en.wikipedia.org
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URL:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations
Submission: On December 16 via api from US — Scanned from US
Submission: On December 16 via api from US — Scanned from US
Form analysis 7 forms found in the DOM
/w/index.php
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<div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved">
<div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon">
<input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [alt-shift-f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" autocomplete="off">
<span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span>
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<input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search">
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<button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button>
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<div class="frb-step frb-step-1">
<button class="frb-icon-btn frb-close skin-invert" aria-label="Close"></button>
<fieldset class="frb-frequency">
<legend class="frb-numbered error-highlight"> How often would you like to donate? </legend>
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<li>
<input class="frb-radio" type="radio" name="frequency" id="frb-frequency-onetime" onclick="frb.toggleMonthly(false);" value="onetime" checked="">
<label class="frb-radio-label" for="frb-frequency-onetime">One time</label>
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<li>
<input class="frb-radio" type="radio" name="frequency" id="frb-frequency-monthly" onclick="frb.toggleMonthly(true);" value="monthly">
<label class="frb-radio-label frb-frequency-monthly-label" for="frb-frequency-monthly">Give monthly</label>
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<div class="frb-monthly-pitch">
<svg class="frb-monthly-pitch-arrow" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" height="18" width="18" viewBox="0 0 57.3 50.8">
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</svg> Support Wikipedia year-round
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<div class="frb-monthly-pitch-thanks">
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</svg> Thanks for your generous support
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<legend class="frb-numbered">
<span class="error-highlight">Please select an amount (<span class="frb-replace-currencycode">USD</span>)</span><br>
<span class="avg-donation-once">The average donation in <span class="frb-replace-countryname">the United States</span> is around <span class="frb-replaced">$13</span>.</span>
<span class="avg-donation-monthly" style="display:none;">The average monthly donation in <span class="frb-replace-countryname">the United States</span> is around <span class="frb-replace-recurringaverage">$5</span>.</span>
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<li>
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<li>
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<li>
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<li>
<input class="frb-radio" name="amount" type="radio" id="frb-amt-ps5" value="100">
<label for="frb-amt-ps5" class="frb-radio-label">$100</label>
</li>
<li>
<input class="frb-radio" name="amount" type="radio" id="frb-amt-ps6" value="250">
<label for="frb-amt-ps6" class="frb-radio-label">$250</label>
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<li>
<input class="frb-radio" name="amount" type="radio" id="frb-amt-ps7" value="500">
<label for="frb-amt-ps7" class="frb-radio-label">$500</label>
</li>
<li class="frb-amt-other">
<label for="input_amount_other" class="sr-only">Other amount</label>
<input class="frb-radio" name="amount" type="radio" id="input_amount_other" value="Other">
<input name="otherAmount" type="text" inputmode="decimal" id="frb-amt-other-input" size="3" autocomplete="off" value="" placeholder="Other" tabindex="-1" maxlength="10">
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<label class="frb-checkbox-label" for="frb-ptf-checkbox">I'll generously add <span class="frb-ptf-fee frb-replaced">a little</span> to cover the transaction fees so you can keep 100% of my donation.</label>
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<fieldset class="frb-methods">
<legend class="frb-numbered error-highlight"> Please select a payment method </legend>
<div class="frb-payment-options">
<div data-name="Credit Card" class="frb-button frb-pm-cc frb-cctypes-vmad">
<input id="frb-pm-cc" type="radio" name="frb-methods" class="frb-radio" onchange="frb.setMethod({ method:'cc' });">
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This is what we are up against
December 15: An important update for readers in the United States.
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CONTENTS
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* (Top)
* 1 History
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* 1.1 Background (pre-1941)
* 1.2 Declarations by the Allies of World War II (1941–1944)
* 1.3 Founding (1945)
* 1.4 Cold War (1947–1991)
* 1.5 Post-Cold War (1991–present)
* 2 Structure
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* 2.1 General Assembly
* 2.2 Security Council
* 2.3 UN Secretariat
* 2.4 International Court of Justice
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* 3 Membership
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* 3.1 Group of 77
* 4 Objectives
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* 5 Funding
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* 8.1 Role
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* 8.3 Exclusion of nations
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* 9 Model United Nations
* 10 Hymn to the United Nations
* 11 See also
* 12 Notes
* 13 References
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* 13.1 Citations
* 13.2 Bibliography
* 14 Further reading
* 15 External links
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* 15.1 Official websites
* 15.2 Others
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Intergovernmental self-regulatory body
"UN" redirects here. For other uses, see UN (disambiguation) and United Nations
(disambiguation).
It has been suggested that Criticism of the United Nations be merged into this
article. (Discuss) Proposed since November 2024.
show
United Nations
* Arabic:منظمة الأمم المتحدةChinese:联合国French:Organisation des Nations
uniesRussian:Организация Объединённых НацийSpanish:Organización de las
Naciones Unidas
Flag
Emblem
Members of the United Nations
Headquarters760 United Nations Plaza, Manhattan, New York City (international
zone)Official languages
* Arabic
* Chinese
* English
* French
* Russian
* Spanish[1]
Official script
* Arabic
* Cyrillic
* Latin
* Simplified Chinese
TypeIntergovernmental organizationMembership193 member states
2 observer statesLeaders
• Secretary‑General
António Guterres
• Deputy Secretary-General
Amina J. Mohammed
• General Assembly President
Philemon Yang
• Economic and Social Council President
Bob Rae Establishment
• UN Charter signed
26 June 1945 (79 years ago) (1945-06-26)
• Charter entered into force
24 October 1945 (79 years ago) (1945-10-24)
Website
un.org (General)
un.int (Permanent Missions)
Preceded by
League of Nations
The United Nations (UN) is a diplomatic and political[2] international
organization with the intended purpose of maintaining international peace and
security, developing friendly relations among nations and countries, achieving
international cooperation, and serving as a center for coordinating the actions
of member states.[3] It is widely recognised as the world's largest
international organization.[4] The UN is headquartered in New York City, in
international territory with certain privileges extraterritorial to the United
States, and the UN has other offices in Geneva, Nairobi, Vienna, and The Hague,
where the International Court of Justice is headquartered at the Peace Palace.
The UN was established after World War II with the aim of preventing future
world wars, and succeeded the League of Nations, which was characterized as
being ineffective.[5] On 25 April 1945, 50 nations assembled in San Francisco,
California, for a conference and initialised the drafting of the UN Charter,
which was adopted on 25 June 1945. The charter took effect on 24 October 1945,
when the UN began operations. The UN's objectives, as outlined by its charter,
include maintaining international peace and security, protecting human rights,
delivering humanitarian aid, promoting sustainable development, and upholding
international law.[6] At its founding, the UN had 51 member states; as of
2024[update], it has 193 sovereign states, nearly all of the world's recognized
sovereign states.[7]
The UN's mission to preserve world peace was complicated in its initial decades
due in part to Cold War tensions that existed between the United States and
Soviet Union and their respective allies. Its mission has included the provision
of primarily unarmed military observers and lightly armed troops charged with
primarily monitoring, reporting and confidence-building roles.[8] UN membership
grew significantly following the widespread decolonization in the 1960s. Since
then, 80 former colonies have gained independence, including 11 trust
territories that had been monitored by the Trusteeship Council.[9] By the 1970s,
the UN's budget for economic and social development programmes vastly exceeded
its spending on peacekeeping. After the end of the Cold War in 1991, the UN
shifted and expanded its field operations, undertaking a wide variety of complex
tasks.[8]
The UN comprises six principal operational organizations: the General Assembly,
the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the International Court
of Justice, the UN Secretariat, and the Trusteeship Council, although the
Trusteeship Council has been suspended since 1994. The UN System includes a
multitude of specialized agencies, funds, and programmes, including the World
Bank Group, the World Health Organization, the World Food Programme, UNESCO, and
UNICEF. Additionally, non-governmental organizations may be granted consultative
status with the Economic and Social Council and other agencies.
The UN's chief administrative officer is the secretary-general, currently
António Guterres, who is a Portuguese politician and diplomat. He began his
first five-year term on 1 January 2017 and was re-elected on 8 June 2021. The
organization is financed by assessed and voluntary contributions from its member
states.
The UN, its officers, and its agencies have won multiple Nobel Peace Prizes,
although other evaluations of its effectiveness have been contentious. Some
commentators believe the organization to be a leader in peace and human
development, while others have criticized it for ineffectiveness, bias, and
corruption.
HISTORY
Main article: History of the United Nations
BACKGROUND (PRE-1941)
Haile Selassie I at the League of Nations appealing Italy's invasion in 1936
which the League failed to intervene
In the century prior to the UN's creation, several international organizations
such as the International Committee of the Red Cross were formed to ensure
protection and assistance for victims of armed conflict and strife.[10]
During World War I, several major leaders, especially U.S. President Woodrow
Wilson, advocated for a world body to guarantee peace. The winners of the war,
the Allies, met to decide on formal peace terms at the Paris Peace Conference.
The League of Nations was approved and started operations, but the United States
never joined. On 10 January 1920, the League of Nations formally came into being
when the Covenant of the League of Nations, ratified by 42 nations in 1919, took
effect.[11] The League Council acted as an executive body directing the
Assembly's business. It began with four permanent members—the United Kingdom,
France, Italy, and Japan.
