onlinelibrary.wiley.com
Open in
urlscan Pro
2606:4700:7::a29f:8157
Public Scan
URL:
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jtr.2349
Submission Tags: demotag1 demotag2 Search All
Submission: On October 14 via api from IE — Scanned from DE
Submission Tags: demotag1 demotag2 Search All
Submission: On October 14 via api from IE — Scanned from DE
Form analysis
8 forms found in the DOMName: thisJournalQuickSearch — GET /action/doSearch
<form action="/action/doSearch" name="thisJournalQuickSearch" method="get" title="Quick Search" role="search">
<div class="input-group option-0"><label for="searchField0" class="hiddenLabel">Search term</label><input type="search" aria-label="search text" name="AllField" id="searchField0" placeholder="Search" onfocus="this.value = this.value;"
data-auto-complete-max-words="7" data-auto-complete-max-chars="32" data-contributors-conf="3" data-topics-conf="3" data-publication-titles-conf="3" data-history-items-conf="3" value="" tabindex="9"
class="autocomplete actualQSInput quickSearchFilter ui-autocomplete-input" autocomplete="off"><span role="status" aria-live="polite" class="ui-helper-hidden-accessible"></span><input type="hidden" name="SeriesKey" value="15221970">
<div class="search-options-wrapper quickSearchFilter">
<a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/search/advanced?publication=15221970" title="" tabindex="12" class="advanced"> Advanced Search</a><a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/search/advanced?publication=15221970#citation" title="" tabindex="12" class="citation"> Citation Search</a>
</div>
</div><button type="submit" title="Search" tabindex="11" aria-label="Submit Search" class="btn quick-search__button icon-search"></button>
</form>
Name: defaultQuickSearch — GET https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/action/doSearch
<form action="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/action/doSearch" name="defaultQuickSearch" method="get" title="Quick Search" role="search">
<div class="input-group option-1"><label for="searchField1" class="hiddenLabel">Search term</label><input type="search" aria-label="search text" name="AllField" id="searchField1" placeholder="Search" onfocus="this.value = this.value;"
data-auto-complete-max-words="7" data-auto-complete-max-chars="32" data-contributors-conf="3" data-topics-conf="3" data-publication-titles-conf="3" data-history-items-conf="3" value="" tabindex="9"
class="autocomplete actualQSInput quickSearchFilter ui-autocomplete-input" autocomplete="off"><span role="status" aria-live="polite" class="ui-helper-hidden-accessible"></span>
<div class="search-options-wrapper quickSearchFilter">
<a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/search/advanced" title="" tabindex="12" class="advanced"> Advanced Search</a><a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/search/advanced#citation" title="" tabindex="12" class="citation"> Citation Search</a>
</div>
</div><button type="submit" title="Search" tabindex="11" aria-label="Submit Search" class="btn quick-search__button icon-search"></button>
</form>
POST
<form method="post">
<fieldset>
<legend>Please review our <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions" target="_blank">Terms and Conditions of Use</a> and check box below to share full-text version of article.</legend>
<div class="input-group"><label for="terms-and-conditions" class="checkbox--primary"><input id="terms-and-conditions" type="checkbox" value="yes" required="" name="terms-and-conditions"
data-ajax-link="/action/generateShareUrl?doi=10.1002/jtr.2349&shareType=P2P&format=PDF" data-shareable-link=""><span class="label-txt">I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of Use</span></label></div>
</fieldset>
<hr class="separator">
<div class="shareable"><label>Shareable Link</label>
<p>Use the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/researchers/tools-resources/sharing" target="_blank" class="emphasis">Learn more.</a></p>
<div class="shareable__box">
<div class="shareable__text">
<div class="shareable__field"><span id="shareable__text"></span><textarea tabindex="-1" class="shareable__text-area"></textarea></div>
</div><button type="submit" disabled="" class="btn shareable__btn">Copy URL</button>
</div>
<div class="error shareable__error hidden"></div>
</div>
</form>
POST /action/doLogin?societyURLCode=
<form action="/action/doLogin?societyURLCode=" class="bordered" method="post"><input type="hidden" name="id" value="67065c09-4a88-49cd-934c-ac707951d35c">
<input type="hidden" name="popup" value="true">
<input type="hidden" name="loginUri" value="/doi/abs/10.1002/jtr.2349">
<input type="hidden" name="remoteLoginUri" value="">
<input type="hidden" name="redirectUri" value="/doi/abs/10.1002/jtr.2349">
<div class="input-group">
<div class="label">
<label for="username">Email or Customer ID</label>
</div>
<input id="username" class="login" type="text" name="login" value="" size="15" placeholder="Enter your email" autocorrect="off" spellcheck="false" autocapitalize="off" required="true">
<div class="actions">
</div>
</div>
<div class="input-group">
<div class="label">
<label for="password">Password</label>
</div>
<input id="password" class="password" type="password" name="password" value="" autocomplete="off" placeholder="Enter your password" autocorrect="off" spellcheck="false" autocapitalize="off" required="true">
<span class="password-eye-icon icon-eye hidden" role="button" tabindex="0" aria-label="Password visibility" aria-pressed="false"></span>
</div>
<div class="actions">
<a href="/action/requestResetPassword" class="link show-request-reset-password">
Forgot password?
