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SELECT OR SPECIAL COMMITTEE (UNITED STATES CONGRESS) EXPLAINED

A select or special committee of the United States Congress is a congressional
committee appointed to perform a special function that is beyond the authority
or capacity of a standing committee. A select committee is usually created by a
resolution that outlines its duties and powers and the procedures for appointing
members. Select and special committees are often investigative, rather than
legislative, in nature though some select and special committees have the
authority to draft and report legislation.

A select committee generally expires on completion of its designated duties,
though it can be renewed. Several select committees are treated as standing
committees by House and Senate rules and are permanent fixtures in both bodies,
continuing from one Congress to the next. Examples include the Permanent Select
Committee on Intelligence in the House and the Select Committee on Intelligence
in the Senate. The Senate Indian Affairs Committee is a select committee, though
the word select is no longer a part of its name.[1]

Some select committees are called special committees, such as the Senate Special
Committee on Aging. However, they do not differ in any substantive way from the
others.[2]

Prior to the advent of permanent standing committees in the early 19th century,
the House of Representatives relied almost exclusively on select committees to
carry out much of its legislative work.[3] The committee system has grown and
evolved over the years. During the earliest Congresses, select committees,
created to perform a specific function and terminated when the task was
completed, performed the overwhelming majority of the committee work. The first
committee to be established by Congress was on April 2, 1789, during the First
Congress. It was a select committee assigned to prepare and report standing
rules and orders for House proceedings and it lasted just five days, dissolving
after submitting its report to the full House. Since that time, Congress has
always relied on committees as a means to accomplish its work.[2]


EARLY SELECT COMMITTEES

In the 1st Congress (1789–1791), the House appointed roughly six hundred select
committees over the course of two years.[3] By the 3rd Congress (1793–95),
Congress had three permanent standing committees, the House Committee on
Elections, the House Committee on Claims, and the Joint Committee on Enrolled
Bills, but more than three hundred fifty select committees.[4] While the modern
committee system is now firmly established in both House and Senate procedure,
with the rules of each House establishing a full range of permanent standing
committees and assigning jurisdiction of all legislative issues among them,
select committees continue to be used to respond to unique and difficult issues
as the need arises.[2]

The United States Senate did not establish its first standing committees until
1816, so select committees performed the overwhelming majority of the committee
work for the Senate during the earliest Congresses. Like the House, standing
committees have largely replaced select committees in the modern Senate, but
select committees continue to be appointed from time to time.[5]

Early select committees were fluid, serving their established function and then
going out of existence. This makes tracking committees difficult, since many
committees were known by the date they were created or by a petition or other
document that had been referred to them. In a number of instances, the official
journal and other congressional publications did not consistently refer to an
individual committee by the same title. Though such inconsistencies still
appeared during the 20th century, they were less frequent.[2]


NOTABLE SELECT COMMITTEES

While earlier select committees often narrowly tailored to specific issues, some
select committees ultimately had a noticeable impact on federal legislation and
American history. One was the select committee dealing with Missouri's admission
to the Union as a new state.[3] The committee was established in 1821 and lasted
just 7 days.[6] Chaired by Henry Clay,[3] the committee helped draft the
Missouri Compromise, which attempted to resolve the question of whether slavery
would be permitted in newly admitted states.

Some select committees went on to become permanent standing committees. The most
notable of these is the Ways and Means Committee. It was first established as a
select committee July 24, 1789 during a debate on the creation of the Treasury
Department. Representatives had concerns over giving the new department too much
authority over revenue proposals, so the House felt it would be better equipped
if it established a committee to handle the matter. This first Committee on Ways
and Means had 11 members and existed for just two months. It later became a
standing committee in 1801, and still operates as a standing committee today.[7]


IN THE 20TH CENTURY

Notable select and special committees established in the 20th century include:

 * House Special Committee on Un-American Activities Authorized to Investigate
   Nazi Propaganda and Certain Other Propaganda Activities (McCormack-Dickstein
   Committee): established in 1934 "in reaction to the overthrow of a number of
   established foreign Governments in favor of communist or fascist systems and
   reflected concern that foreign propaganda might subvert the U.S.
   Constitution", the committee's chairman was John W. McCormack of
   Massachusetts and its vice chairman was Samuel Dickstein of New York.[8] The
   committee is sometimes cited as a forerunner to the House Un-American
   Activities Committee.[9]
 * Senate Special Committee to Investigate the National Defense Program (Truman
   Committee): chaired by Senator Harry S. Truman of Missouri, this committee,
   established on March 1, 1941, by the unanimous consent of the Senate, allowed
   Truman to rise to national prominence. The Committee investigated waste and
   corruption that hampered U.S. military efforts before and during World War
   II; it "held hundreds of hearings, traveled thousands of miles to conduct
   field inspections, and saved millions of dollars in cost overruns".[10] The
   committee disbanded on January 28, 1948, and its functions were assumed by
   what became the Senate Governmental Affairs Committee's Permanent
   Subcommittee on Investigations.[11]
 * Senate Temporary Select Committee to Study the Senate Committee System
   (Stevenson Committee): chaired by Senator Adlai E. Stevenson III of Illinois,
   the recommendations of this Committee led to the abolition of most of the
   Senate's select and joint committees, and the reshuffling to jurisdictional
   lines of Senate committees. The 1970s reorganization was the last major
   reorganization of the Senate committee system.[12]
 * House Select Committee on Assassinations to investigate the assassinations of
   John F. Kennedy and Martin Luther King Jr. from 1976-1978.
 * Senate Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities (Watergate
   Committee): chaired by Senator Sam Ervin of North Carolina, this committee
   investigated misconduct during the 1972 presidential election, most famously
   the Watergate scandal. The committee disbanded after completing its
   investigation in June 1974.[9]
 * House Select Committee to Investigate Covert Arms Transactions with Iran
   (Iran–Contra Committee): established in 1987 to investigate the Iran–Contra
   scandal.[9]