After some limited successes and failures during the 1920s, the League proved
ineffective in the 1930s, as it failed to act against the Japanese invasion of
Manchuria in 1933. Forty nations voted for Japan to withdraw from Manchuria but
Japan voted against it and walked out of the League instead of withdrawing from
Manchuria.[12] It also failed to act against the Second Italo-Ethiopian War,
after the appeal for international intervention by Ethiopian Emperor Haile
Selassie I at Geneva in 1936 went with no avail, including when calls for
economic sanctions against Italy failed. Italy and other nations left the
League.[13]
When war broke out in 1939, the League effectively closed down.[14]
DECLARATIONS BY THE ALLIES OF WORLD WAR II (1941–1944)
1943 sketch by Franklin Roosevelt of the UN original three branches: The Four
Policemen, an executive branch, and an international assembly of forty UN member
states
The first step towards the establishment of the United Nations was the
Inter-Allied Conference in London that led to the Declaration of St James's
Palace on 12 June 1941.[15][16] By August 1941, American President Franklin
Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill had drafted the Atlantic
Charter; which defined goals for the post-war world. At the subsequent meeting
of the Inter-Allied Council in London on 24 September 1941, the eight
governments in exile of countries under Axis occupation, together with the
Soviet Union and representatives of the Free French Forces, unanimously adopted
adherence to the common principles of policy set forth by Britain and the United
States.[17][18]
Roosevelt and Churchill met at the White House in December 1941 for the Arcadia
Conference. Roosevelt is considered a founder of the UN,[19][20] and coined the
term United Nations to describe the Allied countries.[21] Churchill accepted it,
noting its use by Lord Byron.[22] The text of the Declaration by United Nations
was drafted on 29 December 1941, by Roosevelt, Churchill, and Harry Hopkins. It
incorporated Soviet suggestions but included no role for France. One major
change from the Atlantic Charter was the addition of a provision for religious
freedom, which Stalin approved after Roosevelt insisted.[23][24]
Roosevelt's idea of the "Four Powers", refers to the four major Allied
countries, the United States, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, and China,
emerged in the Declaration by the United Nations.[25] On New Year's Day 1942,
Roosevelt, Churchill, the Soviet Union's former Foreign Minister Maxim Litvinov,
and the Chinese Premier T. V. Soong signed the "Declaration by United
Nations",[26] and the next day the representatives of twenty-two other nations
added their signatures. During the war, the United Nations became the official
term for the Allies. In order to join, countries had to sign the Declaration and
declare war on the Axis powers.[27]
The October 1943 Moscow Conference resulted in the Moscow Declarations,
including the Four Power Declaration on General Security which aimed for the
creation "at the earliest possible date of a general international
organization". This was the first public announcement that a new international
organization was being contemplated to replace the League of Nations. The Tehran
Conference followed shortly afterwards at which Roosevelt, Churchill and Joseph
Stalin, the leader of the Soviet Union, met and discussed the idea of a post-war
international organization.
The new international organisation was formulated and negotiated amongst the
delegations from the Allied Big Four at the Dumbarton Oaks Conference from 21
September to 7 October 1944. They agreed on proposals for the aims, structure
and functioning of the new organization.[28][29][30] It took the conference at
Yalta in February 1945, and further negotiations with the Soviet Union, before
all the issues were resolved.[28]
FOUNDING (1945)
The UN in 1945: founding members in light blue, protectorates and territories of
the founding members in dark blue
By 1 March 1945, 21 additional states had signed the Declaration by the United
Nations.[31] After months of planning, the UN Conference on International
Organization opened in San Francisco on 25 April 1945. It was attended by 50
nations' governments and a number of non-governmental organizations.[32][33][34]
The delegations of the Big Four chaired the plenary meetings.[35] Previously,
Churchill had urged Roosevelt to restore France to its status of a major power
after the liberation of Paris in August 1944. The drafting of the Charter of the
United Nations was completed over the following two months, and it was signed on
26 June 1945 by the representatives of the 50 countries.[36][37] The UN
officially came into existence on 24 October 1945, upon ratification of the
Charter by the five permanent members of the Security Council: the United
States, the United Kingdom, France, the Soviet Union and China — and by a
majority of the other 46 nations.[38][39]
The first meetings of the General Assembly, with 51 nations represented,[a] and
the Security Council took place in London beginning in January 1946.[38] Debates
began at once, covering topical issues such as the presence of Russian troops in
Iranian Azerbaijan and British forces in Greece.[42] British diplomat Gladwyn
Jebb served as interim secretary-general.
The General Assembly selected New York City as the site for the headquarters of
the UN. Construction began on 14 September 1948 and the facility was completed
on 9 October 1952. The Norwegian Foreign Minister, Trygve Lie, was the first
elected UN secretary-general.[38]
COLD WAR (1947–1991)
Dag Hammarskjöld was a particularly active secretary-general from 1953 until he
died in 1961.
Though the UN's primary mandate was peacekeeping, the division between the
United States and the Soviet Union often paralysed the organization; generally
allowing it to intervene only in conflicts distant from the Cold War.[43] Two
notable exceptions were a Security Council resolution on 7 July 1950 authorizing
a US-led coalition to repel the North Korean invasion of South Korea, passed in
the absence of the Soviet Union,[38][44] and the signing of the Korean Armistice
Agreement on 27 July 1953.[45]
On 29 November 1947, the General Assembly approved resolution 181, a proposal to
partition Palestine into two state, with Jerusalem placed under a special
international regime.[46] The plan failed[47] and a civil war broke out in
Palestine, that led to the creation of the state of Israel afterward.[48] Two
years later, Ralph Bunche, a UN official, negotiated an armistice to the
resulting conflict, with the Security Council deciding that “an armistice shall
be established in all sectors of Palestine”.[47][49] On 7 November 1956, the
first UN peacekeeping force was established to end the Suez Crisis;[50] however,
the UN was unable to intervene against the Soviet Union's simultaneous invasion
of Hungary, following the country's revolution.[51]
On 14 July 1960, the UN established the United Nations Operation in the Congo
(or UNOC), the largest military force of its early decades, to bring order to
Katanga, restoring it to the control of the Democratic Republic of the Congo by
11 May 1964.[52] While travelling to meet rebel leader Moise Tshombe during the
conflict, Dag Hammarskjöld, often named as one of the UN's most effective
secretaries-general,[53][54][55] died in a plane crash. Months later he was
posthumously awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.[56] In 1964, Hammarskjöld's
successor, U Thant, deployed the UN Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus, which would
become one of the UN's longest-running peacekeeping missions.[57]
With the spread of decolonization in the 1960s, the UN's membership shot up due
to an influx of newly independent nations. In 1960 alone, 17 new states joined
the UN, 16 of them from Africa.[50] On 25 October 1971, with opposition from the
United States, but with the support of many Third World nations, the People's
Republic of China was given the Chinese seat on the Security Council in place of
the Republic of China (also known as Taiwan). The vote was widely seen as a sign
of waning American influence in the organization.[58] Third World nations
organized themselves into the Group of 77 under the leadership of Algeria, which
briefly became a dominant power at the UN.[59] On 10 November 1975, a bloc
comprising the Soviet Union and Third World nations passed a resolution, over
strenuous American and Israeli opposition, declaring Zionism to be a form of
racism. The resolution was repealed on 16 December 1991, shortly after the end
of the Cold War.[60][61]
With an increasing Third World presence and the failure of UN mediation in
conflicts in the Middle East, Vietnam, and Kashmir, the UN increasingly shifted
its attention to its secondary goals of economic development and cultural
exchange.[62] By the 1970s, the UN budget for social and economic development
was far greater than its peacekeeping budget.
POST-COLD WAR (1991–PRESENT)
Kofi Annan, secretary-general from 1997 to 2006 Flags of member nations at the
United Nations Headquarters, seen in 2007 Marking of the UN's 70th anniversary –
Budapest, 2015
After the Cold War, the UN saw a radical expansion in its peacekeeping duties,
taking on more missions in five years than it had in the previous four
decades.[63] Between 1988 and 2000, the number of adopted Security Council
resolutions more than doubled, and the peacekeeping budget increased by more
than tenfold.[64][65][66][67] The UN negotiated an end to the Salvadoran Civil
War, launched a successful peacekeeping mission in Namibia, and oversaw
democratic elections in post-apartheid South Africa and post-Khmer Rouge
Cambodia.[68] In 1991, the UN authorized a US-led coalition that repulsed Iraq's
invasion of Kuwait.[69] Brian Urquhart, the under-secretary-general of the UN
from 1971 to 1985, later described the hopes raised by these successes as a
"false renaissance" for the organization, given the more troubled missions that
followed.[66]
Beginning in the last decades of the Cold War, critics of the UN condemned the
organization for perceived mismanagement and corruption.[70] In 1984, American
President Ronald Reagan withdrew the United States' funding from the United
Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (or UNESCO) over
allegations of mismanagement, followed by the United Kingdom and
Singapore.[71][72] Boutros Boutros-Ghali, the secretary-general from 1992 to
1996, initiated a reform of the Secretariat, somewhat reducing the size of the
organisation.[73][74] His successor, Kofi Annan, initiated further management
reforms in the face of threats from the US to withhold its UN dues.[74]
Though the UN Charter had been written primarily to prevent aggression by one
nation against another, in the early 1990s the UN faced several simultaneous,
serious crises within Somalia, Haiti, Mozambique, and the nations that
previously made up Yugoslavia.[75] The UN mission in Somalia was widely viewed
as a failure after the United States' withdrawal following casualties in the
Battle of Mogadishu. The UN mission to Bosnia faced worldwide ridicule for its
indecisive and confused mission in the face of ethnic cleansing.[76] In 1994,
the UN Assistance Mission for Rwanda failed to intervene in the Rwandan genocide
amidst indecision in the Security Council.[77]
From the late 1990s to the early 2000s, international interventions authorized
by the UN took a wider variety of forms. The United Nations Security Council
Resolution 1244 authorised the NATO-led Kosovo Force beginning in 1999. The UN
mission in the Sierra Leone Civil War was supplemented by a British military
intervention. The invasion of Afghanistan in 2001 was overseen by NATO.[78] In
2003, the United States invaded Iraq despite failing to pass a UN Security
Council resolution for authorization, prompting a new round of questioning of
the UN's effectiveness.[79]
Under the eighth secretary-general, Ban Ki-moon, the UN intervened with
peacekeepers in crises such as the War in Darfur in Sudan and the Kivu conflict
in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and sent observers and chemical weapons
inspectors to the Syrian Civil War.[80] In 2013, an internal review of UN
actions in the final battles of the Sri Lankan Civil War in 2009 concluded that
the organization had suffered a "systemic failure".[81] In 2010, the
organization suffered the worst loss of life in its history, when 101 personnel
died in the Haiti earthquake.[82] Acting under the United Nations Security
Council Resolution 1973 in 2011, NATO countries intervened in the First Libyan
Civil War.
