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1. News & Views
2. FDA urged to publish...
3. FDA urged to publish follow-up studies on covid-19 vaccine safety signals
Feature
FDA URGED TO PUBLISH FOLLOW-UP STUDIES ON COVID-19 VACCINE SAFETY SIGNALS
BMJ 2022; 379 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.o2527 (Published 25 October 2022)
Cite this as: BMJ 2022;379:o2527
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THIS ARTICLE HAS A CORRECTION. PLEASE SEE:
* Errata - October 28, 2022
1. Maryanne Demasi, investigative journalist
Author affiliations
1. Sydney, Australia
1. maryannedemasi@hotmail.com
The FDA has been criticised for taking more than a year to follow up a potential
increase in serious adverse events in elderly people receiving Pfizer’s covid-19
vaccine, Maryanne Demasi reports
In July 2021 the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) quietly disclosed
findings of a potential increase in four types of serious adverse events in
elderly people who had had Pfizer’s covid-19 vaccine: acute myocardial
infarction, disseminated intravascular coagulation, immune thrombocytopenia, and
pulmonary embolism.1 Little detail was provided, such as the magnitude of the
increased potential risk, and no press release or other alert was sent to
doctors or the public. The FDA promised it would “share further updates and
information with the public as they become available.”
Eighteen days later, the FDA published a study planning document (or protocol)
outlining a follow-up epidemiological study intended to investigate the matter
more thoroughly.2 This recondite technical document disclosed the unadjusted
relative risk ratio estimates originally found for the four serious adverse
events, which ranged from 42% to 91% increased risk. (Neither absolute risk
increases nor confidence intervals were provided.) More than a year later,
however, the status and results of the follow-up study are unknown. The agency
has not published a press release, or notified doctors, or published the
findings by preprint or the scientific literature or updated the vaccine’s
product label.
The BMJ has also learnt that the FDA has not publicly warned of similar signals
detected in a separate observational cohort study it conducted of the third dose
(first booster dose) in the elderly3; nor has the agency publicly acknowledged
other published observational studies or clinical trial reanalyses reporting
compatible results. Experts spoke to The BMJ about their concerns about the data
and have called on the FDA to notify the public immediately.
“To keep this information from the scientific community and prevent us from
analysing it ourselves, is irresponsible. It presumes that these organisations
are perfect and cannot benefit from independent scrutiny,” says Joseph Fraiman,
an emergency medicine physician in New Orleans, who recently carried out a
reanalysis of serious adverse events in Pfizer’s and Moderna’s randomised
trials.4
UNEARTHING SAFETY DATA
The FDA’s July 2021 findings came from a “near real time surveillance” system
called Rapid Cycle Analysis (RCA) that the agency has in place to monitor a list
of 14 adverse events of special interest. The RCA study is not capable of
establishing a causal relation but rather is intended to detect potential safety
signals rapidly. The agency said the associations were not identified for the
other two covid-19 vaccines authorised in the US made by Moderna and Janssen
(Johnson & Johnson). The July 2021 follow-up study protocol states that there is
a “manuscript in preparation” for the original RCA study, but to date nothing
has been published for either study.2
“The fact that the FDA found these four safety signals means they should have
followed up on the results and I don’t understand why we haven’t had more
information since then. It has been over a year,” says Tracy Høeg,
epidemiologist and physician currently conducting covid-19 vaccine research with
the Florida Department of Health and California’s Marin County Department of
Health and Human Services.
In 2022 details regarding the results of a separate (third) safety study were
disclosed inside another study protocol for evaluating boosters. Buried within
that protocol the FDA stated, “In a cohort study of the third dose safety in the
Medicare population where historical controls were used, we detected a
statistically significant risk for immune thrombocytopenia (incidence rate ratio
1.66, confidence interval 1.17 to 2.29) and acute myocardial infarction (IRR
1.15, CI 1.02 to 1.29) among people with prior covid-19 diagnosis as well as an
increased risk of Bell’s palsy (IRR 1.11, CI 1.03 to 1.19) and pulmonary
embolism (IRR 1.05, CI 1.0001 to 1.100) in general.”3
Again, the FDA has made no public statement regarding these results. “It’s
disturbing that they have not released any of these data. If the FDA is stating
publicly that they’re collecting it, then they should be publicly reporting it.
