACKGROUND


Union dead at Gettysburg, photographed by Timothy O'Sullivan, July 5–July 6,
1863

David Wills' letter inviting Abraham Lincoln to make a few remarks, noting that
Edward Everett would deliver the oration

The Battle of Gettysburg (July 1-3, 1863) forever changed the little town of
Gettysburg. The battlefield contained the bodies of more than 7,500 dead
soldiers and several thousand horses of the Union's Army of the Potomac and the
Confederacy's Army of Northern Virginia. The stench of rotting bodies made many
townspeople violently ill in the weeks following the battle, and the burial of
the dead in a dignified and orderly manner became a high priority for the few
thousand residents of Gettysburg. Under the direction of David Wills, a wealthy
32-year-old attorney, Pennsylvania purchased 17 acres (69,000 m²) for a cemetery
to honor those lost in the summer's battle.

Wills originally planned to dedicate this new cemetery on Wednesday, September
23, and invited Edward Everett, who had served as secretary of state, U.S.
Senator, U.S. Representative, governor of Massachusetts, and president of
Harvard University, to be the main speaker. At that time Everett was widely
considered to be the nation's greatest orator. In reply, Everett told Wills and
his organizing committee that he would be unable to prepare an appropriate
speech in such a short period of time, and requested that the date be postponed.
The committee agreed, and the dedication was postponed until Thursday, November
19.

Almost as an afterthought, Wills and the event committee invited Lincoln to
participate in the ceremony. Wills's letter stated, "It is the desire that,
after the Oration, you, as Chief Executive of the nation, formally set apart
these grounds to their sacred use by a few appropriate remarks."[1] Lincoln's
role in the event was secondary, akin to the modern tradition of inviting a
noted public figure to do a ribbon-cutting at a grand opening.[1]

Lincoln arrived by train in Gettysburg on November 18, and spent the night as a
guest in Wills's house on the Gettysburg town square, where he put the finishing
touches on the speech he had written in Washington.[2] Contrary to popular myth,
Lincoln neither completed his address while on the train nor wrote it on the
back of an envelope.[3] On the morning of November 19 at 9:30 A.M., Lincoln
joined in a procession astride a chestnut bay horse, between Secretary of State
William H. Seward and Secretary of the Treasury Salmon P. Chase with the
assembled dignitaries, townspeople, and widows marching out to the grounds to be
dedicated. [4][5]

Approximately 15,000 people are estimated to have attended the ceremony,
including the sitting governors of six of the 24 Union states: Andrew Gregg
Curtin of Pennsylvania, Augustus Bradford of Maryland, Oliver P. Morton of
Indiana, Horatio Seymour of New York, Joel Parker of New Jersey, and David Tod
of Ohio.[6] The precise location of the program within the grounds of the
cemetery is disputed.[7] Reinterment of the bodies buried from field graves into
the cemetery, which had begun within months of the battle, was less than half
complete on the day of the ceremony.[8]


PROGRAM AND EVERETT'S "GETTYSBURG ORATION"


Edward Everett delivered a two-hour oration before Lincoln's few minutes of
dedicatory remarks

The program organized for that day by Wills and his committee included:

Music, by Birgfield's Band Prayer, by Reverend T.H. Stockton, D.D. Music, by the
Marine Band Oration, by Hon. Edward Everett Music, Hymn composed by B.B. French,
Esq. Dedicatory Remarks, by the President of the United States Dirge, sung by
Choir selected for the occasion Benediction, by Reverend H.L. Baugher, D.D. [1]

What was regarded as the "Gettysburg Address" that day was not the short speech
delivered by President Lincoln, but rather Everett's two-hour oration. Everett's
now seldom-read 13,607-word speech began:

Standing beneath this serene sky, overlooking these broad fields now reposing
from the labors of the waning year, the mighty Alleghenies dimly towering before
us, the graves of our brethren beneath our feet, it is with hesitation that I
raise my poor voice to break the eloquent silence of God and Nature. But the
duty to which you have called me must be performed; — grant me, I pray you, your
indulgence and your sympathy.[9]

And ended two hours later with:

But they, I am sure, will join us in saying, as we bid farewell to the dust of
these martyr-heroes, that wheresoever throughout the civilized world the
accounts of this great warfare are read, and down to the latest period of
recorded time, in the glorious annals of our common country, there will be no
brighter page than that which relates the Battles of Gettysburg.[9]


LINCOLN'S GETTYSBURG ADDRESS


Monument of Abraham Lincoln at Gettysburg

Not long after those well-received remarks, Lincoln spoke in his high-pitched
Kentucky accent for two or three minutes. Lincoln's "few appropriate remarks"
summarized the war in ten sentences and 272 words, rededicating the nation to
the war effort and to the ideal that no soldier at Gettysburg had died in vain.