</a>
</div>
<div class="loginExtraBeans-dropZone" data-pb-dropzone="loginExtraBeans">
</div>
<div class="align-end">
<span class="submit " disabled="disabled">
<input class="button btn submit primary no-margin-bottom accessSubmit" type="submit" name="submitButton" value="Log In" disabled="disabled">
</span>
</div>
</form>
POST /action/changePassword
<form action="/action/changePassword" method="post">
<div class="message error"></div>
<input type="hidden" name="submit" value="submit">
<div class="input-group">
<div class="label">
<label for="a589574e-bb98-4c6e-8fed-67365ff05357-old">Old Password</label>
</div>
<input id="a589574e-bb98-4c6e-8fed-67365ff05357-old" class="old" type="password" name="old" value="" autocomplete="off">
<span class="password-eye-icon icon-eye hidden"></span>
</div>
<div class="input-group">
<div class="label">
<label for="a589574e-bb98-4c6e-8fed-67365ff05357-new">New Password</label>
</div>
<input id="a589574e-bb98-4c6e-8fed-67365ff05357-new" class="pass-hint new" type="password" name="new" value="" autocomplete="off">
<span class="password-eye-icon icon-eye hidden"></span>
<div class="password-strength-indicator" data-min="10" data-max="32" data-strength="4">
<span class="text too-short">Too Short</span>
<span class="text weak">Weak</span>
<span class="text medium">Medium</span>
<span class="text strong">Strong</span>
<span class="text very-strong">Very Strong</span>
<span class="text too-long">Too Long</span>
</div>
<div id="pswd_info" class="pass-strength-popup js__pswd_info" style="display: none;">
<h4 id="length"> Your password must have 10 characters or more: </h4>
<ul>
<li id="letter" class="invalid">
<span>a lower case character, </span>
</li>
<li id="capital" class="invalid">
<span>an upper case character, </span>
</li>
<li id="special" class="invalid">
<span>a special character </span>
</li>
<li id="number" class="invalid">
<span>or a digit</span>
</li>
</ul>
<span class="strength">Too Short</span>
</div>
</div>
<input class="button primary submit" type="submit" value="Submit" disabled="disabled">
</form>
POST /action/registration
<form action="/action/registration" class="registration-form" method="post"><input type="hidden" name="redirectUri" value="/doi/abs/10.1002/jtr.2349">
<div class="input-group">
<div class="label">
<label for="4e647394-f751-4441-baa4-df426bca4b6e.email">Email</label>
</div>
<input id="4e647394-f751-4441-baa4-df426bca4b6e.email" class="email" type="text" name="email" value="" size="15">
</div>
<div class="submit">
<input class="button submit primary" type="submit" value="Register" disabled="disabled">
</div>
</form>
POST /action/requestResetPassword
<form action="/action/requestResetPassword" class="request-reset-password-form" method="post"><input type="hidden" name="requestResetPassword" value="true">
<div class="input-group">
<div class="input-group">
<div class="label">
<label for="email">Email</label>
</div>
<input id="email" class="email" type="text" name="email" value="" size="15" placeholder="Enter your email" autocorrect="off" spellcheck="false" autocapitalize="off">
</div>
</div>
<div class="password-recaptcha-ajax"></div>
<div class="message error"></div>
<div class="form-btn">
<input class="button btn primary submit" type="submit" name="submit" value="RESET PASSWORD" disabled="disabled">
</div>
</form>
POST /action/requestUsername
<form action="/action/requestUsername" method="post"><input type="hidden" name="requestUsername" value="requestUsername">
<div class="input-group">
<div class="label">
<label for="ac834f24-aa07-4ad2-9d13-f77c843f21cb.email">Email</label>
</div>
<input id="ac834f24-aa07-4ad2-9d13-f77c843f21cb.email" class="email" type="text" name="email" value="" size="15">
</div>
<div class="username-recaptcha-ajax">
</div>
<input class="button primary submit" type="submit" name="submit" value="Submit" disabled="disabled">
<div class="center">
<a href="#" class="cancel">Close</a>
</div>
</form>
Text Content
* Skip to Article Content * Skip to Article Information Search withinThis JournalAnywhere * Search term Advanced Search Citation Search * Search term Advanced Search Citation Search Login / Register * Individual login * Institutional login * REGISTER International Journal of Tourism Research Volume 22, Issue 4 p. 464-478 RESEARCH ARTICLE DIFFERENTIAL ROLES OF PUSH AND PULL FACTORS ON ESCAPE FOR TRAVEL: PERSONAL AND SOCIAL IDENTITY PERSPECTIVES Noela Michael, Corresponding Author Noela Michael * noela.michael@zu.ac.ae * orcid.org/0000-0001-5029-0630 College of Communication and Media Sciences, Zayed University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates Correspondence Noela Michael, College of Communication and Media Sciences, Zayed University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Email: noela.michael@zu.ac.ae Search for more papers by this author Munyaradzi W. Nyadzayo, Munyaradzi W. Nyadzayo * orcid.org/0000-0003-0802-2119 Faculty of Business, University of Wollongong in Dubai, Dubai, United Arab Emirates Search for more papers by this author Ian Michael, Ian Michael College of Business, Zayed University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates Search for more papers by this author Sreejith Balasubramanian, Sreejith Balasubramanian Business School, Middlesex University Dubai, Dubai, United Arab Emirates Search for more papers by this author Noela