They shouldn’t be burying the results in protocols as they’ve done. It’s
sneaky,” said Fraiman.
“The protocols say that they’re looking into these data further, but I’d like to
know the results now, it’s been long enough. They need to view this from a
public health perspective, they need to consider a person’s right to informed
consent. As physicians, we recommend medical therapies and we need to explain
the full risks and benefits to the patient. This is not happening,” adds
Fraiman.
Dick Bijl, physician epidemiologist in the Netherlands, says, “The FDA managed
to determine the efficacy of the vaccines in a short period of time, but they
have not analysed the pharmacovigilance data with the same speed. If they found
signals in July 2021, they should have been analysed and published within
months.”
As president of the International Society of Drug Bulletins, Bijl has campaigned
for years to have drug safety data communicated to doctors in a timely manner.
He credits his organisation for prompting the World Health Organization to begin
publishing regular updates about drug safety signals. These are possible safety
problems that circulated only in pharmacovigilance centres and have been
incorporated in the WHO Pharmaceuticals Newsletter since 2012, so that all
doctors can take note of them.
“The FDA should have informed doctors about any early safety signals from the
vaccines,” says Bijl. “Most doctors are not trained to, nor are they focused on,
recognising side effects, especially because vaccines are generally regarded as
quite safe. It’s important that doctors are told what to look out for.”
OTHER STUDIES
Other research groups, including Fraiman’s, have produced results that are
compatible with the FDA’s surveillance data.4 An observational study from three
Nordic countries—Denmark, Finland, and Norway—found statistically significant
increases in thromboembolic and thrombocytopenic outcomes following both Pfizer
and Moderna mRNA vaccines.5
“Nordic countries have very good, nationalised health systems so they have good
medical records of these events,” said Høeg, who was not involved in the study.
“What stood out to me with the mRNA vaccines was the risk ratios of intracranial
haemorrhage for Pfizer and for Moderna. It was 2.2 for Moderna, and it’s
statistically significant. I’ve heard that people have seen it clinically but a
robust analysis like this is much more convincing than anecdote.”
Christine Stabell Benn, a vaccinologist and professor in global health at the
University of Southern Denmark, highlights two studies that analysed the data
from the phase 3 randomised controlled trials of covid-19 vaccines—one by
Fraiman and colleagues4 and the other a preprint6 by her own research group.
“The safety signal seems to be gathering around cardiovascular and cerebral
vascular events, things to do with circulation and our larger organs, and these
are the same signals that appear to be popping up in the FDA surveillance data
as well,” says Stabell Benn.
According to Stabell Benn, the underlying problem with documenting adverse
events is that the covid-19 vaccines “were not tested properly.” She says, “The
phase 3 trials offered vaccines to the control groups just a few months after
the randomisation, so it doesn’t allow for assessment of the long term adverse
events—but it’s the best evidence we have so far, since no phase 4 trials were
carried out. Now, we largely have to rely on poorer quality data and studies.”
Adding to the difficulty is the type of adverse events being documented.
“Myocardial infarction and thrombosis are events that occur often in the elderly
and so doctors are less likely to report them as potentially linked to the
vaccine, unlike vaccine induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia which is so
dramatic and rare and also affected younger age groups, so it was easier to pick
up,” says Stabell Benn.
TO DISCLOSE OR NOT TO DISCLOSE?
Tom Frieden, former US Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
director, says it’s a challenge for public health agencies to balance the
release of contentious information. “There’s a valid concern that reports of
adverse events will be misinterpreted as causal when they’re not causal to the
treatment or vaccine given, and another concern is if you don’t present the
information, you may be seen as hiding something, which is also problematic. So,
this is not an easy area,” says Frieden.
He believes that the FDA and CDC have done a good job at publicly communicating
the safety signals of covid-19 vaccines, pointing to the decision to pause the
Johnson & Johnson vaccine after six reported cases of cerebral venous sinus
thrombosis.7 “That was exactly the right decision at the time, it was just kind
of ‘stop, look, and listen,’ and then come to a conclusion. Frankly, it was a
judgment call whether to reintroduce the Johnson & Johnson vaccine at all. I
think they were shared promptly. They were shared openly. I don’t see a lot to
criticise in how they were shared. The reality is that it’s a very difficult
thing to do—to share information well, in a way that will lead to people making
the right conclusions.”