Despite the historical significance of Lincoln's speech, modern scholars
disagree as to its exact wording, and contemporary transcriptions published in
newspaper accounts of the event and even handwritten copies by Lincoln himself
differ in their wording, punctuation, and structure. Of these versions, the
Bliss version has become the standard text. It is the only version to which
Lincoln affixed his signature, and the last he is known to have written.


THE FIVE MANUSCRIPTS

The five known manuscript copies of the Gettysburg Address are each named for
the associated person who received it from Lincoln. Lincoln gave a copy to each
of his private secretaries, John Nicolay and John Hay. Both of these drafts were
written around the time of his November 19 address, while the other three copies
of the address, the Everett, Bancroft, and Bliss copies, were written by Lincoln
for charitable purposes well after November 19. In part because Lincoln provided
a title and signed and dated the Bliss Copy, it has been used as the source for
most facsimile reproductions of Lincoln's Gettysburg Address.


Selection from the "Nicolay Copy" of the Gettysburg Address in Lincoln's
handwriting

The two earliest drafts of the Address are subject to some confusion and
controversy concerning their existence and provenance. Nicolay and Hay were
appointed custodians of Lincoln's papers by Lincoln's son Robert Todd Lincoln in
1874.[3]

After appearing in facsimile in an article written by John Nicolay in 1894, the
Nicolay copy was presumably among the papers passed to Hay by Nicolay's
daughter, Helen, upon Nicolay's death in 1901. Robert Lincoln began a search for
the original copy in 1908, which spurred Helen to spend several unsuccessful
years searching for Nicolay's copy. In a letter to Lincoln, Helen Nicolay
stated, "Mr. Hay told me shortly after the transfer was made that your father
gave my father the original ms. of the Gettysburg Address."[3] Lincoln's search
resulted in the discovery of a handwritten copy of the Gettysburg Address among
the bound papers of John Hay—a copy now known as the "Hay Draft," which differed
from the version published by John Nicolay in 1894 in numerous respects—the
paper used, number of words per line, number of lines, and editorial revisions
in Lincoln's hand.[3]

It was not until eight years later—in March 1916—that the manuscript known as
the "Nicolay Copy," consistent with both the recollections of Helen Nicolay and
the article written by her father, was reported to be in the possession of Alice
Hay Wadsworth, John Hay's granddaughter.


NICOLAY COPY

The Nicolay Copy[10] is often called the "first draft" because it is believed to
be the earliest extant copy. Scholars disagree over whether the Nicolay copy was
actually the reading copy Lincoln used at Gettysburg on November 19. In an 1894
article that included a facsimile of this copy, Nicolay, who had become the
custodian of Lincoln's papers, wrote that Lincoln had brought to Gettysburg the
first part of the speech written in ink on Executive Mansion stationery, and
that he had written the second page in pencil on lined paper before the
dedication on November 19.[11]

Matching folds are still evident on the two pages, suggesting it could be the
copy that eyewitnesses say Lincoln took from his coat pocket and read at the
ceremony. Others believe that the delivery text has been lost, because some of
the words and phrases of the Nicolay copy do not match contemporary
transcriptions of Lincoln's original speech. The words "under God," for example,
are missing in this copy from the phrase "that this nation (under God) shall
have a new birth of freedom…" In order for the Nicolay draft to have been the
reading copy, either the contemporary transcriptions were inaccurate, or Lincoln
uncharacteristically would have had to depart from his written text in several
instances. This copy of the Gettysburg Address apparently remained in John
Nicolay's possession until his death in 1901, when it passed to his friend and
colleague, John Hay, and after years of being lost to the public, it was
reported found in March 1916. The Nicolay copy is on permanent display as part
of the American Treasures exhibition of the Library of Congress in Washington,
D.C.[12]


