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One doctor cited a "culture of not wanting to discomfort your superiors which
means people don't often tell it like it really is. Others spoke of a desire by
government "to be seen to be doing the right thing", rather than making tough
decisions, citing the recent decision to resume community testing for Covid,
despite the fact that it immediately pushed the entire testing system -
including, crucially at hospitals - into a week-long backlog that rendered it
almost useless.

But the clearest lesson from Port Elizabeth may well prove to be about human
nature, and how we respond under extreme pressure. It appears that staff at
Livingstone hospital, for instance, have split into three distinct groups:.
Coronavirus in South Africa: Eight lessons for the rest of the continent. A
brief guide to South Africa. Fear and fatigue. Rats feeding on red waste.

Vlogtober: Days in Port Elizabeth - South African Youtuber


Rats have also been spotted feeding on dark red hospital waste pouring into an
open drain. Union officials have vigorously defended their members' actions.

Now they've collapsed". You may also be interested in:. Debunking fake
coronavirus stories in Africa Deciding who lives and dies in a Cape Town
township China-US rivalry in Africa fuelled by coronavirus How fast is
coronavirus spreading in Africa? But doctors at Livingstone hospital expressed
some scepticism. Inability to take tough decisions. The dutiful, the fearful and
the obstructive. There are a small number of the "willing," who still turn up
for work, despite the risks, out of a profound sense of duty.

They are our families, our children, our mothers," said one nurse of her
patients. Completion of the railway to Kimberley in was a major stimulus to
trade and a rapid increase in population in the town.


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With the massive expansion of the Cape Colony's railway network to the interior
over the following years, the harbour of Port Elizabeth became the focus for
serving import and export needs of a large area of the Cape's hinterland. The
rapid economic development around the port, which followed the railway
construction, caused Port Elizabeth to be nicknamed "the Liverpool of South
Africa", after a major British port. The town expanded as a diverse community,
comprising Xhosa as well as European, Cape Malay , and other immigrants. During
the Second Boer War of —, the port served as an important transit-point for
British soldiers, horses, and materials headed by railway to the front.

No armed conflict took place within the city, but it felt the effects of the war
with the arrival of many refugees who moved into the city. These included Boer
women and children, whom the British interned in a concentration camp. After the
war, the British erected a monument to military horses that died during the war.


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Under apartheid , the South African government established legal racial
segregation and started programs to separate communities physically as well as
by classification and custom. The forced relocation under the auspices of the
Group Areas Act of the non-white population from mixed areas began in , causing
various townships to be built for their use. Classification was sometimes
arbitrary, and as in many other localities throughout the country, many citizens
appearing to have mixed ancestry were at times subject to re-classification,
which often had intrusive sociopolitical results.


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The non-white tenants of South End, and land owners in Fairview were forcibly
relocated from through to , as these areas were valued as prime real estate. As
black South Africans organized to try to achieve civil rights and social
justice, government repression increased. In Steve Biko , the black
anti-apartheid activist, was interrogated and tortured by the security police in
Port Elizabeth before being transported to Pretoria , where he died.

The meeting in Port Elizabeth was led by Professor Z. Matthews and by Raymond
Mhlaba. On 25 July , a day before the official start of the Defiance Campaign ,
30 volunteers led by Raymond Mhlaba gathered at the New Brighton Civic Centre
and prayed throughout the night. By half past six we were already in police vans
on our way to jail.

It turned out that my party group was the very first to defy unjust laws in the
whole of South Africa. Little did we know that we were making history. Mhlaba
became the first man to be arrested during the campaign, while Florence Matomela
was the first woman. Other volunteers who emerged as key role players during the
campaign included Nosipho Dastile , Nontuthuzelo Mabala, Lilian Diedricks and
Veronica Sobukwe.

After the formation of the ANC -affiliated United Democratic Front in ,
political consciousness in black townships grew. In Port Elizabeth townships,
black South Africans demanded the integration of public institutions, the
removal of troops from black townships, and the end of workplace discrimination.
To launch an effective campaign to cripple the white-owned institutions of Port
Elizabeth and to undermine the legitimacy of apartheid, several women suggested
the idea of a consumer boycott to the Port Elizabeth Black Civic Organisation
PEBCO in May The economic boycott began on July 15, , and received massive
support in townships around Port Elizabeth.

By September , white business-owners became desperate and called on the
government to meet the demands of black South Africans. In November the boycott
was still hurting white businesses in Port Elizabeth greatly. The white South
African government reached an agreement with PEBCO which stated that the boycott
would halt until March if business owners arranged for the release of black
leaders.