Michael, Corresponding Author Noela Michael * noela.michael@zu.ac.ae * orcid.org/0000-0001-5029-0630 College of Communication and Media Sciences, Zayed University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates Correspondence Noela Michael, College of Communication and Media Sciences, Zayed University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Email: noela.michael@zu.ac.ae Search for more papers by this author Munyaradzi W. Nyadzayo, Munyaradzi W. Nyadzayo * orcid.org/0000-0003-0802-2119 Faculty of Business, University of Wollongong in Dubai, Dubai, United Arab Emirates Search for more papers by this author Ian Michael, Ian Michael College of Business, Zayed University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates Search for more papers by this author Sreejith Balasubramanian, Sreejith Balasubramanian Business School, Middlesex University Dubai, Dubai, United Arab Emirates Search for more papers by this author First published: 13 February 2020 https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.2349 Citations: 13 Read the full text About * REFERENCES * RELATED * INFORMATION * PDF PDF Tools * Request permission * Export citation * Add to favorites * Track citation ShareShare Give access Share full text access Close modal Share full-text access Please review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article. I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of Use -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Shareable Link Use the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more. Copy URL Share a link Share on * Email * Facebook * Twitter * LinkedIn * Reddit * Wechat ABSTRACT This study examines the effects of push and pull motivations linked to an individual's personal and social identities as key antecedents to escape for travel. In terms of push factors, escape for travel is driven from a personal identity perspective by the need for evaluation of self and regression and from a social identity perspective by the need for social interaction but not enhancement of kinship. Cultural motives that reflect personal identity positively influence escape for travel than destination pull factors linked to social identity. Overall, the study contributes to the existing knowledge on push and pull tourist motivations. REFERENCES * Abbas, W. (2018). UAE residents are among biggest holiday spenders. Khaleej Times. Retrieved from: https://www.khaleejtimes.com/business/banking-finance/uae-residents-are-among-biggest-holiday-spenders (accessed 20/07/19) Google Scholar * Aldroubi, M. (2017). UAE sees an increase in expatriate families staying in the country during summer. The National. Retrieved from: https://www.thenational.ae/uae/uae-sees-an-increase-in-expatriate-families-staying-in-the-country-during-summer-1.251690 (accessed 10/8/19). Google Scholar * Armstrong, J. S., & Overton, T. (1977). Estimating non-response bias mail surveys. Journal of Marketing Research, 14, 396–402. 10.1177/002224377701400320 Web of Science®Google Scholar * Asçı, F., Demirhan, G., & Dinç, S. (2007). Psychological profile of Turkish rock climbers: An examination of climbing experience and route difficulty. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 104, 892–900. 10.2466/pms.104.3.892-900 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar * Bagozzi, R., & Yi, Y. (1988). On the evaluation of structural equation models. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 16(1), 74–94. 10.1007/BF02723327 Google Scholar * Bagozzi, R., & Yi, Y. (2012). Specification, evaluation, and interpretation of structural equation models. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 40(1), 8–34. 10.1007/s11747-011-0278-x Web of Science®Google Scholar * Baloglu, S., & Uysal, M. (1996). Market segments of push and pull motivations: A canonical correlation approach. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 8(3), 47–67. 10.1108/09596119610115989 Google Scholar * Baumeister, R. F. (1998). The self. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology ( 4th ed., pp. 680–740). New York: McGraw-Hill. Google Scholar * Bideci, M., & Albayrak, T. (2016). Motivations of the Russian and German tourists visiting pilgrimage site of Saint Nicholas Church. Tourism Management Perspectives, 18, 10–13. 10.1016/j.tmp.2015.12.022 Web of Science®Google Scholar * Bond, N., & Falk, J. (2013). Tourism and identity-related motivations: Why am I here (and not there)? International Journal of Tourism Research, 15(5), 430–442. 10.1002/jtr.1886 Web of Science®Google Scholar * Brewer, M. B. (1991). The social self: On being the same and different at the same time. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 17, 475–482. 10.1177/0146167291175001 Web of Science®Google Scholar * Bruyere, B., & Rappe, S. (2007). Identifying the motivations of environmental volunteers. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 50(4), 503–516. 10.1080/09640560701402034 Web of Science®Google Scholar * Bryman, A. (2016). Social research methods ( 5th ed.). London: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar * Burke, P., & Stets, J. (2009). Identity theory. New York: Oxford University Press Inc. 