www.digitalocean.com
Open in
urlscan Pro
2606:4700::6813:ae44
Public Scan
URL:
https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/how-to-use-an-spf-record-to-prevent-spoofing-improve-e-mail-reliability
Submission: On October 23 via api from DE — Scanned from DE
Submission: On October 23 via api from DE — Scanned from DE
Form analysis 2 forms found in the DOM
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TUTORIAL
HOW TO USE AN SPF RECORD TO PREVENT SPOOFING & IMPROVE E-MAIL RELIABILITY
Published on July 16, 2013
* Security
* Email
* DNS
Pablo Carranza
INTRODUCTION
A carefully tailored SPF record will reduce the likelihood of your domain name
getting fraudulently spoofed and keep your messages from getting flagged as spam
before they reach your recipients. Email spoofing is the creation of email
messages with a forged sender address; something that is simple to do because
many mail servers do not perform authentication. Spam and phishing emails
typically use such spoofing to mislead the recipient about the origin of the
message. A number of measures to address spoofing, however, have developed over
the years: SPF, Sender ID, DKIM, and DMARC. Sender Policy Framework (SPF) is an
email validation system designed to prevent spam by detecting email spoofing.
Today, nearly all abusive e-mail messages carry fake sender addresses. The
victims whose addresses are being abused often suffer from the consequences,
because their reputation gets diminished, they have to waste their time sorting
out misdirected bounce messages, or (worse) their IP addresses get blacklisted.
The SPF is an open standard specifying a technical method to prevent
sender-address forgery. SPF allows administrators to specify which hosts are
allowed to send mail on behalf of a given domain by creating a specific SPF
record (or TXT record) in the Domain Name System (DNS). Mail exchangers use DNS
records to check that mail from a given domain is being sent by a host
sanctioned by that domain's administrators.
BENEFITS
Adding an SPF record to your DNS zone file is the best way to stop spammers from
spoofing your domain. In addition, an SPF Record will reduce the number of
legitimate e-mail messages that are flagged as spam or bounced back by your
recipients' mail servers. The SPF record is not 100% effective, unfortunately,
because not all mail providers check for it. Many do, however, so you should
notice a significant decrease in the amount of bounce-backs you receive.
EXAMPLE SPF RECORD
An SPF record is added to your domain's DNS zone file as a TXT record and it
identifies authorized SMTP servers for your domain.
TXT @ "v=spf1 a include:_spf.google.com ~all"
If you are utilizing the DigitalOcean DNS Manager, make sure to wrap the SPF
record with quotes. The following table provides an explanation of the various
components of the Example SPF Record:
ComponentsDescription TXTThe DNS zone record type; SPF records are written as
TXT records @In a DNS file, the "@" symbol is a placeholder used to represent
"the current domain" v=spf1Identifies the TXT record as an SPF record, utilizing
SPF Version 1 aAuthorizes the host(s) identified in the domain's A record(s) to
send e-mail include:Authorizes mail to be sent on behalf of the domain from
google.com ~allDenotes that this list is all inclusive, and no other servers are
allowed to send e-mail
COMPONENTS OF AN SPF RECORD
An SPF record consists of the SPF version number followed by strings comprised
of (i) mechanisms, (ii) qualifiers, and (sometimes) (iii) modifiers. SPF clients
ignore TXT records that do not start with the version string "v=spf1 ...".
SPF records may define zero or more mechanisms. Mechanisms can be used to
describe the set of hosts which are designated as authorized, outbound mailers
for the domain. The following list are common mechanisms included in an SPF
record:
all | ip4 | ip6 | a | mx | ptr | exists | include
Mechanisms can be prefixed with one of four qualifiers:
QualifierDescription +Pass = The address passed the test; accept the message.
Example: "v=spf1 +all" -(Hard) Fail = The address failed the test; bounce any
e-mail that does not comply. Example: "v=spf1 -all" ~Soft Fail = The address
failed the test, but the result is not definitive; accept & tag any
non-compliant mail. Example: "v=spf1 ~all" ?Neutral = The address did not pass
or fail the test; do whatever (probably accept the mail). Example: "v=spf1 ?all"
If a qualifier is not included, the + qualifier is implied.
SPF records may also define 1 of 2 modifiers; or, no modifier at all. Each
modifier, however, can appear only once.
redirect | exp
SPF records are evaluated in a two-pass process: First, all mechanisms and
qualifiers are evaluated. Then, all modifiers are evaluated:
1. Mechanisms are evaluated from left to right;
2. Modifiers are evaluated on the second pass and can occur anywhere in the
record.
MECHANISMS
MechanismDescription allMatches all local and remote IPs and goes at the end of
the SPF record. Example: "v=spf1 +all" ip4Specifies a single IPv4 address or an
acceptable IPv4 address range. A mask of /32 is assumed if no prefix-length is
included. Example: "v=spf1 ip4:192.168.0.1/16 -all" ip6Same concept found in
ip4, but, obviously, with IPv6 addresses, instead. If no prefix-length is given,
/128 is assumed (singling out an individual host address). Example: "v=spf1
ip6:1080::8:800:200C:417A/96 -all" aSpecifies all IPs in the DNS A record.
Example: "v=spf1 a:domain.com -all" mxSpecifies all A records for each host's MX
record. Example: "v=spf1 mx mx:domain.com -all" ptrSpecifies all A records for
each host's PTR record. Example: "v=spf1 ptr:domain.com -all" existsSpecifies
one or more domains normally singled out as exceptions to the SPF definitions.