HAY COPY

With its existence first announced to the public in 1906, the Hay Copy[13] was
described by historian Garry Wills as "the most inexplicable of the five copies
Lincoln made." With numerous omissions and inserts, this copy strongly suggests
a text that was copied hastily, especially when one examines the fact that many
of these omissions were critical to the basic meaning of the sentence, not
simply words that would be added by Lincoln to strengthen or clarify their
meaning. This copy, which is sometimes referred to as the "second draft," was
made either on the morning of its delivery, or shortly after Lincoln's return to
Washington. Those who believe that it was completed on the morning of his
address point to the fact that it contains certain phrases that are not in the
first draft but are in the reports of the address as delivered as well as
subsequent copies made by Lincoln. Some assert, as stated in the explanatory
note accompanying the original copies of the first and second drafts in the
Library of Congress, that it was this second draft which Lincoln held in his
hand when he delivered the address.[14] Lincoln eventually gave this copy to his
other personal secretary, John Hay, whose descendants donated both it and the
Nicolay copy to the Library of Congress in 1916.


EVERETT COPY

The Everett Copy,[15] also known as the "Everett-Keyes" copy, was sent by
President Lincoln to Edward Everett in early 1864, at Everett's request. Everett
was collecting the speeches given at the Gettysburg dedication into one bound
volume to sell for the benefit of stricken soldiers at New York's Sanitary
Commission Fair. The draft Lincoln sent became the third autograph copy, and is
now in the possession of the Illinois State Historical Library in Springfield,
Illinois, where it is currently on display in the Treasures Gallery of the
Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum.


BANCROFT COPY

The Bancroft Copy of the Gettysburg Address was written out by President Lincoln
in April 1864 at the request of George Bancroft, the most famous historian of
his day.[16] Bancroft planned to include this copy in Autograph Leaves of Our
Country's Authors, which he planned to sell at a Soldiers' and Sailors' Sanitary
Fair in Baltimore, Maryland. As this fourth copy was written on both sides of
the paper, it proved unusable for this purpose, and Bancroft was allowed to keep
it. This manuscript is the only one accompanied by a letter from Lincoln,
transmitting the manuscript, and by the original envelope, addressed and franked
(i.e., signed for free postage) by Lincoln. This copy remained in the Bancroft
family for many years until it was donated to the Carl A. Kroch Library at
Cornell University.[14] It is the only one of the five copies to be privately
owned.[17]


BLISS COPY

Discovering that his fourth written copy (which was intended for George
Bancroft's Autograph Leaves) could not be used, Lincoln wrote a fifth draft,
which was accepted for the purpose requested. The Bliss Copy,[18] once owned by
the family of Colonel Alexander Bliss, Bancroft's stepson and publisher of
Autograph Leaves, is the only draft to which Lincoln affixed his signature. It
is likely this was the last copy written by Lincoln, and because of the apparent
care in its preparation, and in part because Lincoln provided a title and signed
and dated this copy, it has become the standard version of the address. The
Bliss Copy has been the source for most facsimile reproductions of Lincoln's
Gettysburg Address. This draft now hangs in the Lincoln Room of the White House,
a gift of Oscar B. Cintas, former Cuban Ambassador to the United States.[14]
Cintas, a wealthy collector of art and manuscripts, purchased the Bliss copy at
a public auction in 1949 for $54,000; at that time, it was the highest price
ever paid for a document at public auction.[19]

Garry Wills, who won the 1993 Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction for his
book, Lincoln at Gettysburg: The Words that Remade America, concluded the Bliss
Copy "is stylistically preferable to others in one significant way: Lincoln
removed 'here' from 'that cause for which they (here) gave…' The seventh 'here'
is in all other versions of the speech." Wills noted the fact that Lincoln "was
still making such improvements," suggesting Lincoln was more concerned with a
perfected text than with an 'original' one.


CONTEMPORARY SOURCES AND REACTION

Eyewitness reports vary as to their view of Lincoln's performance. In 1931, the
printed recollections of 87-year-old Mrs. Sarah A. Cooke Myers, who was present,
suggest a dignified silence followed Lincoln's speech: "I was close to the
President and heard all of the Address, but it seemed short. Then there was an
impressive silence like our Menallen Friends Meeting. There was no applause when
he stopped speaking."[20]

According to historian Shelby Foote, after Lincoln's presentation, the applause
was delayed, scattered, and "barely polite." [21] In contrast, Pennsylvania
Governor Curtin maintained, "He pronounced that speech in a voice that all the
multitude heard. The crowd was hushed into silence because the President stood
before them...It was so Impressive! It was the common remark of everybody. Such
a speech, as they said it was!"[22]

In a letter to Lincoln written the following day, Everett praised the president
for his eloquent and concise speech, saying, "I should be glad if I could
flatter myself that I came as near to the central idea of the occasion, in two
hours, as you did in two minutes." Lincoln was glad to know the speech was not a
"total failure."