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195388275.001.0001 Google Scholar * Burnett, R. (2017). Single men feel under more pressure to be in a relationship than women, survey finds. Retrieved from https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/single-men-women-relationship-pressures-bachelors-loneliness-social-pressure-survey-research-a8103111.html (accessed 10/07/19). Google Scholar * Bussey, K. (2011). Gender identity development. In S. J. Schwartz, K. Luyckx, & V. L. Vignoles (Eds.), Handbook of identity theory and research (pp. 603, 1–628, 27). New York, NY: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7988-9_25 10.1007/978-1-4419-7988-9_25 Web of Science®Google Scholar * Chen, A., & Peng, N. (2018). Examining consumers' intentions to dine at luxury restaurants while traveling. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 71, 59–67. 10.1016/j.ijhm.2017.11.009 Web of Science®Google Scholar * Chen, G., Bao, J., & Huang, S. (2014). Segmenting Chinese backpackers by travel motivations. International Journal of Tourism Research, 16(4), 355–367. 10.1002/jtr.1928 Web of Science®Google Scholar * Chen, G., & Huang, S. (2017). Toward a theory of backpacker personal development: Cross-cultural validation of the BPD scale. Tourism Management, 59, 630–639. 10.1016/j.tourman.2016.09.017 Web of Science®Google Scholar * Cohen, S. (2010a). Personal identity (de)formation among lifestyle travellers: A double-edged sword. Leisure Studies, 29(3), 289–301. 10.1080/02614360903434100 Web of Science®Google Scholar * Cohen, S. (2010b). Chasing a myth? Searching for ‘self’ through lifestyle travel. Tourist Studies, 10(2), 117–133. 10.1177/1468797611403040 Google Scholar * Cohen, S. (2010c). Searching for escape, authenticity and identity: Experiences of ‘lifestyle travellers’. In M. Morgan, P. Lugosi, & J. R. B. Ritchie (Eds.), The Tourism and Leisure Experience: Consumer and Managerial Perspectives (pp. 27–42). Bristol: Channel View Publications. 10.21832/9781845411503-005 Google Scholar * Cooley, C. H. (2017). Human Nature and Social Order. New York: Routledge. 10.4324/9780203789513 Google Scholar * Correia, A., Kozak, M., & Reis, H. (2016). Conspicuous consumption of the elite: Social and self-congruity in tourism choices. Journal of Travel Research, 55(6), 738–750. 10.1177/0047287514563337 Web of Science®Google Scholar * Crompton, J. (1979). Motivations for pleasure vacation. Annals of Tourism Research, 6(4), 408–424. 10.1016/0160-7383(79)90004-5 Google Scholar * Dann, G. (1977). Anomie, ego-enhancement and tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 4(4), 184–194. 10.1016/0160-7383(77)90037-8 Google Scholar * Desforges, L. (2000). Traveling the world: Identity and travel biography. Annals of Tourism Research, 27(4), 929–945. 10.1016/S0160-7383(99)00125-5 Web of Science®Google Scholar * Dillman, D. A., Smyth, J. D., & Christian, L. M. (2014). Internet, phone, mail, and mixed-mode surveys: The tailored design method. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. 10.1002/9781394260645 Google Scholar * EyeForTravel. (2018). Why Middle East travel deserves a closer look. Retrieved from https://www.eyefortravel.com/revenue-and-data-management/why-middle-east-travel-deserves-closer-look (accessed 10/7/19). Google Scholar * Falk, J. (2008). Identity and the art museum visitor. Journal of Art Education, 34(2), 25–34. Google Scholar * Ferrero, S. (2002). Comida sin par. Consumption of Mexican food in Los Angeles: ‘Foodscapes’ in a transnational consumer society. In W. Belasco & P. Scranton (Eds.), Food nations: Selling taste in consumer societies (pp. 194–219). New York: Routledge. Google Scholar * Finch, J. (2015). Reflections on ourselves: Family identities and transient encounters on holiday. Families, Relationships and Societies, 4(1), 71–86. 10.1332/204674314X14151813380545 Web of Science®Google Scholar * Fodness, D. (1994). Measuring tourist motivation. Annals of Tourism Research, 21(3), 555–581. 10.1016/0160-7383(94)90120-1 Web of Science®Google Scholar * Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error: Algebra and statistics. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(3), 382–388. 10.1177/002224378101800313 Web of Science®Google Scholar * Gonzalez, M. (2008). Intangible heritage tourism and identity. Tourism Management, 29, 807–810. 10.1016/j.tourman.2007.07.003 Web of Science®Google Scholar * Gray, J. P. (1970). International travel—international trade. Lexington Heath: Lexington Books. Google Scholar * Green, B. (2001). Leveraging subculture and identity to promote sport events. Sport Management Review, 4(1), 1–19. 10.1016/S1441-3523(01)70067-8 Google Scholar * Hair, J. F., Jr., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis—A global perspective ( 7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson. Google Scholar * Haldrup, M., & Larsen, J. (2003). The family gaze. Tourist Studies, 3(1), 23–45. 10.1177/1468797603040529 Google Scholar * Hammad, N. M., Ahmad, S. Z., & Papastathopoulos, A. (2019). The moderating role of nationality in residents' perceptions of the impacts of tourism development in the United Arab Emirates. International Journal of Tourism Research, 21(1), 61–75. 10.1002/jtr.2241 Web of Science®Google Scholar * Hanif, N. (2013). More people opting to leave UAE on summer breaks. Retrieved from: https://www.thenational.ae/uae/more-people-opting-to-leave-uae-on-summer-breaks-1.646714 (accessed 9/1/2020). Google Scholar * Hay, R. (1998). Sense of place in developmental context. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 18, 5–29. 10.1006/jevp.1997.0060 Web of Science®Google Scholar * Hibbert, J. (2013). Understanding the role of the tourists' identity in travel. Doctoral dissertation: Bournemouth University, UK. Google Scholar * Hibbert, J., Dickinson, J., Gössling, S., & Curtin, S. (2013). Identity and tourism mobility: An exploration of the attitude–behaviour gap. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 21(7), 999–1016. 10.1080/09669582.2013.826232 Web of Science®Google Scholar * Higgins, E. T. (1987). Self-discrepancy: A theory relating self and affect. Psychological Review, 94, 319–340. 10.1037/0033-295X.94.3.319 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar * Hindle, N., Martin, A., & Nash, R. (2015). Tourism development and the backpacker market in Highland Scotland. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 15(3), 178–192. 10.1177/1467358415578471 Web of Science®Google Scholar * Ho, C. I., Lin, P. Y., & Huang, S. C. (2014). Exploring Taiwanese working holidaymakers' motivations: An analysis of means-end hierarchies. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 38(4), 463–486. 10.1177/1096348012461549 Web of Science®Google Scholar * Hogg, M. A. (2006). Social identity theory. In P. J. Burke (Ed.), Contemporary social psychological theories (pp. 111–136). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. 10.1515/9780804768047-008 Web of Science®Google Scholar * Iacobucci, D., Saldanha, N., & Deng, X. (2007). A meditation on mediation: Evidence that structural equations models perform better than regressions. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 17(2), 139–153. 10.1016/S1057-7408(07)70020-7 Web of Science®Google Scholar * Ivanovic, M. (2009). Tourist attractions. In M. Ivanovic, P. Khunou, N. Reynish, R. Pawson, L. Tseane, & N. Wassung (Eds.), Tourism development 1: Fresh perspectives (pp. 149–182). Cape Town, South Africa: Pearson Education and Prentice Hall. Google Scholar * Jang, S., & Cai, L. (2002). Travel motivations and destination choice: A study of British outbound market. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 13(3), 111–133. 10.1080/10548400209511570 Google Scholar * Kassean, H., & Gassita, R. (2013). Exploring tourists' ‘push and pull’ motivations to visit Mauritius as a holiday destination. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 2(3), 1–13. Google Scholar * Kim, J.-H., Ritchie, J. R. B., & McCormick, B. (2012). Development of a scale to measure memorable tourism experiences. Journal of Travel Research, 51(1), 12–25. 10.1177/0047287510385467 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar * Kivel, B. D., & Kleiber, D. A. (2000). Leisure in the identity formation of lesbian/gay youth: Personal, but not social. Leisure Sciences, 22(4), 215–232. 10.1080/01490409950202276 Web of Science®Google Scholar * Kline, R. B. (2005). Methodology in the social sciences. Principles and practice of structural equation modeling ( 2nd ed.). New York, USA: Guilford Press. Google Scholar * Kock, F., Josiassen, A., & Assaf, A. G. (2018). On the origin of tourist behavior. Annals of Tourism Research, 73, 180–183. 10.1016/j.annals.2018.04.002 Web of Science®Google Scholar * Kyle, G., Graefe, A., & Manning, R. (2005). Testing the dimensionality of place attachment in recreational settings. Environment and Behavior, 37, 153–177. 10.1177/0013916504269654 Web of Science®Google Scholar * Laing, J., & Frost, W. (2017). Journeys of well-being: Women's travel narratives of transformation and self-discovery in Italy. Tourism Management, 62, 110–119. 10.1016/j.tourman.2017.04.004 Web of Science®Google Scholar * Lee, I., Brown, G., King, K., & Shipway, R. (2016). Social identity in serious sport event space. Event Management, 20, 491–499. 10.3727/152599516X14745497664352 Google Scholar * Lee, S., Bai, B., & Busser, J. (2019). Pop star fan tourists: An application of self-expansion theory. Tourism Management, 72, 270–280. 10.1016/j.tourman.2018.12.006 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar * Leibenstein, H. (1950). Bandwagon, snob, and Veblen effects in the theory of consumers' demand. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 64(2), 183–207. 10.2307/1882692 Web of Science®Google Scholar * Lennon, J., & Foley, M. (2006). Dark Tourism: The attraction of death and disaster. London: Thomson. Google Scholar * Li, M., Zhang, H., & Cai, L. (2016). A subcultural analysis of tourism motivations. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 40(1), 85–113. 10.1177/1096348013491601 Web of Science®Google Scholar * Li, M., Zhang, H., Xiao, H., & Chen, Y. (2015). A grid-group analysis of tourism motivation. International Journal of Tourism Research, 17(1), 35–44. 10.1002/jtr.1963 Web of Science®Google Scholar * Lindell, M. K., & Whitney, D. J. (2001). Accounting for common method variance in cross-sectional research designs. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(1), 114–121. 10.1037/0021-9010.86.1.114 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar * Liu, Y., & Cheng, J. (2016). Place identity: How tourism changes our destination. International Journal of Psychological Studies, 8(2), 76–85. 