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EDUCATION: COLEMAN: SOME SECOND THOUGHTS

Monday, Sept. 15, 1975
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Busing as a means of achieving racial balance in the schools may well be the
most unpopular institution imposed on Americans since Prohibition. Nevertheless,
some U.S. communities have obediently−if not happily−accepted busing as part of
the law of the land and carried it out peacefully. Last week in Stockton,
Calif., for example, under a court order, 1,500 pupils were bused across town to
three high schools without visible opposition or incidents. At the same time, in
Charlotte, N.C., 23,000 students−fully one-third of the public school
enrollment−were being bused in the final phase of a federal court busing plan
that the city has followed faithfully ever since 1970.

Yet even in communities that have fully obeyed the courts, the fear of busing
often precipitates the flight of whites, who move to the suburbs or take their
children out of public schools to escape desegregation. During the three years
busing has been used to desegregate the Atlanta schools, 40,000 white students
have fled the system and city schools have gone from 56% to 87% black. In
Memphis, enrollment in private academies increased from 13,000 in 1973, when a
federal court ordered the city schools to desegregate, to 35,000 today, while
the public school enrollment tipped from 50% black to 70% black. Even in
Charlotte, home of the most successful and widely acclaimed busing plan in the
U.S., enrollment in private academies has more than doubled in the past five
years of court-ordered busing; today one-sixth of all white school-age
youngsters in Charlotte attend private school.

Much of the intellectual impetus for busing came from the 1966 report by
University of Chicago Sociologist James S. Coleman, which demonstrated
statistically that black students learn more in integrated classrooms. (A major
tenet of the Coleman report, often overlooked, is that poor children learn more
when they go to school with middle-class students; the report's conclusions
about social class were as significant as those about race.)

Early this summer Coleman incurred the censure of many academics−who charged
that he used suspect statistics−when, after a new study of racial data in U.S.
public schools, he announced that at least in major cities, "busing has not
worked" as a means of desegregation. His reason: busing ordered by the courts
often drives whites out of the schools, thus actually increasing segregation.

Last week Coleman carried his white-flight argument one step further. In an
antibusing affidavit filed in the U.S. Court of Appeals on behalf of the Boston
Home and School Association, he said that court-ordered busing in Boston caused
a 12% increase in the number of white children leaving the public schools. Said
Coleman: "The greater the disparity between the racial composition of the
central city and the suburbs, the greater the acceleration of white loss." In
other words, the blacker the city and the whiter the suburbs, the faster the
remaining whites will try to leave town.

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