Other public reaction to the speech was divided along partisan lines. The next
day the Chicago Times observed, "The cheek of every American must tingle with
shame as he reads the silly, flat and dishwatery ["hackneyed"] utterances of the
man who has to be pointed out to intelligent foreigners as the President of the
United States." In contrast, the New York Times was complimentary. A
Massachusetts paper printed the entire speech, commenting that it was "deep in
feeling, compact in thought and expression, and tasteful and elegant in every
word and comma."

Lincoln himself, over time, revised his opinion of "my little speech."


AUDIO RECOLLECTIONS OF AN EYEWITNESS

William R. Rathvon is the only known eyewitness of both Lincoln's arrival at
Gettysburg and the address itself to have left an audio recording of his
recollections. Rathvon spent his summers in Gettysburg. During the battle, his
grandmother's home was briefly used as a headquarters for Confederate general
Richard Ewell. She also provided temporary refuge to Union soldiers who were
running from the pursuing Confederates. [23]

Rathvon was nine years old when he and his family personally saw Lincoln speak
at Gettysburg. One year before his death in 1939, Rathvon's reminiscences were
recorded on February 12, 1938, at the Boston studios of radio station WRUL,
including his reading the address itself. A 78-r.p.m. record of Rathvon’s
comments was pressed, and the title of the record was "I Heard Lincoln That Day
- William R. Rathvon, TR Productions."

A copy wound up at National Public Radio during a "Quest for Sound" project in
the 1990s. NPR continues to air them around Lincoln's birthday. To listen to a
6-minute NPR-edited recording, click here and for the full 21-minute recording,
click here. Even after almost 70 years, Rathvon's audio recollections remain a
moving testimony to Lincoln's transcendent effect on his fellow countrymen and
the affection that so many ardent unionists felt for him in his day.


THEMES AND TEXTUAL ANALYSIS

Lincoln used the word "nation" five times (four times when he referred to the
American nation, and one time when he referred to "any nation so conceived and
so dedicated"), but never the word "union," which might refer only to the
North—furthermore, restoring the nation, not a union of sovereign states, was
paramount to his intention. Lincoln's text referred to the year 1776 and the
American Revolutionary War, and included the famous words of the Declaration of
Independence, that "all men are created equal."

Lincoln did not allude to the 1789 Constitution, which implicitly recognized
slavery in the "three-fifths compromise," and he avoided using the word
"slavery." He also made no mention of the contentious antebellum political
issues of nullification or state's rights.

In Lincoln at Gettysburg: The Words that Remade America, Garry Wills suggests
the Address was influenced by the American Greek Revival and the classical
funereal oratory of Athens, as well as the transcendentalism of Unitarian
minister and abolitionist Theodore Parker (the source of the phrase "of all the
people, by all the people, for all the people") and the constitutional arguments
of Daniel Webster.[24]

Author and Civil War scholar James McPherson's review of Wills' book addresses
the parallels to Pericles' funeral oration during the Peloponnesian War as
described by Thucydides, and enumerates several striking comparisons with
Lincoln's speech.[25] Pericles' speech, like Lincoln's, begins with an
acknowledgment of revered predecessors: "I shall begin with our ancestors: it is
both just and proper that they should have the honour of the first mention on an
occasion like the present"; then praises the uniqueness of the State's
commitment to democracy: "If we look to the laws, they afford equal justice to
all in their private differences"; honors the sacrifice of the slain, "Thus
choosing to die resisting, rather than to live submitting, they fled only from
dishonour, but met danger face to face"; and exhorts the living to continue the
struggle: "You, their survivors, must determine to have as unfaltering a
resolution in the field, though you may pray that it may have a happier
issue."[26][27]