IN THE 21ST CENTURY


HOUSE SELECT COMMITTEE ON ENERGY INDEPENDENCE AND GLOBAL WARMING

The Select Committee on Energy Independence and Global Warming was established
in 2007 in the 110th Congress (under Speaker Nancy Pelosi) and renewed for the
111th Congress. The committee was advisory in nature, and lacked the legislative
authority granted to standing committees.[13] [14] The committee was chaired by
Representative Ed Markey of Massachusetts, the co-author of the unsuccessful
2009 cap-and-trade legislation (Waxman-Markey) supported by Democrats.[14]

The committee held 80 hearings and briefings on issues such as climate change
and the Deepwater Horizon oil spill.[15] The committee played a role in the
creation of the 2007 energy bill, the 2009 stimulus package (which contained
funds for energy efficiency and other environmental provisions), and the 2009
Waxman-Markey bill (which was passed by the House, but never acted upon by the
Senate).[15]

The committee was disbanded by the House in 2011, at the beginning of the 112th
Congress, after Republicans took control of the House following the 2010
elections.[14] [15]


HOUSE SELECT COMMITTEE ON BENGHAZI

In May 2014, the House of Representatives voted to create the United States
House Select Committee on Benghazi to investigate the 2012 attack on a U.S.
compound in Benghazi, Libya. The committee spent more than $7.8 million on its
investigation over two and a half years, issued its final report in December
2016, and shut down at the conclusion of the 114th Congress.[16] The committee
was "one of the longest, costliest and most bitterly partisan congressional
investigations in history",[17] lasting longer than the congressional inquiries
into 9/11, Watergate, the assassination of President Kennedy, and the attack on
Pearl Harbor.[18]

Democrats and critics viewed the inquiry as intended to damage the presidential
prospects of former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton,[17] and House Majority
Leader Kevin McCarthy prompted a controversy when he suggested that Republicans
had succeeded with the Benghazi special committee in bringing down Clinton's
poll numbers.[19] [20] James Fallows wrote that the committee was an
"oppo-research arm of the Republican National Committee, far more interested in
whatever it might dig up about or against ... Clinton than any remaining
mysteries on the four Americans killed in Benghazi".[21] The committee's "most
significant, if inadvertent, discovery" was Clinton's use of a private email
server as secretary of state, which prompted an FBI investigation.[17]

The committee's final report found no evidence of culpability or wrongdoing by
Clinton, but did criticize Defense Department, Central Intelligence Agency and
State Department officials for security lapses.[17] In a dissenting report,
Democrats accused the committee and its chairman, Trey Gowdy, "of flagrant
political bias while arguing the investigation wasted taxpayer money to try to
damage Clinton".[22]


HOUSE SELECT COMMITTEE TO INVESTIGATE THE JANUARY 6TH ATTACK ON THE UNITED
STATES CAPITOL

See main article: United States House Select Committee on the January 6 Attack.

On July 1, 2021, Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi created a select committee to
investigate the January 6, 2021 attack on the U.S. capitol following the U.S.
Senate's failure to overcome a Republican-led filibuster to create a bipartisan
January 6 Commission.[23] Bipartisan membership on the committee was a point of
significant political contention. Liz Cheney and Adam Kinzinger were the only
two House Republicans to serve on the committee, and the Republican National
Committee eventually censured them for their participation.[24]


PROPOSED SELECT COMMITTEES

There have been a number of unsuccessful proposals to create select committees.
For example, in 2017, Representative Mike Thompson and 162 other Democratic
members of Congress unsuccessfully introduced a measure to create a House Select
Committee on Gun Violence Prevention to address gun violence in the United
States.[25] [26] In the same year, Democratic Senator Chris Coons of Delaware
and Republican Senator Cory Gardner introduced bipartisan legislation to create
a Select Committee on Cybersecurity.[27]