In , as the deal was approaching its end, the boycotters imposed a deadline of
March 31, stating that the boycott would resume if the initial demands were not
met. On March 11, the government unexpectedly banned two leaders, one of whom
was Mkuseli Jack. However, on March 22, the ban was lifted by the decision of a
Supreme Court Justice on the grounds that the government had given insufficient
reasons. Jack ripped up the ban papers, and used the celebration as a way to
represent the solidarity that the campaign required.

As the demands of the boycotters were not met by March 31, the boycott was
renewed on April 1. The boycott continued for nine weeks, but on June 12, ,
another state of emergency was imposed by the National Party government.
Security forces searched through the townships, arresting thousands and raiding
the offices of black civics, trade unions, the UDF , the South African Council,
and churches and also confiscating documents.

The IDZ, under the stewardship of the Coega Development Corporation CDC , since
inception has managed to attract to its investment account in excess of Rbillion
into the economy of the Eastern Cape and has enabled the creation of over 45
jobs. The CDC consistently continues to demonstrate its capability as the
leading catalyst for socio-economic growth in the Eastern Cape, [ citation
needed ] with a view to becoming so for South Africa.


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In the Nelson Mandela Bay Metropolitan Municipality was formed as an
administrative area covering Port Elizabeth, the neighbouring towns of Uitenhage
and Despatch and the surrounding agricultural areas. The name honours former
President Nelson Mandela. The combined metropolitan area had a population
estimated at around 1. A quarter-final between Netherlands , Brazil was hosted,
then for the Third Place playoff, Uruguay, Germany were hosted at the stadium.

The World Cup was played between 11 June and 11 July Spain were the eventual
champions. Port Elizabeth was also one of the five cities that hosted the Afcon
event. Nigeria were eventual champions. The area lies between the winter
rainfall, Mediterranean climate zones of the Western Cape and the summer
rainfall regions of eastern South Africa. Winters are cool but mild and summers
are warm but considerably less humid and hot than more northerly parts of South
Africa's east coast.

Port Elizabeth represents a large percentage of South Africa's biological
diversity and the city is a confluence point five of the seven South African
biomes, namely the Thicket, Grassland, Nama-Karoo, Fynbos and Forest Biomes. A
mosaic of these 5 Biomes could be experienced in these reserves.

The outward bound route is an eco-outdoor adventure and sports route
incorporating walking and wildlife experiences. The aim of this route is to
spread tourism to similar attractions along the route, leading to increased foot
traffic and related benefits to these sites. As a British colonial town, the
city had a strongly British character, and the central area retains that to this
day. Few of the buildings featured in this tour would be out of place in an
English market town. The Port Elizabeth main public library is an excellent
example of Victorian Gothic architecture.

Various memorials are situated throughout the city environs, and there are many
tours available to familiarise visitors with especially the apartheid era. Port
Elizabeth could be considered to be the country's leading centre of Art Deco
style architecture due to its European heritage. Many buildings display the
intricate stonework, wrought iron and stained glass of that era which are
prominently visible in the Central Historical areas of the city.

The area also boasts a collection of Cape Dutch style architecture as well as
the Victorian and Edwardian styles, resulting from the arrival of the British
settlers. Although influenced by Dutch architecture, the Cape Dutch style is
unique to South Africa and examples can be seen all over the Eastern and Western
Cape. Port Elizabeth has numerous water features in its encompassing area. There
is a vast length of marine coastline on the city's outer encroachments
particularly southwards. Kings Beach is adjacent to Port Elizabeth's harbour,
and the longshore drift from Cape Recife provides a plentiful supply of sea
sand.

On the north westerly coastline of Port Elizabeth, the contours tends to be
rockier than the area between Cape Recife, and the Port of Ngqura. Port
Elizabeth has a few rivers, of which the Baakens River is the most prominent.
This river usually floods when a reasonable amount precipitation is observed,
especially at low level crossings. North End Lake in North End is the largest
natural freshwater [62] body in Port Elizabeth, but has experienced a form of
contamination [63] from industry. It is not recommended to ingest anything from
this lake Also, numerous smaller "lakes" are in the surrounding area, namely
Lake Farm.

Port Elizabeth as a whole, the entire Eastern Cape is experiencing a devastating
drought, of which a disaster has been declared by the current office bearers of
the greater municipality. Water restrictions are in place, and measures are in
place to provide enough water in the near future, namely fresh water treatment
works being constructed to acquire additional water from the Gariep Dam.

