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AI ENGINEERING IS THE NEXT FRONTIER FOR TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES: WHAT TO KNOW

How this new discipline is driving efficiency, innovation, and safety in
everything from manufacturing to infrastructure.
Written by David Gewirtz, Senior Contributing Editor Aug. 23, 2024 at 9:48 a.m.
PT

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RANK


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view trend report

Pramod Khargonekar, distinguished professor of electrical engineering and
computer science and vice chancellor for research at the University of
California, Irvine

Image: UC Irvine

Last year, ZDNET ran a special feature called, "The Intersection of Generative
AI and Engineering," which explored the tremendous potential of generative AI
for software development and product development.

Also: The best free AI courses in 2024

This intersection between AI and traditional engineering is rapidly becoming its
own formal discipline called AI Engineering. To explore this, ZDNET had the
opportunity to discuss AI Engineering with Pramod Khargonekar, distinguished
professor of electrical engineering and computer science and vice chancellor for
research at the University of California, Irvine.



He is an expert in control and systems theory, cyber-physical systems, and
applications to manufacturing, renewable energy and smart grids, and biomedical
engineering. Most recently, he has been working on the confluence of machine
learning for control and estimation.

Also: If you want a programming job, be sure to learn these three languages

Khargonekar most recently was the lead author of the National Science
Foundation-funded report by the Engineering Research Visioning Alliance (ERVA),
entitled "AI Engineering: A Strategic Research Framework to Benefit Society."
The report states that AI Engineering is "A generational opportunity to
supercharge engineering for the benefit of society through enhancements to
national competitiveness, national security, and overall economic growth."



So, with that, let's dive into AI Engineering with Professor Khargonekar.

ZDNET: Can you provide an overview of AI Engineering and its significance in the
current technological landscape?



Pramod Khargonekar: AI Engineering is a nascent research direction arising from
the convergence and synthesis of AI and engineering. It leverages the
traditional strengths of engineering disciplines (ensuring safety, reliability,
efficiency, sustainability, and the human-technology interface) with
breakthrough developments in the AI field.



A recent report by the Engineering Research Visioning Alliance (ERVA), an
initiative funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF), on which I was
the lead author, explains how AI Engineering will be bidirectional and
reciprocal. It evokes a future vision in which an engineering approach makes for
better AI while AI makes for better-engineered systems.

Also: How I used ChatGPT to scan 170k lines of code in seconds and save me hours
of detective work



AI Engineering is based on the firm commitment of engineering processes and
culture to ethics of safety, health, and public welfare. Its significance lies
in conceptualizing a generational opportunity for research and technological
advances in engineering as well as AI.

ZDNET: Can you provide an example of a successful AI Engineering project or
initiative?



PK: The use of AI in advancing semiconductor design is a very promising
development that is already having a meaningful impact. Many companies in
electronic design automation (EDA) are incorporating  AI-driven tools in their
products, resulting in significant enhancements in efficiency, customizability,
performance, and sustainability of the semiconductor design process.



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ZDNET: What are some examples of AI enabling more efficient engineering results?

PK: AI is transforming the way we approach engineering. Advances in autonomous
systems, such as self-driving cars and unmanned air vehicles, are being enabled
by AI.

In manufacturing, machine learning and AI tools are used to improve product
quality, resource efficiency, and cost reductions. AI is playing an increasing
role in state-of-the-art robots. AI can also improve engineered systems to
improve product performance and mitigate rare events of high consequence.



Also: Want to work in AI? How to pivot your career in 5 steps

Examples include minimizing drug side effects, mitigating software security
flaws, preventing bridge collapses, averting seismic-induced building damage,
and stopping chemical plant failures.



These applications show how AI impacts the cost, performance, efficiency,
customizability, and sustainability of engineered products and systems. This
leads to significant enhancements to the productivity and capabilities of
engineers across all disciplines, from practicing engineers and engineering
researchers to engineering educators and students.



ZDNET: What challenges do industries face when integrating AI with traditional
engineering practices?

PK: Integrating AI with traditional engineering practices presents several
challenges. Modern deep learning-based AI tools require massive amounts of
high-quality data. This is a significant bottleneck. Engineered systems require
very high levels of safety, reliability, and trustworthiness.

Also: Have 10 hours? IBM will train you in AI fundamentals - for free



These are not easy to achieve with the limitations of current AI technologies.
Combining and integrating very large numbers of even simple components into a
system or engineered product may lead to the emergence of complex behaviors that
cannot be easily predicted.

ZDNET: What role do engineers play in the development of AI systems?



PK: Engineers have a crucial role to play in the development of AI systems. The
most obvious is the importance of semiconductor chips for AI model training and
inference. In applications where AI is integrated into products requiring high
levels of safety and reliability, engineers have a critical role in product
design, testing, and operation.