SEE ALSO

 * Select committee (parliamentary system)
 * Select Committee (United Kingdom)
 * Special prosecutor


NOTES AND REFERENCES

 1.  Web site: Committee Numbers, Sizes, Assignments, and Staff: Selected
     Historical Data. Vincent. Carol Hardy. Elizabeth Rybicki. February 1, 1996.
     Congressional Research Service. 7. 2009-02-13. dead.
     https://web.archive.org/web/20090225020449/http://assets.opencrs.com/rpts/96-109_19960201.pdf.
     February 25, 2009.
 2.  Web site: Guide to the Records of the United States House of
     Representatives at the National Archives, 1789-1989: Bicentennial Edition .
     Schamel. Charles E. . Mary Rephlo . Rodney Ross . David Kepley . Robert W.
     Coren . James Gregory Bradsher . 1989. National Archives and Records
     Administration. Chapter 22. 2009-02-13.
 3.  Book: Canon, David T. . Garrison Nelson . Charles Stewart III. Committees
     in the U.S. Congress: 1789-1946. CQ Press. Washington, DC. 2002. 4, Select
     Committees. 1-56802-175-5.
 4.  Book: Galloway, George B.. Congress at the Crossroads. Thomas Y. Crowell
     Co.. New York. 1946. 88.
 5.  Web site: Guide to the Records of the United States Senate at the National
     Archives, 1789-1989: Bicentennial Edition . Coren. Robert W.. Mary Rephlo .
     David Kepley . Charles South . 1989. National Archives and Records
     Administration. Chapter 18. 2009-02-17.
 6.  Book: Stubbs, Walter. Congressional Committees, 1789-1982: A Checklist.
     Greenwood Press. 1985. 90. 978-0-313-24539-8. registration.
 7.  http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/04feb20050244/www.gpoaccess.gov/serialset/cdocuments/100-244/pdf/1789-1801.pdf
     H. Doc. 100-244, The Committee on Ways and Means a Bicentennial History
     1789-1989, page 3
 8.  https://www.archives.gov/legislative/guide/house/chapter-22-select-propaganda.html
     Guide to House Records: Chapter 22: 1910-1946 Nazi and Other Propaganda:
     Special Committee on Un-American Activities Authorized to Investigate Nazi
     Propaganda and Certain Other Propaganda Activities (1934-35)
 9.  John David Rausch, Jr., "Committees: select or special" in Encyclopedia of
     the United States Congress (Infobase, 2007), pp. 118-19.
 10. https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/minute/The_Truman_Committee.htm
     The Truman Committee: March 1, 1941
 11. https://books.google.com/books?id=3HAUh5DS_WwC&pg=PA319 Fiftieth
     Anniversary of the Permanent Subcommittee on Investoigations
 12. https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/News_Committee_Reorganization.htm
     Committee Reorganization
 13. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,250591,00.html?sPage=fnc.science/naturalscience
     Pelosi, Dingell Compromise in House Over Climate Issue
 14. Jackie Kucinich, Republicans Kill Global Warming Committee, Roll Call
     (December 1, 2010).
 15. Kate Sheppard, Republicans kill global warming committee, Mother Jones
     (republished by The Guardian) (January 6, 2011).
 16. Mary Troyan, House Benghazi committee files final report and shuts down,
     USA Today (December 12, 2016).
 17. David M. Herszenhorn, House Benghazi Report Finds No New Evidence of
     Wrongdoing by Hillary Clinton, New York Times (June 28, 2016).
 18. Zach Toombs, Congress spent more time investigating Benghazi than it did
     9/11, Atlanta-Journal Constitution (June 28, 2016).
 19. Manu Raju, Deirdre Walsh & Tal Kopan, House Republicans repudiate McCarthy
     comments on Benghazi probe, CNN (October 1, 2015).
 20. E.J. Dionne Jr., Kevin McCarthy’s truthful gaffe on Benghazi, Washington
     Post (September 30, 2016).
 21. James Fallows, How the Press Can Deal With the Benghazi Committee, The
     Atlantic (October 12, 2015).
 22. Stephen Collinson, Benghazi panel caps 2-year probe: No bombshell, faults
     administration, CNN (June 28, 2016).
 23. Web site: Pelosi Names Members to Select Committee to Investigate January
     6th Attack on the U.S. Capitol . speaker.gov . 11 June 2022.
 24. Web site: Orr. Gabby. February 4, 2022. RNC approves censure of Cheney,
     Kinzinger for involvement in January 6 committee. 2022-02-04. CNN.
 25. https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-resolution/367 H.Res.367
     – Establishing the Select Committee on Gun Violence Prevention
 26. Ed O'Keefe, Democrats fail to force vote on bill establishing select panel
     on gun violence, Washington Post (November 7, 2017).
 27. Chris Bing, Superstar cybersecurity committee proposed by senators,
     Cyberscoop (January 25, 2017).

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses
material from the Wikipedia article "Select or special committee (United States
Congress)".

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