The Millennium Summit was held in 2000 to discuss the UN's role in the 21st
century.[83] The three-day meeting was the largest gathering of world leaders in
history, and it culminated in the adoption by all member states of the
Millennium Development Goals (or MDGs), a commitment to achieve international
development in areas such as poverty reduction, gender equality and public
health. Progress towards these goals, which were to be met by 2015, was
ultimately uneven. The 2005 World Summit reaffirmed the UN's focus on promoting
development, peacekeeping, human rights and global security.[84] The Sustainable
Development Goals (or SDGs) were launched in 2015 to succeed the Millennium
Development Goals.[85]
In addition to addressing global challenges, the UN has sought to improve its
accountability and democratic legitimacy by engaging more with civil society and
fostering a global constituency.[86] In an effort to enhance transparency, in
2016 the organization held its first public debate between candidates for
secretary-general.[87] On 1 January 2017, Portuguese diplomat António Guterres,
who had previously served as the UN High Commissioner for Refugees, became the
ninth secretary-general. Guterres has highlighted several key goals for his
administration, including an emphasis on diplomacy for preventing conflicts,
more effective peacekeeping efforts, and streamlining the organization to be
more responsive and versatile to international needs.[88]
On 13 June 2019, the UN signed a Strategic Partnership Framework with the World
Economic Forum in order to "jointly accelerate" the implementation of the 2030
Agenda for Sustainable Development.[89]
STRUCTURE
Main article: United Nations System
The United Nations is part of the broader UN System, which includes an extensive
network of institutions and entities. Central to the organization are five
principal organs established by the UN Charter: the General Assembly, the
Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the International Court of
Justice and the UN Secretariat.[90] A sixth principal organ, the Trusteeship
Council, suspended its operations on 1 November 1994 upon the independence of
Palau; the last remaining UN trustee territory.[91]
Four of the five principal organs are located at the main UN Headquarters in New
York City, while the International Court of Justice is seated in The Hague.[92]
Most other major agencies are based in the UN offices at Geneva,[93] Vienna,[94]
and Nairobi,[95] and additional UN institutions are located throughout the
world. The six official languages of the UN, used in intergovernmental meetings
and documents, are Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish.[96] On
the basis of the Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United
Nations, the UN and its agencies are immune from the laws of the countries where
they operate, safeguarding the UN's impartiality with regard to host and member
countries.[97]
Below the six organs are, in the words of the author Linda Fasulo, "an amazing
collection of entities and organizations, some of which are actually older than
the UN itself and operate with almost complete independence from it".[98] These
include specialized agencies, research and training institutions, programmes and
funds and other UN entities.[99]
All organizations in the UN system obey the Noblemaire principle, which calls
for salaries that will attract and retain citizens of countries where
compensation is highest, and which ensures equal pay for work of equal value
regardless of the employee's nationality.[100][101] In practice, the
International Civil Service Commission, which governs the conditions of UN
personnel, takes reference to the highest-paying national civil service.[102]
Staff salaries are subject to an internal tax that is administered by the UN
organizations.[100][103]
Principal organs of the United Nations[104]
* v
* t
* e
UN General Assembly
— Deliberative assembly of all UN member states — UN Secretariat
— Administrative organ of the UN — International Court of Justice
— Universal court for international law —
* May resolve non-compulsory recommendations to states or suggestions to the
Security Council (UNSC);
* Decides on the admission of new members, following proposal by the UNSC;
* Adopts the budget;
* Elects the non-permanent members of the UNSC; all members of the Economic and
Social Council; the UN Secretary-General (following their proposal by the
UNSC); and the fifteen judges of the International Court of Justice (ICJ).
Each country has one vote.
* Supports the other UN bodies administratively (for example, in the
organization of conferences, the writing of reports and studies and the
preparation of the budget);
* Its chairperson—the UN Secretary-General—is elected by the General Assembly
for a five-year mandate and is the UN's foremost representative.
* Decides disputes between states that recognize its jurisdiction;
* Issues legal opinions;
* Renders judgment by relative majority. Its fifteen judges are elected by the
UN General Assembly for nine-year terms.
UN Security Council
— For international security issues — UN Economic and Social Council
— For global economic and social affairs — UN Trusteeship Council
— For administering trust territories (currently inactive) —
* Responsible for the maintenance of international peace and security;
* May adopt compulsory resolutions;
* Has fifteen members: five permanent members with veto power and ten elected
members.
* Responsible for co-operation between states as regards economic and social
matters;
* Co-ordinates co-operation between the UN's numerous specialized agencies;
* Has 54 members, elected by the General Assembly to serve staggered three-year
mandates.
* Was originally designed to manage colonial possessions that were former
League of Nations mandates;
* Has been inactive since 1994, when Palau, the last trust territory, attained
independence.
GENERAL ASSEMBLY
Main article: United Nations General Assembly
Mikhail Gorbachev, leader of the Soviet Union, addressing the UN General
Assembly in December 1988
The General Assembly is the primary deliberative assembly of the UN. Composed of
all UN member states, the assembly gathers at annual sessions at the General
Assembly Hall, but emergency sessions can be summoned.[105] The assembly is led
by a president, elected by the member states on a rotating regional basis, and
21 vice-presidents.[106] The first session convened on 10 January 1946 in the
Methodist Central Hall in London and comprised representatives of 51
nations.[38]
When the General Assembly decides on seminal questions such as those on peace
and security, admission of new members and budgetary matters, a two-thirds
majority of those present and voting is required.[107][108] All other questions
are decided by a majority vote. Each member has one vote. Apart from the
approval of budgetary matters, resolutions are not binding on the members. The
Assembly may make recommendations on any matters within the scope of the UN,
except matters of peace and security that are under consideration by the
Security Council.[105]
Draft resolutions can be forwarded to the General Assembly by its six main
committees:[109]
* First Committee (Disarmament and International Security)
* Second Committee (Economic and Financial)
* Third Committee (Social, Humanitarian, and Cultural)
* Fourth Committee (Special Political and Decolonization)
* Fifth Committee (Administrative and Budgetary)
* Sixth Committee (Legal)
As well as by the following two committees:
* General Committee – a supervisory committee consisting of the assembly's
president, vice-presidents, and committee heads
* Credentials Committee – responsible for determining the credentials of each
member nation's UN representatives
SECURITY COUNCIL
Main article: United Nations Security Council
Colin Powell, the US Secretary of State, demonstrates a vial with alleged Iraq
chemical weapon probes to the UN Security Council on Iraq war hearings, 5
February 2003.
The Security Council is charged with maintaining peace and security among
nations. While other organs of the UN can only make recommendations to member
states, the Security Council has the power to make binding decisions that member
states have agreed to carry out, under the terms of Charter Article 25.[110] The
decisions of the council are known as United Nations Security Council
resolutions.[111]
The Security Council is made up of fifteen member states: five permanent members
(China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States) and ten
non-permanent members (currently Algeria, Ecuador, Guyana, Japan, Malta,
Mozambique, the Republic of Korea, Sierra Leone, Slovenia and Switzerland).[112]
The five permanent members hold veto power over UN resolutions, allowing a
permanent member to block adoption of a resolution, though not debate. The ten
temporary seats are held for two-year terms, with five members elected each year
by the General Assembly on a regional basis.[113] The presidency of the Security
Council rotates alphabetically each month.[114]
UN SECRETARIAT
Main articles: United Nations Secretariat and Secretary-General of the United
Nations
António Guterres, the current secretary-general
The UN Secretariat carries out the day-to-day duties required to operate and
maintain the UN system.[115] It is composed of tens of thousands of
international civil servants worldwide and headed by the secretary-general, who
is assisted by the deputy secretary-general.[116] The Secretariat's duties
include providing information and facilities needed by UN bodies for their
meetings and carrying out tasks as directed by the Security Council, the General
Assembly, the Economic and Social Council, and other UN bodies.[117]
The secretary-general acts as the spokesperson and leader of the UN. The
position is defined in the UN Charter as the organization's chief administrative
officer.[118] Article 99 of the charter states that the secretary-general can
bring to the Security Council's attention "any matter which in their opinion may
threaten the maintenance of international peace and security", a phrase that
secretaries-general since Trygve Lie have interpreted as giving the position
broad scope for action on the world stage.[119] The office has evolved into a
dual role of an administrator of the UN organization and a diplomat and mediator
addressing disputes between member states and finding consensus to global
issues.[120]
The secretary-general is appointed by the General Assembly, after being
recommended by the Security Council, where the permanent members have veto
power. There are no specific criteria for the post, but over the years it has
become accepted that the position shall be held for one or two terms of five
years.[121] The current secretary-general is António Guterres of Portugal, who
replaced Ban Ki-moon in 2017.