10.5539/ijps.v8n2p76 Google Scholar * Liutikas, D. (2012). Experiences of valuistic journeys: Motivation and behavior. In R. Sharpley & P. Stone (Eds.), Contemporary tourist experience: Concepts and consequences. New York: Routledge. Google Scholar * Lohmann, G., Albers, S., Koch, B., & Pavlovich, K. (2009). From hub to tourist destination–An explorative study of Singapore and Dubai's aviation-based transformation. Journal of Air Transport Management, 15(5), 205–211. 10.1016/j.jairtraman.2008.07.004 Web of Science®Google Scholar * Lozanski, K. (2010). Independent travel: Colonialism, liberalism and the self. Critical Sociology, 37(4), 465–482. 10.1177/0896920510379443 Google Scholar * M2 PressWIRE (2015). Families much stronger after holidaying together, says new study. M2 Presswire. Retrieved from: http://www.m2.com (accessed 20/07/19). Google Scholar * Malhotra, N. K., Kim, S. S., & Patil, A. (2006). Common method variance in IS research: A comparison of alternative approaches and a reanalysis of past research. Management Science, 52(12), 1865–1883. 10.1287/mnsc.1060.0597 Web of Science®Google Scholar * Manrai, L., & Manrai, A. (2011). Cross-cultural and cross-national consumer research in the global economy of the twenty-first century. Journal of International Consumer Marketing, 23(3/4), 167–180. Google Scholar * Maoz, D. (2007). Backpackers' motivations the role of culture and nationality. Annals of Tourism Research, 34(1), 122–140. 10.1016/j.annals.2006.07.008 Web of Science®Google Scholar * Arabian Travel Market. (2012). Unique survey reveals travel habits of GCC nationals. Retrieved from http://arabiantravelmarket.wtm.com/Archive-2016/press-releases/Unique-survey-reveals-travel-habits-of-GCC-nationals-/ (accessed 20/07/19). Google Scholar * Maslow, A.H. (1970). Motivation and personality (2nd ed.), New York: Harper & Row Publishers. Google Scholar * Mead, G. H. (1934). Mind, self and society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Google Scholar * Mehmetoglu, M. (2011). Examining the relationship between push and pull factors through partial least-squares path modelling. In J. S. Chen (Ed.), Advances in hospitality and leisure (pp. 153–171 (Advances in Hospitality and Leisure, Volume 7)). Bloomington, IN: Emerald Group Publishing Limited. 10.1108/S1745-3542(2011)0000007012 Google Scholar * Metod, S. (2018). Characterising the flows of Slovenian tourists within the former Yugoslavia with respect to post-communist ‘nostalgic context’. Moravian Geographical Reports, 26, 14–26. Web of Science®Google Scholar * Michael, I., Armstrong, A., Badran, B., & King, B. (2011). Dubai outbound tourism: An exploratory study of Emiratis and expatriates. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 17(1), 83–91. 10.1177/1356766710391448 Google Scholar * Michael, N. (2014). Understanding tourist motivations: Emirati leisure travel to Australia. Saarbrücken: Scholars' Press. Google Scholar * Michael, N., James, R., & Michael, I. (2018). Australia's cognitive, affective and conative destination image: An Emirati tourist perspective. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 9(1), 36–59. 10.1108/JIMA-06-2016-0056 Web of Science®Google Scholar * Michael, N., Wien, C., & Reisinger, Y. (2017). Push and pull escape travel motivations of Emirati nationals to Australia. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 11(3), 274–296. 10.1108/IJCTHR-04-2016-0039 Web of Science®Google Scholar * Moscardo, G. M., & Pearce, P. L. (1986). Historical theme parks: An Australian experience in authenticity. Annals of Tourism Research, 13(3), 467–479. 10.1016/0160-7383(86)90031-9 Web of Science®Google Scholar * Murdy, S., Alexander, M., & Bryce, D. (2018). What pulls ancestral tourists ‘home’? An analysis of ancestral tourist motivations. Tourism Management, 64, 13–19. 10.1016/j.tourman.2017.07.011 Web of Science®Google Scholar * Nath, A., & Saha, P. (2017). A theoretical positioning of self and social identities as antecedents in cultural-experiential tourism. Academica Turistica, 10(2), 115–128. 10.26493/2335-4194.10.115-128 Google Scholar * Nikjoo, A., & Ketabi, M. (2015). The role of push and pull factors in the way tourists choose their destination. Anatolia: An International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research, 26(4), 588–597. Google Scholar * Noy, C. (2004). Performing identity: Touristic narratives of self-change. Text and Performance Quarterly, 24(2), 115–138. 10.1080/1046293042000288353 Google Scholar * Nyaupane, G. P., Teye, V., & Paris, C. (2008). Innocents abroad: Attitude change toward hosts. Annals of Tourism Research, 35(3), 650–667. 10.1016/j.annals.2008.03.002 Web of Science®Google Scholar * O'Reilly, C. (2005). Tourist or traveller? Narrating backpacker identity. In A. Jaworski & A. Pritchard (Eds.), Discourse, communication and tourism (pp. 150–169). Clevedon: Channel View. 10.21832/9781845410216-010 Google Scholar * Ottevanger, H. (2007). Sport tourism: factors of influence on sport event visit motivation. Master's thesis, Bournemouth University, United Kingdom. Retrieved from http://www.du.se/pagefiles/5054/ottevanger.pdf (accessed 15/07/19). Google Scholar * Oyserman, D. (2007). Social identity and self-regulation. In A. W. Kruglanski & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles ( 2nd ed., pp. 432–453). New York: Guilford Press. Google Scholar * Oyserman, D. (2015). Identity-based motivation. In R. Scott & S. Kosslyn (Eds.), Emerging trends in the social and behavioral sciences (pp. 1–11) New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 10.1002/9781118900772.etrds0171 Google Scholar * Oyserman, D., Elmore, K., & Smith, G. (2012). Self, self-concept, and identity. In M. Leary & J. P. Tangney (Eds.), Handbook of self and identity (pp. 69–104). New York: Guildford Press. Google Scholar * Park, K., Reisinger, Y., & Noh, E. (2010). Luxury shopping in tourism. International Journal of Tourism Research, 12(2), 164–178. 