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Global Change Biology
Volume 26, Issue 5 p. 3040-3051
PRIMARY RESEARCH ARTICLE


RENEWABLE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT THREATENS MANY GLOBALLY IMPORTANT BIODIVERSITY
AREAS

Jose A. Rehbein,

Corresponding Author

Jose A. Rehbein

 * jrehbeinl@gmail.com

 * orcid.org/0000-0001-7507-0204

School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, St
Lucia, Qld, Australia

Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science (CBCS), The University of
Queensland, St Lucia, Qld, Australia

Dow Centre for Sustainable Engineering Innovation, School of Chemical
Engineering, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Qld, Australia

Correspondence

Jose Rehbein, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of
Queensland, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia.

Email: jrehbeinl@gmail.com

Search for more papers by this author
James E. M. Watson,

James E. M. Watson

School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, St
Lucia, Qld, Australia

Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science (CBCS), The University of
Queensland, St Lucia, Qld, Australia

Wildlife Conservation Society, Global Conservation Program, Bronx, NY, USA

Search for more papers by this author
Joe L. Lane,

Joe L. Lane

Dow Centre for Sustainable Engineering Innovation, School of Chemical
Engineering, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Qld, Australia

Andlinger Center for Energy and the Environment, Princeton University,
Princeton, NJ, USA

Search for more papers by this author
Laura J. Sonter,

Laura J. Sonter

School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, St
Lucia, Qld, Australia

Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science (CBCS), The University of
Queensland, St Lucia, Qld, Australia

Search for more papers by this author
Oscar Venter,

Oscar Venter

 * orcid.org/0000-0003-1719-8474

Natural Resource and Environmental Studies Institute, University of Northern
British Columbia, Prince George, BC, Canada

Search for more papers by this author
Scott C. Atkinson,

Scott C. Atkinson

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), New York, NY, USA

Search for more papers by this author
James R. Allan,

James R. Allan

Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science (CBCS), The University of
Queensland, St Lucia, Qld, Australia

School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld,
Australia

Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of
Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Search for more papers by this author
Jose A. Rehbein,

Corresponding Author

Jose A. Rehbein

 * jrehbeinl@gmail.com

 * orcid.org/0000-0001-7507-0204

School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, St
Lucia, Qld, Australia

Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science (CBCS), The University of
Queensland, St Lucia, Qld, Australia

Dow Centre for Sustainable Engineering Innovation, School of Chemical
Engineering, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Qld, Australia

Correspondence

Jose Rehbein, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of
Queensland, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia.

Email: jrehbeinl@gmail.com

Search for more papers by this author
James E. M. Watson,

James E. M. Watson

School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, St
Lucia, Qld, Australia

Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science (CBCS), The University of
Queensland, St Lucia, Qld, Australia

Wildlife Conservation Society, Global Conservation Program, Bronx, NY, USA

Search for more papers by this author
Joe L. Lane,

Joe L. Lane

Dow Centre for Sustainable Engineering Innovation, School of Chemical
Engineering, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Qld, Australia

Andlinger Center for Energy and the Environment, Princeton University,
Princeton, NJ, USA

Search for more papers by this author
Laura J. Sonter,

Laura J. Sonter

School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, St
Lucia, Qld, Australia

Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science (CBCS), The University of
Queensland, St Lucia, Qld, Australia

Search for more papers by this author
Oscar Venter,

Oscar Venter

 * orcid.org/0000-0003-1719-8474

Natural Resource and Environmental Studies Institute, University of Northern
British Columbia, Prince George, BC, Canada

Search for more papers by this author
Scott C. Atkinson,

Scott C. Atkinson

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), New York, NY, USA

Search for more papers by this author
James R. Allan,

James R. Allan

Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science (CBCS), The University of
Queensland, St Lucia, Qld, Australia

School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld,
Australia

Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of
Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Search for more papers by this author
First published: 04 March 2020
https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15067
Citations: 52
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ABSTRACT

Transitioning from fossil fuels to renewable energy is fundamental for halting
anthropogenic climate change. However, renewable energy facilities can be
land-use intensive and impact conservation areas, and little attention has been
given to whether the aggregated effect of energy transitions poses a substantial
threat to global biodiversity. Here, we assess the extent of current and likely
future renewable energy infrastructure associated with onshore wind, hydropower
and solar photovoltaic generation, within three important conservation areas:
protected areas (PAs), Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs) and Earth's remaining
wilderness. We identified 2,206 fully operational renewable energy facilities
within the boundaries of these conservation areas, with another 922 facilities
under development. Combined, these facilities span and are degrading 886 PAs,
749 KBAs and 40 distinct wilderness areas. Two trends are particularly
concerning. First, while the majority of historical overlap occurs in Western
Europe, the renewable electricity facilities under development increasingly
overlap with conservation areas in Southeast Asia, a globally important region
for biodiversity. Second, this next wave of renewable energy infrastructure
represents a ~30% increase in the number of PAs and KBAs impacted and could
increase the number of compromised wilderness areas by ~60%. If the world
continues to rapidly transition towards renewable energy these areas will face
increasing pressure to allow infrastructure expansion. Coordinated planning of
renewable energy expansion and biodiversity conservation is essential to avoid
conflicts that compromise their respective objectives.




OPEN RESEARCH


DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT

Raw data on important conservation areas is publicly available in the respective
sites of each organization (Allan, Venter, et al., 2017; BirdLife International,
2018; IUCN & UNEP-WCMC, 2018). Data for renewable energy facilities can be
purchased from GlobalData (2018).

CITING LITERATURE

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 * Supporting
   Supporting3
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   Mentioning43
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SUPPORTING INFORMATION

Filename Description gcb15067-sup-0001-Materials.pdfPDF document, 4.3 MB
Supplementary Methods gcb15067-sup-0002-Methods.pdfPDF document, 130 KB
Supplementary Material

Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality
of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than
missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.

Volume26, Issue5

May 2020

Pages 3040-3051


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text of the citing article. The number of the statements may be higher than the
number of citations provided by Wiley Online Library if one paper cites another
multiple times or lower if scite has not yet processed some of the citing
articles.
 * Supporting
   Supporting3
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   Mentioning43
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 * RELATED


 * INFORMATION


RECOMMENDED

 * Global change synergies and trade‐offs between renewable energy and
   biodiversity
   
   Andrea Santangeli, Tuuli Toivonen, Federico Montesino Pouzols, Mark Pogson,
   Astley Hastings, Pete Smith, Atte Moilanen,
   GCB Bioenergy

 * Climate change threatens European conservation areas
   
   Miguel B. Araújo, Diogo Alagador, Mar Cabeza, David Nogués-Bravo, Wilfried
   Thuiller,
   Ecology Letters

 * Hot moments for biodiversity conservation
   
   Volker C. Radeloff, Fred Beaudry, Thomas M. Brooks, Van Butsic, Maxim
   Dubinin, Tobias Kuemmerle, Anna M. Pidgeon,
   Conservation Letters

 * The Effectiveness of Iberian Protected Areas in Conserving Terrestrial
   Biodiversity
   
   MIGUEL B. ARAÚJO, JORGE M. LOBO, JUAN C. MORENO,
   Conservation Biology

 * A predictive model for improving placement of wind turbines to minimise
   collision risk potential for a large soaring raptor
   
   Megan Murgatroyd, Willem Bouten, Arjun Amar,
   Journal of Applied Ecology




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