Secretaries-general of the United Nations[122] No. Name Country of origin Took
office Left office Notes – Gladwyn Jebb United Kingdom 24 October 1945 2
February 1946 Served as acting secretary-general until Lie's election 1 Trygve
Lie Norway 2 February 1946 10 November 1952 Resigned 2 Dag Hammarskjöld Sweden
10 April 1953 18 September 1961 Died in office 3 U Thant Burma 30 November 1961
31 December 1971 First non-European to hold office 4 Kurt Waldheim Austria 1
January 1972 31 December 1981 5 Javier Pérez de Cuéllar Peru 1 January 1982 31
December 1991 6 Boutros Boutros-Ghali Egypt 1 January 1992 31 December 1996
Served for the shortest time 7 Kofi Annan Ghana 1 January 1997 31 December 2006
8 Ban Ki-moon South Korea 1 January 2007 31 December 2016 9 António Guterres
Portugal 1 January 2017 Incumbent
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
Main article: International Court of Justice
The ICJ ruled that Kosovo's unilateral declaration of independence from Serbia
in 2008 did not violate international law.
The International Court of Justice (or ICJ), sometimes known as the World
Court,[123] is the primary judicial organ of the UN. It is the successor to the
Permanent Court of International Justice and occupies the body's former
headquarters in the Peace Palace in The Hague, Netherlands, making it the only
principal organ not based in New York City. The ICJ's main function is
adjudicating disputes among nations. Examples of issues they have heard include
war crimes, violations of state sovereignty and ethnic cleansing.[124] The court
can also be called upon by other UN organs to provide advisory opinions on
matters of international law.[125] All UN member states are parties to the ICJ
Statute, which forms an integral part of the UN Charter, and non-members may
also become parties. The ICJ's rulings are binding upon parties and, along with
its advisory opinions, serve as sources of international law.[123] The court is
composed of 15 judges appointed to nine-year terms by the General Assembly.
Every sitting judge must be from a different nation.[125][126]
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL
Main article: United Nations Economic and Social Council
The Economic and Social Council (or the ECOSOC) assists the General Assembly in
promoting international economic and social co-operation and development.[127]
It was established to serve as the UN's primary forum for global issues and is
the largest and most complex UN body.[127] The ECOSOC's functions include
gathering data, conducting studies and advising and making recommendations to
member states.[128][129] Its work is carried out primarily by subsidiary bodies
focused on a wide variety of topics. These include the United Nations Permanent
Forum on Indigenous Issues, which advises UN agencies on issues relating to
indigenous peoples, the United Nations Forum on Forests, which coordinates and
promotes sustainable forest management, the United Nations Statistical
Commission, which co-ordinates information-gathering efforts between agencies,
and the Commission on Sustainable Development, which co-ordinates efforts
between UN agencies and NGOs working towards sustainable development. ECOSOC may
also grant consultative status to non-governmental organizations.[128] As of
April 2021[update] almost 5,600 organizations have this status.[130][131]
SPECIALIZED AGENCIES
Main article: List of specialized agencies of the United Nations
The UN Charter stipulates that each primary organ of the United Nations can
establish various specialized agencies to fulfill its duties.[132] Specialized
agencies are autonomous organizations working with the United Nations and each
other through the coordinating machinery of the Economic and Social Council.
Each was integrated into the UN system through an agreement with the UN under UN
Charter article 57.[133] There are fifteen specialized agencies, which perform
functions as diverse as facilitating international travel, preventing and
addressing pandemics, and promoting economic development.[134][b]
Specialized agencies of the United Nations No. Acronym Agency Headquarters Head
Established 1 FAO Food and Agriculture Organization Rome, Italy Qu Dongyu 1945 2
ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization Montreal, Quebec, Canada Juan
Carlos Salazar 1947 3 IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development Rome,
Italy Alvaro Lario 1977 4 ILO International Labour Organization Geneva,
Switzerland Gilbert Houngbo 1946 (1919) 5 IMO International Maritime
Organization London, United Kingdom Arsenio Dominguez 1948 6 IMF International
Monetary Fund Washington, D.C., United States Kristalina Georgieva 1945 (1944) 7
ITU International Telecommunication Union Geneva, Switzerland Doreen
Bogdan-Martin 1947 (1865) 8 UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and
Cultural Organization Paris, France Audrey Azoulay 1945 9 UNIDO United Nations
Industrial Development Organization Vienna, Austria Gerd Müller 1967 10 UNWTO
World Tourism Organization Madrid, Spain Zurab Pololikashvili 1974 11 UPU
Universal Postal Union Bern, Switzerland Masahiko Metoki 1947 (1874) 12 WBG
World Bank Group Washington, D.C., United States Ajay Banga (president) 1945
(1944) 13 WHO World Health Organization Geneva, Switzerland Tedros Adhanom 1948
14 WIPO World Intellectual Property Organization Geneva, Switzerland Daren Tang
1974 15 WMO World Meteorological Organization Geneva, Switzerland Celeste Saulo
(secretary-general)
Abdulla Al Mandous (president) 1950 (1873)
FUNDS, PROGRAMMES, AND OTHER BODIES
The United Nations system includes a myriad of autonomous, separately
administered funds, programmes, research and training institutes, and other
subsidiary bodies.[135] Each of these entities have their own area of work,
governance structure, and budgets such as the World Trade Organization (or the
WTO) and the International Atomic Energy Agency (or the IAEA), operate
independently of the UN but maintain formal partnership agreements. The UN
performs much of its humanitarian work through these institutions, such as
preventing famine and malnutrition (the World Food Programme), protecting
vulnerable and displaced people (the UNHCR), and combating the HIV/AIDS pandemic
(the UNAIDS).[136]
Programmes and funds of the United Nations Acronyms Agency Headquarters Head
Established UNDP United Nations Development Programme New York City, United
States Achim Steiner 1965 UNICEF United Nations Children's Fund New York City,
United States Catherine M. Russell 1946 UNCDF United Nations Capital Development
Fund New York City, United States Marc Bichler 1966 WFP World Food Programme
Rome, Italy Cindy McCain 1963 UNEP United Nations Environment Programme Nairobi,
Kenya Inger Andersen 1972 UNFPA United Nations Population Fund New York City,
United States Natalia Kanem 1969 UN-HABITAT United Nations Human Settlements
Programme Nairobi, Kenya Maimunah Mohd Sharif 1978 UNV United Nations Volunteers
Bonn, Germany Toily Kurbanov 1978
MEMBERSHIP
Main articles: Member states of the United Nations and Expulsion from the United
Nations
193 UN member states
2 UN Observer States (Palestine, Holy See)
2 eligible Non-Member States (Niue, Cook Islands)
17 non-self-governing territories
Antarctica
All the world's undisputed independent states are members of the United
Nations.[7] South Sudan, which joined 14 July 2011, is the most recent addition,
bringing a total of 193 UN member states.[137] The UN Charter outlines the
membership rules:
> 1. Membership in the United Nations is open to all other peace-loving states
> that accept the obligations contained in the present Charter and, in the
> judgment of the Organization, are able and willing to carry out these
> obligations.
> 2. The admission of any such state to membership in the United Nations will
> be effected by a decision of the General Assembly upon the recommendation
> of the Security Council. Chapter II, Article 4.[138]
Under the leadership of Sukarno, Indonesia was the first and only country that
attempted to leave the United Nations.
In addition, there are two non-member observer states: the Holy See and
Palestine.[139][c] The Cook Islands and Niue, both states in free association
with New Zealand, are full members of several UN specialized agencies and have
had their "full treaty-making capacity" recognized by the Secretariat.[140]
Indonesia was the first and the only nation that attempted to withdraw its
membership from the United Nations, in protest to the election of Malaysia as a
non-permanent member of the Security Council in 1965 during conflict between the
two countries.[141] After forming CONEFO as a short-lived rival to the UN,
Indonesia resumed its membership in 1966.