Craig R. Smith, in "Criticism of Political Rhetoric and Disciplinary Integrity,"
also suggested the influence of Webster's famous speeches on the view of
government expressed by Lincoln in the Gettysburg Address, specifically,
Webster's "Second Reply to Hayne," in which he states, "This government, Sir, is
the independent offspring of the popular will. It is not the creature of State
legislatures; nay, more, if the whole truth must be told, the people brought it
into existence, established it, and have hitherto supported it, for the very
purpose, amongst others, of imposing certain salutary restraints on State
sovereignties."[28][29]

Some have noted Lincoln's usage of the imagery of birth, life, and death in
reference to a nation "brought forth," "conceived," and that shall not "perish."
Others, including author Allen C. Guelzo, suggested that Lincoln's formulation
"four score and seven" was an allusion to the King James Bible's Psalms 90:10,
in which man's lifespan is given as "threescore years and ten." [30][31]

Writer H. L. Mencken criticized what he believed to be Lincoln's central
argument, that Union soldiers at Gettysburg "sacrificed their lives to the cause
of self-determination." Mencken contended, "It is difficult to imagine anything
more untrue. The Union soldiers in the battle actually fought against
self-determination; it was the Confederates who fought for the right of their
people to govern themselves."[32] Certainly, however, one can point out the
obvious difference between the right of personal self-determination and the
right of communal self-governance. Arguably, the Union soldiers fought for the
former, while the Confederates fought for the latter.


MYTHS AND TRIVIA

In an oft-repeated legend, after completing the speech, Lincoln turned to his
bodyguard Ward Hill Lamon and remarked that his speech, like a bad plow, "won't
scour." According to Garry Wills, this statement has no basis in fact and
largely originates from the unreliable recollections of Lamon.[1] In Wills'
view, "[Lincoln] had done what he wanted to do [at Gettysburg]."

Another persistent myth is that Lincoln composed the speech while riding on the
train from Washington to Gettysburg and wrote it on the back of an envelope, a
story at odds with the existence of several early drafts and the reports of
Lincoln's final editing while a guest of David Wills in Gettysburg.[33]

Another myth is that the assembled at Gettysburg expected Lincoln to speak much
longer than he did. Everyone there knew (or should have known) that the
President's role was minor. The only known photograph of Lincoln at Gettysburg,
taken by photographer David Bachrach[34] was identified in the Mathew Brady
collection of photographic plates in the National Archives and Records
Administration in 1952. While Lincoln's speech was short and may have precluded
multiple pictures of him while speaking, he and the other dignitaries sat for
hours during the rest of the program. However, given the length of Everett's
speech and the length of time it took for nineteenth-century photographers to
get "set up" before taking a picture, it's quite plausible that the photographer
themselves were ill prepared for the brevity of Lincoln's remarks.

The copies of the Address within the Library of Congress are encased in
specially-designed, temperature-controlled, sealed containers with argon gas in
order to protect the documents from oxidation and further degeneration.[35]


IN POPULAR CULTURE

The importance of the Gettysburg Address in the history of the United States is
underscored by its enduring presence in American culture. In addition to its
prominent place carved into stone on the south wall of the Lincoln Memorial in
Washington, D.C., the Gettysburg Address is frequently referred to in works of
popular culture, with the implicit expectation that contemporary audiences will
be familiar with Lincoln's words.

Martin Luther King, Jr., began his "I Have a Dream" speech, itself one of the
most-recognized speeches in American history, with a reference to Lincoln and an
allusion to Lincoln's words: "Five score years ago, a great American, in whose
symbolic shadow we stand today, signed the Emancipation Proclamation."

Some examples of its treatment in popular culture include Meredith Willson's
1957 musical, The Music Man, in which the Mayor of River City consistently
begins speaking with the words "Four score . . ." until his actual speech is
handed to him. In the 1967 musical Hair, a song called "Abie Baby/Fourscore"
refers to Lincoln's assassination, and contains portions of the Gettysburg
Address delivered in an ironic manner.