In current AI applications, the consequences of errors are either not severe or
are being managed by human supervision. For AI to be fully accepted in broader
domains of society, safety, reliability, and trustworthiness must increase.
Engineers can help achieve these goals.

ZDNET: Can you discuss the importance of multidisciplinary collaboration in
advancing AI Engineering?

PK: AI Engineering vision is inherently multidisciplinary. In the engineering
for AI pillar, we expect fields such as integrated circuits, thermal and energy
sciences, control systems, information theory, and communications theory to work
with machine learning and AI to develop more efficient, sustainable, reliable,
safe, and trustworthy AI systems.



Also: The end-to-end AI chain emerges - it's like talking to your company's top
engineer



We also expect machine learning and AI experts to work with those in engineering
design, manufacturing, testing, and operations, as well as materials, chemical,
energy, environmental, civil, aerospace, and automotive engineers.

In addition to convergence from within their respective engineering disciplines,
ensuring the success of AI engineering would also require the collaboration of
leaders from government, universities, industry, civil society, and nonprofits.



Strategic alignments among these sectors will energize collaborative efforts and
be essential to secure the financial, technological, organizational, and human
resources needed to fully realize the AI Engineering vision. This sector
convergence approach will facilitate a crucial element of the AI Engineering
enterprise: the computing power and generation, collection, and curation of
datasets for engineering-specific AI tools.



ZDNET: What specific skills are required for the next generation of experts in
AI Engineering?

PK: AI engineers will need to understand complex systems, manage an expanding
trove of heterogeneous data, be aware of the limitations of AI techniques, and
be fully skilled in the ethics and compliance aspects of AI Engineering.



Also: Want to be a DevOps engineer? Here's the good, the bad, and the ugly

The latter is increasingly important in maintaining the security and integrity
of AI-driven systems.



ZDNET: What are some potential breakthrough developments in AI Engineering for
manufacturing?

PK: As more sensors and smart analytics software are integrated into networked
industrial products and manufacturing systems, predictive technologies can
further learn and autonomously optimize performance and productivity.

Data-centric metrology systems are a critical area for smart semiconductor
manufacturing, which can help yield improvement by overcoming inspection and
metrology challenges through accelerated data-centric analytics.



Also: Nvidia will train 100,000 California residents on AI in a
first-of-its-kind partnership

Newly emerging generative AI tools can enable gathering, understanding, and
synthesizing "voice of the customer" quality feedback and user complaints, which
today are labor-intensive processes.

In engineering systems, decisions are often made using large knowledge models
(including physical-based models, data-centric models, rule-based reasoning, and
human experiences).




ZDNET: How do you envision the future of AI Engineering in terms of industry
applications?

PK: We envision a future where AI Engineering techniques and expertise will
positively impact design, manufacturing, testing, and operation in many
industries.

There is great potential for increased efficiency, waste reduction, and
increased resilience. There is potential for creative leveraging and reuse of
existing knowledge, designs, and processes.



ZDNET: What steps can private industry take to build capacity for AI
Engineering?

PK: Private industry is well positioned to encourage and upskill the workforce
and learn about current and future machine learning and AI technologies. In
partnership with academic institutions, industry can articulate opportunities
for education and training needs.

Also: How do AI checkers actually work?

Industry consortia have the opportunity to tackle the cross-cutting need for
high-quality data and domain-specific tools.



Finally, there is a major need for computing and data resources like the
National AI Research Resource (NAIRR), that are accessible to a much wider
community. Industry can work with government to secure funding for investment in
such resources.



ZDNET: How can cross-organizational focus on data, design, testing, and
operations benefit AI Engineering?

PK: Within an organization, a holistic approach to data, design, testing, and
operations is crucial to success. Across the ecosystem, realizing the full
potential of AI Engineering requires convergence, coordination, and
collaboration of people and organizations from academia, industry, and
government.



Also: So long, point-and-click: How generative AI will redefine the user
interface

These efforts will need to address difficult challenges in creating and curating
datasets. This is incredibly important given the rapid pace of AI innovation and
the urgency raised by global competition.

We need to mobilize large-scale financial, technological, human, and
organizational resources now, and that will take strong, proactive, coordinated,
and collaborative action by leaders working across sectors.



The resulting benefits will accrue to the organizations that are able to
position themselves to lead in this rapidly changing environment.

ZDNET: What are the key research directions that need to be established in AI
Engineering?



PK: We identified eight Grand Challenges as key research directions. These are:

 1. Design safe, secure, reliable, and trustworthy AI systems
 2. Transform manufacturing quality, efficiency, cost, and time-to-market
 3. Build and operate AI-engineered systems with cradle-to-grave state awareness
 4. Overcome scaling challenges in engineering
 5. Construct engineered systems for safe, reliable, and productive human-AI
    team collaboration
 6. Mitigate rare event consequences via AI
 7. Incorporate ethics in all facets of AI Engineering
 8. Develop engineering domain-specific foundation models

We also recommend dedicated AI Engineering Research Institutes as well as
cross-cutting national initiatives to enable the development of the AI
Engineering field.