GROUP OF 77
Main article: Group of 77
The Group of 77 (or the G77) at the UN is a loose coalition of developing
nations that is designed to promote its members' collective economic interests
and create an enhanced joint negotiating capacity in the UN. Seventy-seven
nations founded the organization, but by November 2013 the organization had
since expanded to 133 member countries.[142] The group was founded 15 June 1964
by the "Joint Declaration of the Seventy-Seven Countries" issued at the United
Nations Conference on Trade and Development (or the UNCTAD). The group held its
first major meeting in Algiers in 1967, where it adopted the Charter of Algiers
and established the basis for permanent institutional structures.[143] With the
adoption of the New International Economic Order by developing countries in the
1970s, the work of the G77 spread throughout the UN system.[144] Similar
groupings of developing states also operate in other UN agencies, such as the
Group of 24 (or the G-24), which operates in the IMF on monetary affairs.[145]
OBJECTIVES
The overarching strategy of the United Nations is captured in the United Nations
Common Agenda.[146][147]
PEACEKEEPING AND SECURITY
Main articles: United Nations peacekeeping and List of United Nations
peacekeeping missions
United Nations Peacekeeping Logo
The UN, after approval by the Security Council, sends peacekeepers to regions
where armed conflict has recently ceased or paused to enforce the terms of peace
agreements and to discourage combatants from resuming hostilities. Since the UN
does not maintain its own military, peacekeeping forces are voluntarily provided
by member states. These soldiers are sometimes nicknamed "Blue Helmets" because
they wear distinctive blue helmets.[148][149] Peacekeeping forces as a whole
received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1988.[150]
The UN has carried out 71 peacekeeping operations since 1947, and As of April
2021[update], over 88,000 peacekeeping personnel from 121 nations have been
deployed on missions.[151] The largest is the United Nations Mission in South
Sudan (or UNMISS), which has close to 19,200 uniformed personnel,[152] and the
smallest, the United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (or
UNMOGIP), consists of 113 civilians and experts charged with monitoring the
ceasefire in Jammu and Kashmir. UN peacekeepers with the United Nations Truce
Supervision Organization (or UNTSO) have been stationed in the Middle East since
1948, the longest-running active peacekeeping mission.[153]
A study by the RAND Corporation in 2005 found the UN to be successful in
two-thirds of its peacekeeping efforts. It compared efforts at nation-building
by the UN to those of the United States and found that 87.5% of UN cases are at
peace, as compared with 50% of U.S. cases at peace.[154] Also in 2005, the Human
Security Report documented a decline in the number of wars, genocides, and human
rights abuses since the end of the Cold War, and presented evidence, albeit
circumstantial, that international activism – mostly spearheaded by the UN – has
been the main cause of the decline in armed conflict.[155] Situations in which
the UN has not only acted to keep the peace but also intervened include the
Korean War and the authorization of intervention in Iraq after the Gulf
War.[156] Further studies published between 2008 and 2021 determined UN
peacekeeping operations to be more effective at ensuring long-lasting peace and
minimizing civilian casualties.[157]
The UN Buffer Zone in Cyprus was established in 1974 following the Turkish
invasion of Cyprus.
The UN has also drawn criticism for perceived failures. In many cases, member
states have shown reluctance to achieve or enforce Security Council resolutions.
Disagreements in the Security Council about military action and intervention are
seen as having failed to prevent the Bangladesh genocide in 1971,[158] the
Cambodian genocide in the 1970s,[159] and the Rwandan genocide in 1994.[160]
Similarly, UN inaction is blamed for failing to either prevent the Srebrenica
massacre or complete the peacekeeping operations during the Somali Civil
War.[161] UN peacekeepers have also been accused of child rape, soliciting
prostitutes, and sexual abuse during various peacekeeping missions in the
Democratic Republic of the Congo,[162] Haiti,[163] Liberia,[164] Sudan,[165]
Burundi, and Côte d'Ivoire.[166] Scientists cited UN peacekeepers from Nepal as
the source of the 2010s Haiti cholera outbreak, which killed more than 8,000
people.[167]
A Nepalese soldier on a peacekeeping deployment providing security at a rice
distribution site in Haiti during 2010
In addition to peacekeeping, the UN is also active in encouraging disarmament.
Regulation of armaments was included in the writing of the UN Charter in 1945
and was envisioned as a way of limiting the use of human and economic resources
for their creation.[110] The advent of nuclear weapons came only weeks after the
signing of the charter, resulting in the first resolution of the first General
Assembly meeting calling for specific proposals for "the elimination from
national armaments of atomic weapons and of all other major weapons adaptable to
mass destruction".[168] The UN has been involved with arms-limitation treaties
such as the Outer Space Treaty, the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear
Weapons, the Seabed Arms Control Treaty, the Biological Weapons Convention, the
Chemical Weapons Convention, and the Ottawa Treaty.[169] Three UN bodies oversee
arms proliferation issues: the International Atomic Energy Agency, the
Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons and the Comprehensive
Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization Preparatory Commission.[170] Additionally,
many peacekeeping missions focus on disarmament: several operations in West
Africa disarmed roughly 250,000 former combatants and secured tens of thousands
of weapons and millions of munitions.[171]
HUMAN RIGHTS
One of the UN's primary purposes is "promoting and encouraging respect for human
rights and for fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex,
language, or religion", and member states pledge to undertake "joint and
separate action" to protect these rights.[132][172]
Eleanor Roosevelt with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1949
In 1948, the General Assembly adopted a Universal Declaration of Human Rights,
drafted by a committee headed by American diplomat and activist Eleanor
Roosevelt, and including the French lawyer René Cassin. The document proclaims
basic civil, political and economic rights common to all human beings, though
its effectiveness towards achieving these ends has been disputed since its
drafting.[173] The Declaration serves as a "common standard of achievement for
all people and all nations" rather than a legally binding document, but it has
become the basis of two binding treaties, the International Covenant on Civil
and Political Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and
Cultural Rights.[174] In practice, the UN is unable to take significant action
against human rights abuses without a Security Council resolution, though it
does substantial work in investigating and reporting abuses.[175]
In 1979, the General Assembly adopted the Convention on the Elimination of All
Forms of Discrimination against Women; followed by the Convention on the Rights
of the Child in 1989.[176] With the end of the Cold War, the push for human
rights action took on new impetus.[177] The United Nations Commission on Human
Rights was formed in 1993 to oversee human rights issues for the UN, following
the recommendation of that year's World Conference on Human Rights. Jacques
Fomerand, a scholar of the UN, describes the organization's mandate as "broad
and vague", with only "meagre" resources to carry it out.[178] In 2006, it was
replaced by a Human Rights Council consisting of 47 nations.[179] Also in 2006,
the General Assembly passed a Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous
People,[180] and in 2011 it passed its first resolution recognizing the rights
of members of the LGBTQ+ community.[181]
Other UN bodies responsible for women's rights issues include the United Nations
Commission on the Status of Women, the United Nations Development Fund for Women
and the United Nations International Research and Training Institute for the
Advancement of Women.[182] The UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, one of
three bodies with a mandate to oversee issues related to indigenous peoples,
held its first session in 2002.[183]
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE
Millennium Development Goals[184]
1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
2. Achieve universal primary education
3. Promote gender equality and empower women
4. Reduce child mortality
5. Improve maternal health
6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases
7. Ensure environmental sustainability
8. Develop a global partnership for development
Another primary purpose of the UN is "to achieve international co-operation in
solving international problems of an economic, social, cultural and humanitarian
character".[172] Numerous bodies have been created to work towards this goal,
primarily under the authority of the General Assembly and the ECOSOC.[185] In
2000, the 192 UN member states agreed to achieve eight Millennium Development
Goals by 2015.[186] The Sustainable Development Goals were launched in 2015 to
succeed the Millennium Development Goals.[85] The SDGs have an associated
financing framework called the Addis Ababa Action Agenda.
The UN Development Programme (or the UNDP), an organization for grant-based
technical assistance, is one of the leading bodies in the field of international
development. The organization also publishes the UN Human Development Index, a
comparative measure ranking countries by poverty, literacy, education, life
expectancy, and other factors.[187][188] The Food and Agriculture Organization
(or the FAO) promotes agricultural development and food security.[189] The
United Nations Children's Fund (or UNICEF) was created in 1946 to aid European
children after the Second World War and expanded its mission to provide aid
around the world and to uphold the convention on the Rights of the
Child.[190][191]
Three former directors of the Global Smallpox Eradication Programme reading the
news that smallpox has been globally eradicated in 1980
The World Bank Group and the International Monetary Fund (or the IMF) are
independent, specialized agencies and observers within the UN framework.[192]
They were initially formed separately from the UN through the Bretton Woods
Agreement.[193] The World Bank provides loans for international development,
while the IMF promotes international economic co-operation and gives emergency
loans to indebted countries.[194]
In Jordan, UNHCR remains responsible for the Syrian refugees and the Zaatari
refugee camp.
The World Health Organization (or WHO), which focuses on international health
issues and disease eradication, is another of the UN's largest agencies. In
1980, the agency announced that the eradication of smallpox had been completed.