10.1002/jtr.744 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar * Park, S., Lee, C., & Miller, J. (2015). A comparative study of the motivations, activities, overall satisfaction, and post-trip behaviors of international tourists in Macau: Mainland Chinese, Hongkongese, Taiwanese, and Westerners. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 20(10), 1174–1193. 10.1080/10941665.2014.965184 Web of Science®Google Scholar * Park, S., & Santos, C. (2017). Exploring the tourist experience: A sequential approach. Journal of Travel Research, 56(1), 16–27. 10.1177/0047287515624017 Web of Science®Google Scholar * Pearce, P. L. (1982). The social psychology of tourist behaviour ( 1st ed.). Maxwell House, Fairview Park, Elmsford, New York: Pergamon Press. Google Scholar * Pearce, P. L. (1988). The Ulysses factor—Evaluating visitors in tourist settings. New York: Springer-Verlag. 10.1007/978-1-4612-3924-6 Google Scholar * Pearce, P. L. (1991). Analysing tourist attractions. Journal of Tourism Studies, 2(1), 46–55. Google Scholar * Pearce, P. L. (1993). Fundamentals of tourist motivation. In G. D. Pearce & R. W. Butler (Eds.), Tourism research—Critiques and challenges. UK: Routledge. Google Scholar * Pearce, P. L., & Caltabiano, M. (1983). Inferring travel motivation from travellers' experiences. Journal of Travel Research, 22(2), 16–20. 10.1177/004728758302200203 Google Scholar * Pearce, P. L. (2005). Tourist Behaviour: Themes and Conceptual Schemes. Clevedon, Buffalo: Channel View. 10.21832/9781845410247 Google Scholar * Pearce, P. L., & Lee, U. (2005). Developing the travel career approach to tourist motivation. Journal of Travel Research, 43(3), 226–237. 10.1177/0047287504272020 Google Scholar * Pike, S. (2008). Destination branding: Analysing brand equity for Queensland's Coral Coast. In S. Richardson, L. Fredline, A. Patiar, & M. Ternel (Eds.), 18th Annual Council for Australian University Tourism and Hospitality Education Conference: Where the bloody hell are we?, 11–14 February 2008. Queensland: Gold Coast International Hotel. Google Scholar * Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879–903. 10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar * Poria, Y. (2003). Tourism, religion and religiosity: A holy mess. Current Issues in Tourism, 6(4), 340–363. 10.1080/13683500308667960 Google Scholar * Prayag, G., & Hosany, S. (2014). When Middle East meets West: Understanding the motives and perceptions of young tourists from United Arab Emirates. Tourism Management, 40, 35–45. 10.1016/j.tourman.2013.05.003 Web of Science®Google Scholar * Prayag, G., & Ryan, C. (2011). The relationship between the push & pull attributes of a tourist destination: The role of nationality: An analytical qualitative research approach. Current Issues in Tourism, 14(2), 121–143. 10.1080/13683501003623802 Web of Science®Google Scholar * Prebensen, N., & Foss, L. (2011). Coping and co-creating in tourist experiences. International Journal of Tourism Research, 13(1), 54–67. 10.1002/jtr.799 Web of Science®Google Scholar * Reisinger, Y., & Turner, L. (1998). Cultural differences between Mandarin-speaking tourists and Australian hosts and their impact on cross-cultural tourist-host interaction. Journal of Business Research, 42(2), 175–187. 10.1016/S0148-2963(97)00107-0 Web of Science®Google Scholar * Reisinger, Y., & Turner, L. W. (2002). Cultural differences between Asian tourist markets and Australian hosts, part 1. Journal of Travel Research, 40(3), 295–315. 10.1177/0047287502040003008 Google Scholar * Reitsamer, B. F., & Brunner-Sperdin, A. (2017). Tourist destination perception and well-being: What makes a destination attractive? Journal of Vacation Marketing, 23(1), 55–72. 10.1177/1356766715615914 Web of Science®Google Scholar * Richards, G., & King, B. (2003). Youth travel and backpacking. Travel and Tourism Analyst, 6, 1–23. Google Scholar * Rocha, G., Seabra, C., Silva, C., & Abrantes, J. L. (2016). Holistic tourism: Motivations, self-image and satisfaction. Journal of Tourism Research & Hospitality, Special Issue (S2) New Trends in Tourism Management, 4(2), 1–9. Google Scholar * Rojas-Rivas, E., Espinoza-Ortega, A., Martinez-Garcia, C. G., Moctezuma-Peres, S., & Thome-Ortiz, H. (2018). Exploring the perception of Mexican urban consumers toward functional foods using the free word association technique. Journal of Sensory Studies, 33(5), e12439. 10.1111/joss.12439 Web of Science®Google Scholar * Rojek, C. (1993). Ways of escape: Modern transformations in leisure and travel. Hampshire: The Macmillan Press. 10.1057/9780230373402 Google Scholar * Rook, K. S. (1987). Social support versus companionship: Effects on life stress, loneliness, and evaluations by others. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(6), 1132–1147. 