ZDNET: How can AI Engineering contribute to solving complex engineering
problems?

PK: Increasingly capable AI tools can transform fundamental disciplines of
engineering science. They can also transform major design, manufacturing, and
infrastructure engineering endeavors.

These new capabilities will impact the cost, performance, efficiency,
customizability, and sustainability of engineered products and systems. They
will increase the scope of engineering to address complex societal problems.



Also: The best AI for coding in 2024 (and what not to use)

They will also significantly enhance the productivity and capabilities of
engineers across the full spectrum of the discipline: practicing engineers,
engineering researchers, engineering educators, and engineering students.

ZDNET: What are the ethical considerations surrounding AI Engineering?

PK: AI Engineering technologies should be designed for augmenting and serving
humans. We call for the development of an ethical matrix for AI Engineering.




Such an ethical matrix is envisioned as a practical, pluralistic tool, drawing
from traditions that focus on promoting well-being, autonomy, and justice as
fairness. It encourages users to examine matters systematically, considering the
point of view of each affected group.

ZDNET: How can AI Engineering improve sustainability in various industries?

PK: One example is to bring a sharp focus on reducing energy consumption of data
centers, which are central to the development and implementation of current and
future AI technologies.



In addition, AI Engineering can create powerful technologies for energy
efficiency, renewable electric grids, energy storage, decarbonization of
manufacturing cement and metals, and sustainable materials.

ZDNET: How can AI Engineering be used to enhance safety and reliability in
engineering projects?

PK: AI Engineering envisions a future in which an engineering approach makes for
better AI while AI makes for better-engineered systems. AI Engineering is based
on the firm commitment of engineering processes and culture to ethics of safety,
health, and public welfare.




The context of safe, secure, reliable, and trustworthy AI systems offers a prime
example. AI safety has three distinct but complementary dimensions:

 * Assuring a deployed AI system is safe and reliable
 * Using an AI system to monitor and improve the safety and reliability of a
   (potentially non-AI) system/platform, and
 * Maximizing safety and trust in collaborative human-AI systems.

AI systems are fast becoming prevalent and influential in society, so ensuring
their safety and reliability is critical. A focus on engineering AI safety can
help prevent harmful outcomes, mitigate risks, ensure that AI technologies are
developed and used responsibly, and help AI systems achieve their full
potential.



ZDNET: What impact do you think AI Engineering will have on the future job
market?

PK: We think it will impact existing jobs by automating some routine steps and
tasks. This will make current workers more efficient and productive.

Also: From AI trainers to ethicists: AI may obsolete some jobs but generate new
ones

But a much larger impact will depend on conceptualization and development of new
industries and jobs that don't currently exist.



AI Engineering can help address major human needs such as health and wellness,
education, housing, energy, water, food, etc., in the United States and across
the world.

ZDNET: How can AI Engineering support innovation in product design and
development?



PK: One of the frequently used skill sets in product design and operations of
complex engineering systems is exploring new design options, identifying root
causes, and tracking solutions for a complex engineering system. This requires
time-intensive efforts to recreate issues in lab environments so appropriate
solutions may be found.



Newly emerging generative AI tools can enable gathering, understanding, and
synthesizing "voice of the customer" quality feedback and user complaints, which
today are labor-intensive processes.

Also: The AI scams infiltrating the knitting and crochet world - and why it
matters for everyone

Suitably trained, they have the potential to generate new designs in an
iterative process led by a design engineer.



ZDNET: What advice would you give to young professionals interested in pursuing
a career in AI Engineering?

PK: Much of the academic infrastructure needed for AI Engineering to flourish
must be built out by higher education and policy leaders in tandem with private
industry. Young professionals interested in engineering should take as many
courses as possible related to AI and ensure it remains a focus.




Likewise, those studying AI should also understand how it intersects with
engineering. As AI Engineering develops, those with the foresight to understand
the connectedness of AI and engineering will be in a great position to advance.


TO THE FUTURE AND BEYOND

AI seems to be a force multiplier across engineering disciplines. Of course, AI
also has its limitations. It will be up to the engineers who use and rely on AI
to tap into its strengths while compensating for its weaknesses.



What do you think? Are you applying AI to your projects now? Are you looking
forward to the new doors AI may open in R&D and product development? Or are you,
like me, watching with cautious optimism, but also expecting inevitable failings
and foibles along the way? Let us know in the comments below.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

You can follow my day-to-day project updates on social media. Be sure to
subscribe to my weekly update newsletter, and follow me on Twitter/X at
@DavidGewirtz, on Facebook at Facebook.com/DavidGewirtz, on Instagram at
Instagram.com/DavidGewirtz, and on YouTube at YouTube.com/DavidGewirtzTV.



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