In subsequent decades, WHO eradicated polio, river blindness, and leprosy.[195]
The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (or UNAIDS) coordinated the
organization's response to the AIDS epidemic.[196] The UN Population Fund, which
also dedicates part of its resources to combating HIV, is the world's largest
source of funding for reproductive health and family planning services.[197]
Along with the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, the UN takes a
leading role in coordinating emergency relief.[198] The World Food Programme (or
the WFP) provides food aid in response to famine, natural disasters, and armed
conflict. The organization feeds an average of 90 million people in 80 nations
per year.[198][199] The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for
Refugees (or the UNHCR) works to protect the rights of refugees, asylum seekers
and stateless people.[200] The UNHCR and the WFP programmes are funded by
voluntary contributions from governments, corporations, and individuals, though
the UNHCR's administrative costs are paid for by the UN's primary budget.[201]
ENVIRONMENT AND CLIMATE
Further information: United Nations Environment Programme, United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change, and Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change
Beginning with the formation of the UN Environmental Programme (or the UNEP) in
1972, the UN has made environmental issues a prominent part of its agenda. A
lack of success in the first two decades of UN work in this area led to the
Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 1992; which sought to give new
impetus to these efforts.[202] In 1988, the UNEP and the World Meteorological
Organization (or the WMO), another UN organization, established the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which assesses and reports on
research on global warming.[203] The UN-sponsored Kyoto Protocol set legally
binding emissions reduction targets for ratifying states.[204]
OTHER GLOBAL ISSUES
Since the UN's creation, over 80 colonies have attained independence. The
General Assembly adopted the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to
Colonial Countries and Peoples in 1960 with no votes against but abstentions
from all major colonial powers. The UN works towards decolonization through
groups including the UN Committee on Decolonization.[205] The committee lists
seventeen remaining "non-self-governing territories", the largest and most
populous of which is the Western Sahara.[206]
The UN also declares and co-ordinates international observances that bring
awareness to issues of international interest or concern; examples include World
Tuberculosis Day, Earth Day, and the International Year of Deserts and
Desertification.[207]
FUNDING
Top 25 contributors to the United Nations budget for the period 2022–2024[208]
Member state Contribution
(% of UN budget) United States
22.000
China
15.254
Japan
8.033
Germany
6.111
United Kingdom
4.375
France
4.318
Italy
3.189
Canada
2.628
South Korea
2.574
Spain
2.134
Australia
2.111
Brazil
2.013
Russia
1.866
Netherlands
1.377
Mexico
1.221
Saudi Arabia
1.184
Switzerland
1.134
India
1.044
Sweden
0.871
Turkey
0.845
Poland
0.837
Belgium
0.828
Argentina
0.719
Norway
0.679
Austria
0.679
Other member states
11.976
The UN budget for 2024 was $3.59 billion, not including additional resources
donated by members, such as peacekeeping forces.[209] Including specialized
agencies of the UN, the UN System Chief Executives Board for Coordination
reports total expenses of $67.4 billion in 2022 for 43 United Nations
entities.[210][211]
The UN is financed from assessed and voluntary contributions from its member
states. The General Assembly approves the regular budget and determines the
assessment for each member. This is broadly based on the relative capacity of
each nation to pay, as measured by its gross national income (or GNI), with
adjustments for external debt and low per capita income.[212]
The Assembly has established the principle that the UN should not be unduly
dependent on any one member to finance its operations. Thus, there is a
"ceiling" rate, setting the maximum amount that any member can be assessed for
the regular budget. In December 2000, the Assembly revised the scale of
assessments in response to pressure from the United States. As part of that
revision, the regular budget ceiling was reduced from 25% to 22%.[213] For the
least developed countries (or LDCs), a ceiling rate of 0.01% is applied.[212] In
addition to the ceiling rates, the minimum amount assessed to any member nation
(or "floor" rate) is set at 0.001% of the UN budget ($31,000 for the two-year
budget 2021–2022).[214][215]
A large share of the UN's expenditure addresses its core mission of peace and
security, and this budget is assessed separately from the main organizational
budget.[216] The peacekeeping budget for the 2021–2022 fiscal year is $6.38
billion, supporting 66,839 personnel deployed in 12 missions worldwide.[217] UN
peace operations are funded by assessments, using a formula derived from the
regular funding scale that includes a weighted surcharge for the five permanent
Security Council members, who must approve all peacekeeping operations. This
surcharge serves to offset discounted peacekeeping assessment rates for less
developed countries. The largest contributors to the UN peacekeeping budget for
2023–2024 are: the United States (26.94%), China (18.68%), Japan (8.03%),
Germany (6.11%), the United Kingdom (5.35%), France (5.28%), Italy (3.18%),
Canada (2.62%), South Korea (2.57%) and Russia (2.28%).[218]
Special UN programmes not included in the regular budget, such as UNICEF and the
World Food Programme, are financed by voluntary contributions from member
governments, corporations, and private individuals.[219][220]
ASSESSMENTS AND REVIEWS
Main articles: Reform of the United Nations and Reform of the United Nations
Security Council
The 2001 Nobel Peace Prize to the UN—diploma in the lobby of the UN Headquarters
in New York City
Several studies have examined the Security Council's responsiveness to armed
conflict. Findings suggests that the Council is more likely to meet and
deliberate on conflicts that are more intense and have led to more humanitarian
suffering, but that its responsiveness is also shaped by the political interests
of member states and in particular of the permanent members.[221]
UN peacekeeping missions are assessed to be generally successful. A book looking
at 47 peace operations by Virginia Page Fortna of Columbia University found that
UN-led conflict resolution usually resulted in long-term peace.[222]
Political scientists Hanne Fjelde, Lisa Hultman and Desiree Nilsson of Uppsala
University studied twenty years of data on peacekeeping missions, concluding
that they were more effective at reducing civilian casualties than
counterterrorism operations by nation states.[223]
Georgetown University professor Lise Howard postulates that UN peacekeeping
operations are more effective due to their emphasis on "verbal persuasion,
financial inducements and coercion short of offensive military force, including
surveillance and arrest", which are likelier to change the behavior of warring
parties.[157]
British historian Paul Kennedy states that while the organization has suffered
some major setbacks, "when all its aspects are considered, the UN has brought
great benefits to our generation and will bring benefits to our children's and
grandchildren's generations as well."[224]
In 2012, then French President François Hollande stated that "France trusts the
United Nations. She knows that no state, no matter how powerful, can solve
urgent problems, fight for development and bring an end to all crises. France
wants the UN to be the centre of global governance".[225] In his 1953 address to
the United States Committee for United Nations Day, American President Dwight D.
Eisenhower expressed his view that, for all its flaws, "the United Nations
represents man's best organized hope to substitute the conference table for the
battlefield".[226]
Jacques Fomerand, a professor in political sciences, writes that the
"accomplishments of the United Nations in the last 60 years are impressive in
their own terms. Progress in human development during the 20th century has been
dramatic, and the UN and its agencies have certainly helped the world become a
more hospitable and livable place for millions".[227]
Reviewing the first 50 years of the UN's history, the author Stanley Meisler
writes that "the United Nations never fulfilled the hopes of its founders, but
it accomplished a great deal nevertheless", citing its role in decolonization
and its many successful peacekeeping efforts.[228]
AWARDS
A number of agencies and individuals associated with the UN have won the Nobel
Peace Prize in recognition of their work. Two secretaries-general, Dag
Hammarskjöld and Kofi Annan, were each awarded the prize; as were Ralph Bunche,
a UN negotiator, René Cassin, a contributor to the Universal Declaration of
Human Rights, and the American Secretary of State Cordell Hull for his role in
the organization's founding. Lester B. Pearson, the Canadian Secretary of State
for External Affairs, was awarded the prize in 1957 for his role in organizing
the UN's first peacekeeping force to resolve the Suez Crisis.
UNICEF won the prize in 1965, the International Labour Organization in 1969, the
UN Peacekeeping Forces in 1988, the International Atomic Energy Agency (which
reports to the UN) in 2005, and the UN-supported Organisation for the
Prohibition of Chemical Weapons in 2013. The UN High Commissioner for Refugees
was awarded the prize in 1954 and 1981, becoming one of only two recipients to
win the prize twice. The UN as a whole was awarded the prize in 2001, sharing it
with Annan.[229] In 2007, the IPCC received the prize "for their efforts to
build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to
lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such
change."[230]
CRITICISM
Main article: Criticism of the United Nations
ROLE
In a sometimes-misquoted statement, American President George W. Bush stated in
February 2003—referring to UN uncertainty towards Iraqi provocations under the
Saddam Hussein regime—that "free nations will not allow the UN to fade into
history as an ineffective, irrelevant debating society."[231][232][233]
In 2020, former American President Barack Obama, in his memoir A Promised Land
noted, "In the middle of the Cold War, the chances of reaching any consensus had
been slim, which is why the UN had stood idle as Soviet tanks rolled into
Hungary or U.S. planes dropped napalm on the Vietnamese countryside. Even after
the Cold War, divisions within the Security Council continued to hamstring the
UN's ability to tackle problems. Its member states lacked either the means or
the collective will to reconstruct failing states like Somalia, or prevent an
ethnic slaughter in places like Sri Lanka."[234][235]
Since its founding, there have been many calls for reform of the UN but little
consensus on how to do so. Some want the UN to play a greater or more effective
role in world affairs, while others want its role reduced to humanitarian work.
REPRESENTATION AND STRUCTURE
Core features of the UN apparatus, such as the veto privileges of some nations
in the Security Council, are often described as fundamentally undemocratic,
contrary to the UN mission, and a main cause of inaction on genocides and crimes
against humanity.[236][237]
Jacques Fomerand state that the most enduring divide in views of the UN is "the
North–South split" between richer Northern nations and developing Southern
nations. Southern nations tend to favour a more empowered UN with a stronger
General Assembly, allowing them a greater voice in world affairs, while Northern
nations prefer an economically laissez-faire UN that focuses on transnational
threats such as terrorism.[238]
There have also been numerous calls for the UN Security Council's membership to
be increased, for different ways of electing the UN's secretary-general, and for
a UN Parliamentary Assembly.
In the context of ongoing United Nations reform discussions, Noble World
Foundation (NWF) proposes changing the structure of the United Nations Security
Council (UNSC) by shifting membership and veto power from individual states to
regional organizations like the European Union. This proposed shift is in line
with the UNSC's existing practice of basing the selection of non-permanent
members on regional representation. Shifting to regional organization-based
membership in the UNSC aims to reduce deadlock caused by individual state
vetoes. A prime example of this issue was observed on 25 February 2022, when
Russia used its veto power to block a resolution against its invasion of
Ukraine, thereby underscoring a significant weakness in the UNSC's functioning.
NWF's proposal is intended to improve the effectiveness and decision-making
process within the UNSC.[239][240]
EXCLUSION OF NATIONS
See also: United Nations list of non-self-governing territories and List of
states with limited recognition
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After World War II, the French Committee of National Liberation was late to be
recognized by the United States as the government of France, and so the country
was initially excluded from the conferences that created the new organization.