An A query is performed on the provided domain; if a result is found a match
occurs. Example: "v=spf1 exists:domain.com -all" includeSpecifies other domains
that are authorized domains. Example: "v=spf1 include:outlook.microsoft.com
-all"
THE "ALL" MECHANISM
THE ALL MECHANISM USUALLY GOES AT THE END OF THE SPF RECORD; AND IT IS PREFIXED
WITH A QUALIFIER, E.G.
EXAMPLESDESCRIPTION "V=SPF1 MX -ALL"ALLOWS THE DOMAIN'S MX HOSTS TO SEND MAIL
FOR THE DOMAIN, AND PROHIBITS ALL OTHER HOSTS. "V=SPF1 -ALL"THE DOMAIN SENDS NO
MAIL AT ALL. "V=SPF1 +ALL"THIS SPF IS USELESS, AS IT DOES NOT LIMIT THE HOSTS
THAT ARE AUTHORIZED TO SEND E-MAIL.
MODIFIERS
Modifiers are optional and a modifier may appear only once per record. Unknown
modifiers are ignored.
The “redirect” modifier sends the inquiry to another domain.
redirect=example.com
That is, the SPF record for example.com replaces the SPF record for the current
domain. The redirect modifier is useful to those that wish to apply the same
record to multiple domains. For example:
Sample entry in ny.yourdomain.com's zone file:TXT @ "v=spf1
redirect=_spf.yourdomain.com" Sample entry in sf.yourdomain.com's zone file:TXT
@ "v=spf1 redirect=_spf.yourdomain.com" Sample entry in am.yourdomain.com's zone
file:TXT @ "v=spf1 redirect=_spf.yourdomain.com" Sample entry in
_spf.yourdomain.com's zone file:TXT @ "v=spf1 mx:yourdomain.com -all"
For clarity, it is RECOMMENDED that any "redirect" modifier appear as the very
last term in a record.
The "exp" modifier sets up an explanation in the SPF record.
exp=[macro-string]
If an SPF query produces a FAIL result, the explanation is queried and the
explanation string provides more information to the nonconforming user. The
explanation is typically placed in an SPF log. Example: exp=spf-error. An SPF
publisher can specify the explanation string that senders see. This way, an ISP
can direct nonconforming users to a web page that provides further instructions.
PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER
Although you do not need an SPF record on your DNS server to evaluate incoming
email against SPF policies published on other DNS servers, the best practice is
to set up an SPF record on your DNS server. Setting up an SPF record lets other
email servers use SPF filtering (if the feature is available on the mail server)
to protect against incoming email from spoofed, or forged, email addresses that
may be associated with your domain. As SPF records are implemented more widely,
SPF filtering will become more effective at identifying spoofed email messages.
As always, if you need help setting up your SPF record, look to the DigitalOcean
Community for assistance by posing your question(s), below.
Article Submitted by: Pablo Carranza
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Kamal Nasser
DigitalOcean Employee
• August 5, 2013
@schroeder.noia: Did you follow a specific article on setting up postfix?
Also, try changing your TXT record to this:
<pre>TXT @ “v=spf1 mx a ip4:<strong>yourdropletsip</strong> ~all”</pre>
Replace yourdropletsip with your droplet’s IP.
* Reply
geniusdibya • July 23, 2020
Can misconfiguration in an SPF record lead to blacklisting of the sender domain?
* Reply
kitjohnson • June 28, 2020
What if I only want to allow sending email from Postfix directly from the
server?The example shows include:_spf.google.com. I’m not sure what to do…should
I leave out the include part?
* Reply
Abdo • April 10, 2020
hhhhhhhhhhhhhh how to make it
* Reply
Polo Yañez • June 6, 2019
Thank you for your post! I was really clear and helpful to me.
* Reply
matthewpava • January 3, 2019
I find it easier to just use an SPF wizard such as https://www.spfwizard.net/.
* Reply
bbaazy5 • October 9, 2018
i tried many solutions but with no result, i can receive mail from gmail but
can’t send or reply. Any other soution please
* Reply
sfeda • September 19, 2018
Hello, I have integrated TrendMicro HES into Office 365 so the mail goes to
TrendMicro HES first and is filtered and then sent to Office 365 for delivery. I
was trying to keep the original Office 365; mail.protectiuon.outlook.com in
place as a fail over in case there is an issue with the TrendMicro HES system.
Would I need to completely remove the spf.protection.outlook.com -all and add
the v=spf1 include:spf.hes.trendmicro.com –all? It seems I have a conflict where
the SPF is set for office 365 but the email is really coming from TrendMicro
HES.
Thanks in Advance.
Here is what my SPF record shows from MX Toolbox: v=spf1 ip4:XXX.XXX.XXX.XXX
include:sl8v-hv2j.accessdomain.com include:spf.mailjet.com
include:spf.protection.outlook.com -all
But my Office 365 settings show: Expected vs actual record Priority Host name
Points to address or value TTL Status Expected record 0 @
XXXXXXX-com.mail.protection.outlook.com. 3600 The records matched, however the
priority doesn’t match the expected values Actual record 20 @
XXXXXXX-com.mail.protection.outlook.com. 43200 Actual record 10 @
in.hes.trendmicro.com. 43200 Invalid entry CNAME records Copy this table
Expected vs actual record Host name Points to address or value TTL Status
Expected record autodiscover autodiscover.outlook.com. 3600 Correct Expected
record sip sipdir.online.lync.com. 3600 Correct Expected record lyncdiscover
webdir.online.lync.com. 3600 Correct TXT records Copy this table Expected vs
actual record TXT name TXT value TTL Status Expected record @ v=spf1
include:spf.protection.outlook.com -all 3600 Correct
* Reply
14bcs047 • September 10, 2018
grate
* Reply
andersdk • September 14, 2017
Anyone else have issues with not being able to enter a hostname without it being
domain.com.domain.com? I can’t leave it blank either…
* Reply
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