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Contents:

Barberton Paragliding Open Magical Mushrooms Deep in South Africa’s Makhonjwas
You are here Browsing PhD / Doctoral by Department "Department of Geological
Sciences"



There are a number of game-breeding centres in South Africa.

The MBCC is home to an abundance of exotic and indigenous fauna such as lemur,
the rare tsessebe, roan antelope and black rhino. The Ann van Dyk Cheetah Centre
, formerly known as the De Wildt Cheetah Centre, is a breeding sanctuary for
cheetahs and other endangered animals situated in Hartbeespoort. In , the centre
achieved success when the cheetah was removed from the South African endangered
species list. Other creatures being housed at the centre include African wild
dogs, brown hyenas, servals, suni antelopes, riverine rabbits and a population
of vultures.

The Hoedspruit Endangered Species Centre HESC in Limpopo focuses on the breeding
and conservation of a variety of animal species, including African wild cat,
ground hornbill, sable antelope, lion, cheetah and rhino. South Africa is one of
only seven countries in the world that has substantial lion populations. By mid,
there were over 3 African lions in the wild in South Africa. Approximately 7
lions are kept in around captive breeding facilities in South Africa. At the Two
Oceans Aquarium situated at the Victoria and Alfred Waterfront, Cape Town, more
than 3 specimens represent some species of fish, invertebrates, mammals, birds
and plants supported by the waters along the Cape coast.

The aquarium at uShaka Marine World in Durban incorporates both fresh and
sea-water species.

Located outside Hoedspruit, it offers a close-up look at many local as well as
exotic snakes, crocodiles and lizards. These include the:. In terms of the
number of endemic species of mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians found in
South Africa, the country ranks as the fifth richest in Africa and the 24th
richest in the world. Operation Phakisa, which was launched in , is a new
approach to enable government to implement its policies and programmes better,
faster and more effectively.

In , the domestic sale of rhino horn became legal following a Constitutional
Court order that upheld a High Court decision lifting the moratorium. The
domestic sale of rhino horn is conducted subject to the issuing of relevant
permits in terms of the National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act
NEMBA of , its regulations and applicable provincial legislation.

Section 57 1 of the NEMBA of provides that a person may not carry out a
restricted activity involving specimen of a listed threatened or protected
species without a permit. A total of 1 rhino were poached between 1 January and
31 December compared to 1 in the same period for , representing a decrease of 26
animals.

In the reporting period, a total of alleged rhino poachers and 16 alleged
traffickers were arrested nationally bringing the total figure to This
represents a decrease from when a total of poachers and traffickers were
arrested. For the Kruger National Park, the number of arrests of alleged
poachers stood at in , comprising arrests inside the Kruger National Park and
adjacent to the park.

This represents an increase compared to when a total of were arrested inside and
adjacent to the Kruger National Park. A total of weapons were seized in
rhino-related incidents both inside and outside the Kruger National Park in
During , a total of 21 SANParks officials were arrested for poaching-related
offences. Mapping their depth extension is a crucial step towards understanding
the formation and the evolution of the BGB. Unfortunately, in the measurement
area numerous noise sources were active, producing severe spikes and steps in
the EM fields.

These disturbances mainly affect long periods which are needed for resolving the
deepest structures. The Remote Reference technique as well as two filtering
techniques are applied to improve the data in different period ranges. Adjusting
their parameters for each site is necessary to obtain the best possible results.
The improved data set is used for two-dimensional inversion studies for the six
profiles applying the RLM2DI algorithm by Rodi and Mackie , implemented in
WinGlink. In the models, areas with higher conductivity can be traced beneath
known faults throughout the entire array along different profiles.

Resistive zones seem to correlate.

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Archean supracrustal sequences in the Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa ,
and the Pilbara Block, Australia, consist of lower volcanic and upper dominantly
terrigenous clastic intervals. As evidenced by the paleoenvironments of
intercalated sedimentary horizons, volcanism occurred mainly in shallow waters.
The overlying ca 3. Lateral and vertical associations of inferred
paleoenvironments are used to interpret the geotectonic history of the Archean
depositories.

The early sedimentary history of the greenstone belts is characterized by
terrestrial and subaqueous graben-fill associations of facies related to the
initial rift stage of basin development. Continued rifting and initial spreading
produced submarine grabens within which ironformations accumulated in response
to waning volcanism.