Future French president Charles de Gaulle criticized the UN, famously calling it
a machin (contraption), and was not convinced that a global security alliance
would help maintain world peace, preferring direct defence treaties between
countries.[241]
Since 1971, the Republic of China, also known as Taiwan, has been excluded from
the UN and consistently denied membership in its reapplications.[242] Critics
allege that this position reflects a failure of the organization's development
goals and guidelines,[243] and it garnered renewed scrutiny during the COVID-19
pandemic, when Taiwan was denied membership into the World Health Organization
despite its relatively effective response to the virus.[244] Support for
Taiwan's inclusion is subject to pressure from the People's Republic of China,
which regards the territories administered by Taiwan as their own
territory.[245]
INDEPENDENCE
Throughout the Cold War, both the United States and the Soviet Union repeatedly
accused the UN of favouring the other. In 1950, the Soviet Union boycotted the
organization in protest to China's seat at the UN Security Council being given
to the anti-communist Republic of China. Three years later, the Soviets
effectively forced the resignation of UN Secretary-General Trygve Lie by
refusing to acknowledge his administration due to his support of the Korean
War.[246]
Ironically, the United States had simultaneously scrutinized the UN for
employing communists and Soviet sympathizers, following a high-profile
accusation that Alger Hiss, an American who had taken part in the establishment
of the UN, had been a Soviet spy. American Senator Joseph McCarthy claimed that
the UN Secretariat under Secretary-General Lie harboured American communists,
leading to further pressure that the UN chief resign.[247] The United States saw
nascent opposition to the UN in the 1960s, particularly amongst conservatives,
with groups such as the John Birch Society stating that the organization was an
instrument for communism.[248] Popular opposition to the UN was expressed
through bumper stickers and signs with slogans such as "Get the U.S. out of the
U.N. and the U.N. out of the U.S.!" and "You can't spell communism without
U.N."[249]
NATIONAL SOVEREIGNTY
In the United States, there were concerns about supposed threats to national
sovereignty, most notably promoted by the John Birch Society, which mounted a
nationwide campaign in opposition to the UN during the 1960s.[250][251][252]
Beginning in the 1990s, the same concern appeared with the American Sovereignty
Restoration Act, which has been introduced multiple times in the United States
Congress. In 1997, an amendment containing the bill received a floor vote, with
54 representatives voting in favor.[253][254] The 2007 version of the bill
(H.R. 1146) was authored by U.S. Representative Ron Paul, to effect the United
States' withdrawal from the United Nations. It would repeal various laws
pertaining to the UN, terminate authorization for funds to be spent on the UN,
terminate UN presence on American property, and withdraw diplomatic immunity for
UN employees.[255] It would provide up to two years for the United States to
withdraw.[256] The Yale Law Journal cited the Act as proof that "the United
States's complaints against the United Nations have intensified."[257] The most
recent iteration, As of 2022[update], is H.R.7806, introduced by Mike D.
Rogers.[258]
BIAS
The UN's attention to Israel's treatment of Palestinians is considered excessive
by a range of critics, including Israeli diplomat Dore Gold, British scholar
Robert S. Wistrich, American legal scholar Alan Dershowitz, Australian
politician Mark Dreyfus, and the Anti-Defamation League.[259] In September 2015,
Saudi Arabia's Faisal bin Hassan Trad was elected chair of an advisory committee
in the UN Human Rights Council,[260] a move criticized by the UN Watch.[261] The
UNHRC has likewise been accused of anti-Israel bias by Ex-President of the
United States George W. Bush, who complained that the Council focused too much
attention on Israel and not enough on countries such as Cuba, Venezuela, North
Korea and Iran.[262] American state lawmakers have proposed legislation to block
various UN programs deemed to threaten U.S. sovereignty.[263] In 2023, Tennessee
enacted legislation to block the implementation of programs "originating in, or
traceable to, the United Nations or a subsidiary entity of the United Nations,"
including Agenda 21 and the 2030 Agenda.[264][265]
EFFECTIVENESS
According to international relations scholar Edward Luck, the United States has
preferred a feeble United Nations in major projects undertaken by the
organization to forestall UN interference with, or resistance to, American
policies. "The last thing the U.S. wants is an independent UN throwing its
weight around", Luck said. Similarly, former US Ambassador to the United Nations
Daniel Patrick Moynihan explained that "The Department of State desired that the
United Nations prove utterly ineffective in whatever measures it undertook. The
task was given to me, and I carried it forward with not inconsiderable
success."[266]
In 1994, former special representative of the secretary-general of the UN to
Somalia Mohamed Sahnoun published Somalia: The Missed Opportunities,[267] a book
in which he analyses the reasons for the failure of the 1992 UN intervention in
Somalia. Sahnoun claims that between the start of the Somali civil war in 1988
and the fall of the Siad Barre regime in January 1991, the UN missed at least
three opportunities to prevent major human tragedies. When the UN tried to
provide humanitarian assistance, they were totally outperformed by NGOs, whose
competence and dedication sharply contrasted with the UN's excessive caution and
bureaucratic inefficiencies. Sahnoun warned that if radical reform were not
undertaken, then the UN would continue to respond to such crises with inept
improvisation.[268]
Beyond specific instances or areas of alleged ineffectiveness, some scholars
debate the overall effectiveness of the UN. Adherents to the realist school of
international relations take a pessimistic position, arguing that the UN is not
an effective organization because it is dominated and constrained by great
powers. Liberal scholars counter that it is an effective organization because it
has proved capable of solving many problems by working around the restrictions
imposed by powerful member states. The UN is generally considered by scholars to
be more effective in realms such as public health, and humanitarian
assistance.[269] The ineffectiveness of enforcing territorial integrity in the
21st century[270] have led to debate on possible re-emergence of the right of
conquest.[271]
INEFFICIENCY AND CORRUPTION
Critics have also accused the UN of bureaucratic inefficiency, waste, and
corruption. In 1976, the General Assembly established the Joint Inspection Unit
to seek out inefficiencies within the UN system. During the 1990s, the United
States withheld dues citing inefficiency and only started repayment on the
condition that a major reforms initiative be introduced. In 1994, the Office of
Internal Oversight Services (or the OIOS) was established by the General
Assembly to serve as an efficiency watchdog.[272]
In 2004, the UN faced accusations that its recently ended Oil-for-Food Programme
— in which Iraq had been allowed to trade oil for basic needs to relieve the
pressure of sanctions — had suffered from widespread corruption, including
billions of dollars of kickbacks. An independent inquiry created by the UN found
that many of its officials had been involved in the scheme, and raised
significant questions about the role of Kojo Annan, the son of Kofi Annan.[273]
MODEL UNITED NATIONS
Main article: Model United Nations
The United Nations has inspired the extracurricular activity Model United
Nations (or MUN). MUN is a simulation of United Nations activity based on the UN
agenda and following UN procedure. It is usually attended by high school and
university students who organize conferences to simulate the various UN
committees to discuss important issues of the day.[274] Today, MUN educates tens
of thousands on the activities of the UN around the world. MUN has many famous
and notable alumni, such as the former UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon.[275]
HYMN TO THE UNITED NATIONS
Main article: Hymn to the United Nations
On the request of then United Nations Secretary-General U Thant, a Hymn to the
United Nations was performed on the occasion of its 26th anniversary, on 24
October 1971, by Pau Casals, the lyrics to which were penned by the poet W. H.
Auden.
Thant first approached Casals, who was a personal friend, looking to create a
hymn to peace and hoping for the song to be based on the preamble of the Charter
of the United Nations. Thant later commissioned Auden to write the poem after
Casals requested one to set to music. Auden completed his work in three days
time. The finished work, scored for chorus and orchestra, takes approximately
seven minutes to play. However, there were never any plans to adopt the song as
the organization's official anthem.
SEE ALSO
* Countries portal
* Politics portal
* World portal
* International relations
* List of country groupings
* List of current permanent representatives to the United Nations
* List of multilateral free-trade agreements
* United Nations in popular culture
* United Nations Memorial Cemetery
* United Nations television film series
* World Summit on the Information Society
* Spying on the United Nations
* UNICEF
* PassBlue
NOTES
1. ^ Poland had not been represented among the fifty nations at the San
Francisco conference due to the reluctance of the Western superpowers to
recognize its post-war communist government. However, the Charter was later
amended to list Poland as a founding member, and Poland ratified the Charter
on 16 October 1945.[40][41]
2. ^ Some sources identify seventeen specialized agencies, taking into account
the three specialized agencies that make up the World Bank Group, which is
now treated as one organization: the International Bank for Reconstruction
and Development (IBRD), the International Development Association (IDA), and
the International Finance Corporation (IFC).
3. ^ The Holy See is a sovereign entity with statehood over the territory of
the Vatican City State. For details, see Holy See and the United Nations.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
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and the Rise of Universal Organization. Legal Aspects of International
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the U.N. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press.
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Future of the United Nations. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-0-375-70341-6.
* Manchester, William; Reid, Paul (2012). The Last Lion: Winston Spencer
Churchill Vol. 3: Defender of the Realm, 1940–1965. New York: Little Brown
and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-54770-3.
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Atlantic Monthly Press. ISBN 978-0-87113-616-9.
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Nations: A Story of Super Powers, Secret Agents, Wartime Allies and Enemies,
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to the Global Jihad. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-1-4000-6097-9.