NOTES

 1. ↑ Jump up to: 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 pp. 24-5, p. 35, pp. 34-5, p. 36, Wills, Garry
    (1992). Lincoln at Gettysburg: The Words That Remade America. New York:
    Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-671-76956-1. 
 2. ↑ Abraham Lincoln in the Wills House Bedroom at Gettysburg.
 3. ↑ Jump up to: 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Johnson, Martin P. (Summer 2003). Who Stole
    the Gettysburg Address. Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association 24 (2):
    1–19.
 4. ↑ Abraham Lincoln at the Gettysburg Town Square. Retrieved 2005-12-18.
 5. ↑ Saddle Used by Abraham Lincoln in Gettysburg.
 6. ↑ The New York Times, November 20, 1863.
    ↑ Abraham Lincoln at Gettysburg Cemetery. Retrieved 2005-12-18. ↑
    getaddinfo. Retrieved 2005-12-18. ↑ Jump up to: 9.0 9.1 Edward Everett's
    complete "Gettysburg Oration". Retrieved 2005-12-18. ↑ Library of Congress
    website, Nicolay Copy, page 1, page 2 ↑ Nicolay, J. "Lincoln's Gettysburg
    Address," Century Magazine 47 (February 1894): 596–608, cited by Johnson,
    Martin P. "Who Stole the Gettysburg Address," Journal of the Abraham Lincoln
    Association 24 (2) (Summer 2003): 1-19. ↑ Library of Congress website, Top
    Treasures of the American Treasures exhibition ↑ Library of Congress
    website, Hay Copy, page 1, page 2 ↑ Jump up to: 14.0 14.1 14.2 Gettysburg
    National Military Park Historical Handbook website,
    http://www.pueblo.gsa.gov/cic_text/misc/gettysburg/g2.htm GNMP website] ↑
    Virtual Gettysburg website, Everett Copy ↑ Cornell University Library
    website, Bancroft Copy, page 1, page 2 ↑ The Cornell Daily Sun - C.U. Holds
    Gettysburg Address Manuscript. Retrieved 2005-12-18. ↑ Illinois Historic
    Preservation Agency website, Bliss Copy, page 1, page 2, page 3 ↑ Oscar B.
    Cintas foundation website.. Retrieved 2005-12-23. ↑ Recollections of Abraham
    Lincoln at Gettysburg. Retrieved 2005-12-18. ↑ Foote, Shelby (1958). The
    Civil War, A Narrative: Fredericksburg to Meridian. Random House. ISBN
    0-394-49517-9.  ↑ Abraham Lincoln at Gettysburg Cemetery (See above).
    Retrieved 2005-12-18. ↑ 21 Minute audio recording of William R. Rathvon's
    audio recollections of Lincoln's Gettysburg Address recorded in 1938.
    Retrieved 2006-05-02. ↑ Vosmeier, Matthew Noah. Lincoln Lore: Gary Wills'
    Lincoln at Gettysburg. The Lincoln Museum, Fort Wayne, Indiana. Retrieved
    December 16, 2005. ↑ McPherson, James (July 16, 1992). The Art of Abraham
    Lincoln. The New York Review of Books 39 (13). ↑ Error on call to
    template:cite web: Parameters url and title must be specified. ↑ The New
    York Review of Books: The Art of Abraham Lincoln. Retrieved 2005-12-18. ↑
    ACJ Special:Smith. Retrieved 2005-12-18. ↑ Error on call to template:cite
    web: Parameters url and title must be specified. ↑ H-Net Review: Daniel J.
    McInerney. Retrieved 2005-12-18. ↑ Guelzo, Allen C. (1999). Abraham Lincoln:
    Redeemer President. Grand Rapids, M.I.: William B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN
    0802838723.  ↑ Note on the Gettysburg Address. Retrieved 2005-12-18. ↑
    Lincoln urban legends debunked. ↑ History of Bachrach photography studio.
    Retrieved 2005-12-19. ↑ Preservation of the drafts of the Gettysburg Address
    at the Library of Congress. Retrieved 2005-12-18.


EXTERNAL LINKS

All links retrieved June 21, 2017.

 * Carl A. Kroch library Division of Rare & Manuscript Collections, Cornell
   University, Ithaca, NY
 * Gettysburg National Military Park (GNMP) Gettysburg Historical Handbook
 * Readings of the Gettysburg Address: Actors Sam Waterston and Jeff Daniels;
   musician Johnny Cash.
 * Website of National Public Radio with Waterston reading.
 * Contemporary newspaper reactions cited at Cornell University Library exhibit.
 * William V. Rathvon's eyewitness audio recollections and reading of the
   address at NPR.org (6-minute version)
 * William V. Rathvon's eyewitness audio recollections and reading of the
   address at NPR.org full 21-minute recording
 * Our Documents: A National Initiative on American History, Civics, and Service
 * The Annenberg/CPB Channel


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