Source area uplift resulted in progradation of submarine fans across the basinal
chemical sediments. The turbidites are gradational directly into braided
alluvial sediments, in part of fan delta origin, suggesting that the continental
to marine transition occurred along a narrow continental shelf.

In the Barberton Mountain Land the steep-rift margin was succeeded by the
development of a stable continental shelf or shelf rise margin through
progradation of the turbidite wedge possibly in association with a eustatic rise
in sea-level related to continued spreading.


BARBERTON PARAGLIDING OPEN

On this shelf extensive tidal, deltaic and barrier beach sediments accumulated.
Sedimentation was terminated by closure of the passive margin oceans. The
late-Archean Pongola Supergroup in South Africa is considered to be the
late-orogenic molasse response to this closure and represents the completion of
the Wilson cycle. The 3. It is preserved in structurally separate blocks in a
heavily deformed fold-and-thrust belt.

North of the Inyoka Fault, Moodies strata reach up to m in thickness. Detailed
mapping, correlation of measured sections, and systematic analysis of
paleocurrents show that the lower Moodies Group north of the Inyoka Fault forms
a deepening- and fining-upward sequence from a basal alluvial conglomerate
through braided fluvial, tidal, and deltaic sandstones to offshore sandy shelf
deposits. The basal conglomerate and overlying fluvial facies were derived from
the north and include abundant detritus eroded from underlying Fig Tree Group
dacitic volcanic rocks.

Shoreline-parallel transport and extensive reworking dominate overlying deltaic,
tidal, and marine facies. The lithologies and arrangement of Moodies Group
facies, sandstone petrology, the unconformable relationship between Moodies
strata and older deformed rocks, presence of at least one syndepositional normal
fault, and presence of basaltic flow rocks and airfall fall tuffs interbedded
with the terrestrial strata collectively suggest that the lower Moodies Group
was deposited in one or more intramontane basins in an extensional setting.

Thinner Moodies sections south of the Inyoka Fault, generally less than m thick,
may be correlative with the basal Moodies Group north of the Inyoka Fault and
were probably deposited in separate basins. A northerly derived,
southward-thinning fan-delta conglomerate in the upper part of the Moodies Group
in the central BGB overlies lower strata with an angular unconformity.

This and associated upper Moodies conglomerates mark the beginning of basin
shortening by south - to southeast-directed thrust faulting along the northern
margin of the BGB and suggest that the upper Moodies. Depositional environment
of the Onverwacht sedimentary rocks Barberton greenstone belt, South Africa. The
Onverwacht Group is the basal part of the ca 3. It comprises a volcanic pile
overlain by a thin layer of volcaniclastic sediments which, due to
silicification, are extremely well preserved.

There has been a controversy as to how and in what environment these sediments
were formed, different sets of data being presented to reach opposite
conclusions. The Onverwacht Group has been extensively repeated tectonically and
here for the first time, sediments from different structural levels are studied
together.

Three separate facies have been recognised, a distal and proximal turbidite
facies and a subaerial facies. Deposition of Onverwacht Group sedimentary rocks
occurred in an oceanic basin characterised by the presence of emergent volcanic
islands. After eruption, material was deposited both subaerially and in a
shallow submarine environment on the volcanic slopes and, as a result of
pyroclastic flow, in the deeper parts of the basin. Silver and mercury in single
gold grains from the Witwatersrand and Barberton , South Africa. The contents of
silver and mercury in spots on gold grains from seven localities of the
Witwatersrand palaeo-placer and Archaean vein deposits from Barberton were
measured using an electron microprobe.


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Efforts to bring about an orderly and peaceful transition to independent status
are hampered at present by the lack of parallel progress toward withdrawal of
Cuban combat forces from Angola. In the satellite image, the bare rocks of
mountain peaks appear as a pale gray-green, accentuated by the sharp relief of
sunlit slopes and their shadows. Describes the success of the Science Education
Project SEP in confronting authoritarian practices of government exclusive
dating agency in Barberton South Africa and those within its own ranks. The
economic benefits for a region or exclusive dating agency in Barberton South
Africa, appointed as a World Heritage Site are substantial. We are committed to
working with our clients and to understand their site. Three separate facies
have been recognised, a distal and proximal turbidite facies and a subaerial
facies. South Africa has a large energy-intensive coal mining industry. These
emerge from a combination of external and internal pressures. Several possible
mechanisms could have produced these rocks, including 1 erosion and transport of
pre-existing komatiitic flow. Last, we group the CT3 spherule layers, which
occur in three intervals A, B, and Caccording to their petrographic and
geochemical features, which indicate evidence for at least three distinct impact
events before tectonic overprint that affected the original deposits.