Earlier this year, the CDC admitted to withholding deliberately critical data on
boosters and hospital admissions. Kristen Nordlund, CDC spokesperson, told the
New York Times that the agency had been slow to release data to the public on
breakthrough infections “because they might be misinterpreted as the vaccines
being ineffective.”8
In addition, CDC director Rochelle Walensky acknowledged that the agency had not
conducted a disproportionality analysis that the agency had indicated it would
conduct in 2021 to analyse spontaneous adverse event reports.9 When asked about
his thoughts on Walensky’s admission, Frieden said, “I don’t know what the
reality is. I can’t comment.”
Cody Meissner, a paediatrician and member of the FDA’s Vaccines and Related
Biological Products Advisory Committee, said he did not think that the FDA was
“deliberately” withholding data from the public but did agree that sharing data
is key to establishing trust. “I fully concur that transparency is key, and
everyone should know all the information that is available. One of the great
tragedies of this pandemic is likely to be the loss of confidence in public
health authorities. One of the great problems was the suppression of opposing
voices to various recommendations and that’s going to cause extraordinary harm,”
says Meissner. “Everyone is aware that there are going to be side effects from
any vaccine and as time goes by, we’re going to find out more and more about
those side effects. Whether it’s an association with myocarditis or association
with a pulmonary embolus, it’s going to take time,” he adds.
The Pfizer and Moderna clinical trial reanalysis by Fraiman and colleagues
indicated the mRNA vaccines were associated with an additional serious adverse
event for every 800 people vaccinated,4 far more than the 1-2 for each million
reported for vaccines in general.10 Fraiman says he and his colleagues asked the
FDA to warn the public based on their reanalysis, and replicate their study, but
this has not happened.
“It seems to me that doctors have a much higher tolerance for covid vaccine side
effects because there’s been this sense that if you don’t take the vaccine, you
die. Obviously, that is completely the wrong way to think about it,” says
Stabell Benn.
“We don’t want to create a lot of unnecessary anxiety and we can’t say there is
now proof that the vaccines cause these events because the data are of poor
quality, but we can say there is a danger signal, and the medical profession
needs to be alerted to this,” she adds.
The BMJ has learnt that the FDA’s medical record review and statistical analyses
have recently been completed, and the overall study results are currently under
internal review. “The findings to date from the fully adjusted epidemiologic
study on the primary series vaccinations do not provide strong support for an
association between the vaccine and any of the four outcomes described in the
posting to the FDA website. Additional analyses, including evaluation of booster
doses, are still being conducted. Release of the study findings is expected
later this fall,” said the FDA.
FOOTNOTES
* Peter Doshi, a senior editor at The BMJ, is co-author with Fraiman of a
recent reanalysis of serious adverse events in Pfizer’s and Moderna’s
randomised trials, published in Vaccine.4
* Competing interests: None declared.
* Commissioned; not externally peer reviewed.
* This feature has been funded by the BMJ Investigations Unit. For details see
www.bmj.com/investigations
This article is made freely available for personal use in accordance with BMJ's
website terms and conditions for the duration of the covid-19 pandemic or until
otherwise determined by BMJ. You may download and print the article for any
lawful, non-commercial purpose (including text and data mining) provided that
all copyright notices and trade marks are retained.
https://bmj.com/coronavirus/usage
REFERENCES
1. ↵
Food and Drug Administration. Initial results of near real-time safety
monitoring covid-19 vaccines. 2021.
www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/safety-availability-biologics/initial-results-near-real-time-safety-monitoring-covid-19-vaccines-persons-aged-65-years-and-older.
2. ↵
Wong HL, Zhou CK, Tworkoski E, et al. Assessment of acute myocardial
infarction, pulmonary embolism, disseminated intravascular coagulation and
immune thrombocytopenia following covid-19 vaccination. FDA, Center for
Biologics Evaluation and Research, Office of Biostatistics and
Epidemiology. 2021.
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