FURTHER READING
* Lowe, Vaughan; Roberts, Adam; Welsh, Jennifer; Zaum, Dominik, eds. (2008).
The United Nations Security Council and War: The Evolution of Thought and
Practice since 1945. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-953343-5.
* Mazower, Mark (2009). No Enchanted Palace: The End of Empire and the
Ideological Origins of the United Nations. Princeton University Press.
* Roberts, Adam; Kingsbury, Benedict, eds. (1994). United Nations, Divided
World: The UN's Roles in International Relations (2nd ed.). Oxford University
Press. ISBN 978-0-19-827926-6.
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* Dag Hammarskjöld (Sweden)
* U Thant (Burma)
* Kurt Waldheim (Austria)
* Javier Pérez de Cuéllar (Peru)
* Boutros Boutros-Ghali (Egypt)
* Kofi Annan (Ghana)
* Ban Ki-moon (South Korea)
* António Guterres (Portugal)
Related
* Leaders of the League of Nations
* United Nations Secretariat
* Deputy Secretary-General of the United Nations
* Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations
* UN Secretary General memoirs
1 Provisional Secretary-General prior to the election of Trygve Lie.
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International organizations (list)
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Cultural IGOs (list)
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International years proclaimed by the United Nations
* World Refugee (1959-1960)
* Health and Medical Research (1961)
* Co-operation (1965)
* Rice (FAO) (1966)
* Tourist (1967)
* Human Rights (1968)
* Education (1970)
* Action to Combat Racism and Racial Prejudice (1971)
* Book (UNESCO) (1972)
* World Population (1974)
* Women (1975)
* Anti-Apartheid (1978-1979)
* The Child (1979)
* Disabled Persons (1981)
* Mobilization for Sanctions Against South Africa (1982)
* World Communications (1983)
* Youth (1985)
* United Nations (1985)
* Peace (1986)
* Shelter for the Homeless (1987)
* Literacy (1990)
* Space (1992)
* World's Indigenous People (1993)
* Sport and the Olympic Ideal (1994)
* Family (1994)
* Peoples’ Commemoration of the Victims of the Second World War (1995)
* Tolerance (1995)
* Eradication of Poverty (1996)
* Ocean (1998)
* Older Persons (1999)
* Culture of Peace (2000)
* Thanksgiving (2000)
* Mobilization against Racism (2001)
* Volunteers (2001)
* Dialogue among Civilizations (2001)
* Ecotourism (2002)
* Mountains (2002)
* Cultural Heritage (2002)
* Freshwater (2003)
* Kyrgyz Statehood (2003)
* Rice (2004)
* Struggle against Slavery and its Abolition (2004)
* Physics (2005)
* Sport and Physical Education (2005)
* Microcredit (2005)
* Deserts and Desertification (2006)
* Dolphin (UNEP) (2007–2008)
* Polar (2007–2008)
* The Potato (2008)
* Sanitation (2008)
* Languages (2008)
* Planet Earth (2008)
* Gorilla (2009)
* Astronomy (2009)
* Human Rights Learning (2009)
* Natural Fibres (2009)
* Reconciliation (2009)
* Seafarer (2010)
* Biodiversity (2010)
* Rapprochement of Cultures (2010)
* Youth (2010–2011)
* Forests (2011)
* Chemistry (2011)
* People of African Descent (2011)
* Sustainable Energy for All (2012)
* Cooperatives (2012)
* Quinoa (2013)
* Water Cooperation (2013)
* Family Farming (2014)
* Crystallography (2014)
* Small Island Developing States (2014)
* Solidarity with the Palestinian People (2014)
* Soil (2015)
* Light (2015)
* Pulses (2016)
* Sustainable Tourism for Development (2017)
* Periodic Table of Chemical Elements (2019)
* Moderation (2019)
* Indigenous Languages (2019)
* Nurse and the Midwife (2020)
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* Elimination of Child Labour (2021)
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* Creative Economy for Sustainable Development (2021)
* Peace and Trust (2021)
* Artisanal Fisheries and Aquaculture (2022)
* Glass (2022)
* Basic Sciences for Sustainable Development (2022)
* Sustainable Mountain Development (2022)
* Millets (2023)
* Dialogue as a Guarantee of Peace (2023)
* Camelids (2024)
* Peace and Trust (2025)
* Glaciers' Preservation (2025)
* Cooperatives (2025)
* Rangelands and Pastoralists (2026)
* Volunteers for Sustainable Development (2026)
* Woman Farmer (2026)
* Sustainable and Resilient Tourism (2027)
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International relations
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Past
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History
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Theory
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Related fields and subfields
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* Peace and conflict studies
* Security studies
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Laureates of the Nobel Peace Prize
1901–1925
* 1901: Henry Dunant / Frédéric Passy
* 1902: Élie Ducommun / Charles Gobat
* 1903: Randal Cremer
* 1904: Institut de Droit International
* 1905: Bertha von Suttner
* 1906: Theodore Roosevelt
* 1907: Ernesto Moneta / Louis Renault
* 1908: Klas Arnoldson / Fredrik Bajer
* 1909: A. M. F. Beernaert / Paul Estournelles de Constant
* 1910: International Peace Bureau
* 1911: Tobias Asser / Alfred Fried
* 1912: Elihu Root
* 1913: Henri La Fontaine
* 1914
* 1915
* 1916
* 1917: International Committee of the Red Cross
* 1918
* 1919: Woodrow Wilson
* 1920: Léon Bourgeois
* 1921: Hjalmar Branting / Christian Lange
* 1922: Fridtjof Nansen
* 1923
* 1924
* 1925: Austen Chamberlain / Charles Dawes
1926–1950
* 1926: Aristide Briand / Gustav Stresemann
* 1927: Ferdinand Buisson / Ludwig Quidde
* 1928
* 1929: Frank B. Kellogg
* 1930: Nathan Söderblom
* 1931: Jane Addams / Nicholas Butler
* 1932
* 1933: Norman Angell
* 1934: Arthur Henderson
* 1935: Carl von Ossietzky
* 1936: Carlos Saavedra Lamas
* 1937: Robert Cecil
* 1938: Nansen International Office for Refugees
* 1939
* 1940
* 1941
* 1942
* 1943
* 1944: International Committee of the Red Cross
* 1945: Cordell Hull
* 1946: Emily Balch / John Mott
* 1947: Friends Service Council / American Friends Service Committee
* 1948
* 1949: John Boyd Orr
* 1950: Ralph Bunche
1951–1975
* 1951: Léon Jouhaux
* 1952: Albert Schweitzer
* 1953: George C. Marshall
* 1954: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
* 1955
* 1956
* 1957: Lester B. Pearson
* 1958: Georges Pire
* 1959: Philip Noel-Baker
* 1960: Albert Luthuli
* 1961: Dag Hammarskjöld
* 1962: Linus Pauling
* 1963: International Committee of the Red Cross / League of Red Cross
Societies
* 1964: Martin Luther King Jr.
* 1965: UNICEF
* 1966
* 1967
* 1968: René Cassin
* 1969: International Labour Organization
* 1970: Norman Borlaug
* 1971: Willy Brandt
* 1972
* 1973: Lê Đức Thọ (declined award) / Henry Kissinger
* 1974: Seán MacBride / Eisaku Satō
* 1975: Andrei Sakharov
1976–2000
* 1976: Betty Williams / Mairead Corrigan
* 1977: Amnesty International
* 1978: Anwar Sadat / Menachem Begin
* 1979: Mother Teresa
* 1980: Adolfo Pérez Esquivel
* 1981: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
* 1982: Alva Myrdal / Alfonso García Robles
* 1983: Lech Wałęsa
* 1984: Desmond Tutu
* 1985: International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War
* 1986: Elie Wiesel
* 1987: Óscar Arias
* 1988: UN Peacekeeping Forces
* 1989: Tenzin Gyatso (14th Dalai Lama)
* 1990: Mikhail Gorbachev
* 1991: Aung San Suu Kyi
* 1992: Rigoberta Menchú
* 1993: Nelson Mandela / F. W. de Klerk
* 1994: Shimon Peres / Yitzhak Rabin / Yasser Arafat
* 1995: Pugwash Conferences / Joseph Rotblat
* 1996: Carlos Belo / José Ramos-Horta
* 1997: International Campaign to Ban Landmines / Jody Williams
* 1998: John Hume / David Trimble
* 1999: Médecins Sans Frontières
* 2000: Kim Dae-jung
2001–present
* 2001: United Nations / Kofi Annan
* 2002: Jimmy Carter
* 2003: Shirin Ebadi
* 2004: Wangari Maathai
* 2005: International Atomic Energy Agency / Mohamed ElBaradei
* 2006: Grameen Bank / Muhammad Yunus
* 2007: Al Gore / Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
* 2008: Martti Ahtisaari
* 2009: Barack Obama
* 2010: Liu Xiaobo
* 2011: Ellen Johnson Sirleaf / Leymah Gbowee / Tawakkol Karman
* 2012: European Union
* 2013: Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
* 2014: Kailash Satyarthi / Malala Yousafzai
* 2015: Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet
* 2016: Juan Manuel Santos
* 2017: International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons
* 2018: Denis Mukwege / Nadia Murad
* 2019: Abiy Ahmed
* 2020: World Food Programme
* 2021: Maria Ressa / Dmitry Muratov
* 2022: Ales Bialiatski / Memorial / Center for Civil Liberties
* 2023: Narges Mohammadi
* 2024: Nihon Hidankyo
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