The objective was to obtain information on the extent of gold alteration during
fluvial transport and post-depositional geological processes. The results,
however, show that Ag and Hg are distributed homogeneously in the gold grains
studied. No indications were found that the gold was transported in solution nor
that leaching took place in an oxidizing fluvial environment.

Combined analysis for Ag and Hg in Witwatersrand gold grains by electron
microprobe can therefore be a valuable tool in establishing the types of primary
sources for the gold. The sub-vertical- to vertical position of the fractures,
the abundance of highly shattered zones with poorly rotated angular fragments
and common jigsaw fit, radial structures, and multiple injection features point
to repetitive hydraulic fracturing that released overpressured fluids trapped
within the shallow crust.

The chemical and isotopic compositions of the chert favour a model whereby
seawater-derived fluids circulated at low temperature The Pioneer Ultramafic
Complex of the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. It is perhaps Earth's
best preserved mid-Archean supracrustal sequence and also among the most
magnesian, making it an ideal location for studying compositionally distinct
rocks of the Archean, such as komatiites.


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The Pioneer Ultramafic Complex has been interpreted as a komatiitic intrusion
but we argue that it is a sequence of layered komatiitic flows and interbedded
tuffs correlative with other komatiitic extrusive units of the 3. The Pioneer
Ultramafic Complex contains at least m of section in the study area, including
at least 5 flow sets, with individual flows up to m thick, sections of tuff up
to m thick and additional thinner tuff units.

The base of the sequence is in fault contact with the Sawmill Ultramafic
Complex, which is similar to and perhaps correlative with the Pioneer. The top
of the sequence is bounded by the Moodies Fault and slightly younger sedimentary
rocks of the Fig Tree and Moodies Groups. Typical flows of the Pioneer have
highly serpentinized olivine-rich cumulate bases, fresh olivine bearing
peridotitic lithologies in central portions, and increasing pyroxene content,
pyroxene size, and elongation of grains toward the flow tops.

The tuffs within this and other layered ultramafic complexes of the Barberton
Greenstone Belt are mostly fine grained, slaty serpentinites that were
previously interpreted as bedding horizontal zones of shearing. However, rare
preservation of angular and vesicular lapilli, and more commonly
cross-stratification in finer grained layers, provide strong evidence that these
layers represent tuffs. High chromium and other trace element contents suggest
they are. A m-thick complex of near-vertical carbonaceous chert dikes marks the
transition from the Mendon to Mapepe Formations Ma in the Barberton Greenstone
Belt, South Africa.

Fracturing was intense in this area, as shown by the profusion and width of the
dikes ca. The dike-and-sill organization of the fracture network and the upward
narrowing of some of the large veins indicate that at least part of the fluid
originated at depth and migrated upward in this hydrothermal plumbing system.


BROWSING PHD / DOCTORAL BY DEPARTMENT "DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES"

Abundant angular fragments of silicified country rock are suspended and
uniformly distributed within the larger dikes. Jigsaw-fit structures and
confined bursting textures indicate that hydraulic fracturing was at the origin
of the veins. The confinement of the dike system beneath an impact spherule bed
suggests that the hydrothermal circulations were triggered by the impact and
located at the external margin of a large crater. From the geometry of the dikes
and the petrography of the cherts, we infer that the fluid that invaded the
fractures was thixotropic.

Wits Geotalk: SA's Archean and Paleoproterozoic chemical and sedimentary
successions - Bertus Smith


On one hand, the injection of black chert into extremely fine fractures is
evidence for low viscosity at the time of injection; on the other hand, the lack
of closure of larger veins and the suspension of large fragments in a chert
matrix provide evidence of high viscosity soon thereafter. The inference is that
the viscosity of the injected fluid increased from low to high as the fluid
velocity decreased.

Such rheological behavior is characteristic of media composed of solid and
colloidal particles suspended in a liquid. The presence of abundant clay-sized,
rounded particles of silica, carbonaceous matter and clay minerals, the high
proportion of siliceous matrix and the capacity of colloidal silica to form
cohesive 3-D networks through gelation, account for the viscosity increase and
thixotropic behavior of the fluid that filled the veins.

Stirring and. Tourmaline mineralization in the Barberton greenstone belt, South
Africa : early Archean metasomatism by evaporite-derived boron.

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