10.1037/0022-3514.52.6.1132 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar * Scannell, L., & Gifford, R. (2010). Defining place attachment: A tripartite organizing framework. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 30(1), 1–10. 10.1016/j.jenvp.2009.09.006 Web of Science®Google Scholar * Schänzel, H. (2010). Family time and own time on holiday: Generation, gender, and group dynamic perspectives from New Zealand. Doctoral dissertation: Victoria University of Wellington. Google Scholar * Schumacker, R. E., & Lomax, R. G. (1996). A guide to structural equations modelling. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Google Scholar * Selwyn, T. (1996). The tourist image. Myths and myth making in tourism. Chichester: Wiley. Google Scholar * Shanahan, M. C. (2009). Identity in science learning: Exploring the attention given to agency and structure in studies of identity. Studies in Science Education, 45(1), 43–64. 10.1080/03057260802681847 Web of Science®Google Scholar * Sirisack, D., Xayavong, S., Phongsavath, S., & Vongsanga, N. (2014). The characteristics and motivations of foreign tourists who visit Luang Prabang Province. Lao PDR. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 5(9), 262–275. Google Scholar * Smed, K. (2009). Tourism & Identity—accumulated tourist experience and travel career narratives in tourists' identity construction. In PhD thesis. Denmark: Aalborg University. Google Scholar * Spears, R. (2001). The interaction between the individual and the collective self: Self-categorization in context. In C. Sedikides & M. B. Brewer (Eds.), Individual self, relational self, and collective self: partners, opponents or strangers? Philadelphia: Psychology Press. Google Scholar * Sreenivas, S. (2018). Saudi Arabia leads family outbound travel in GCC. Hotelier MiddleEast.com. Retrieved from http://www.hoteliermiddleeast.com/34017-saudi-arabia-leads-family-outbound-travel-in-gcc/ (accessed 20/07/19). Google Scholar * Staff Reporter. (2015). GCC tourists to spend $100bn by 2018: Report. Emirates 24/7. Retrieved from https://www.emirates247.com/business/corporate/gcc-tourists-to-spend-100bn-by-2018-report-2015-01-07-1.575708 (accessed 20/07/19). Google Scholar * Stein, K. (2011). Getting away from it all: The construction and management of temporary identities on vacation. Symbolic Interaction, 34(2), 290–308. 10.1525/si.2011.34.2.290 Web of Science®Google Scholar * Stets, J., & Biga, C. (2003). Bringing identity theory into environmental sociology. Sociological Theory, 21(4), 398–423. 10.1046/j.1467-9558.2003.00196.x Web of Science®Google Scholar * Stets, J., & Burke, P. (2002). A sociological approach to self and identity. In M. Leary & J. Tangney (Eds.), Handbook of self and identity (pp. 128–152). New York: Guilford Press. Google Scholar * Stets, J., & Burke, P. (2014). Self-esteem and identities. Sociological Perspectives, 57(4), 409–433. 10.1177/0731121414536141 Web of Science®Google Scholar * Swann, W. B., & Bosson, J. (2010). Self and identity. In S. T. Fiske, D. T. Gilbert, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (pp. 589–628). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. 10.1002/9780470561119.socpsy001016 Google Scholar * Tajfel, H. (1978). Differentiation between social groups. Studies in the social psychology of inter-group relations. London, UK: Academic Press. Google Scholar * Tajfel, H. (1981). Human groups and social categories. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Web of Science®Google Scholar * Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In J. A. Williams & S. Worchel (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 33–47). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. Google Scholar * Trepte, S., & Loy, L. (2017). Social identity theory and self-categorization theory. In P. Rossler, C. A. Hoffner, & L. Zoonen (Eds.), The international encyclopedia of media effects (pp. 1–13). Chichester, West Sussex, Maiden, MA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 10.1002/9781118783764.wbieme0088 Google Scholar * Tsaur, S., & Huang, C. (2016). Working holiday tourist learning: Scale development and validation. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 33(4), 535–550. 10.1080/10548408.2015.1064851 Web of Science®Google Scholar * Turner, J. C. (1999). Some current issues in research on social identity and self-categorization theories. In N. Ellemers, R. Spears, & B. Dossje (Eds.), Social identity: Context, commitment, content (pp. 6–34). Oxford, UK: Blackwell. Web of Science®Google Scholar * Vignoles, V. (2017). Identity: Personal and social. In K. Deaux & M. Snyder (Eds.), Oxford handbook of personality and social psychology ( 2nd ed., pp. 1–20). Oxford, UK: Oxford. Google Scholar * Voorhees, C. M., Brady, M. K., Calantone, R., & Ramirez, E. (2016). Discriminant validity testing in marketing: An analysis, causes for concern, and proposed remedies. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 44(1), 119–134. 10.1007/s11747-015-0455-4 Web of Science®Google Scholar * Wearing, B., & Wearing, S. (1996). Refocussing the tourist experience: The flaneur and the chorister. Leisure Studies, 15(4), 229–243. 10.1080/026143696375530 Google Scholar * Wearing, S., Stevenson, D., & Young, T. (2010). Tourism and identity. In Tourist cultures: Identity, place and the traveller (pp. 36–52). London: SAGE Publications Ltd.. Google Scholar * Wearing, S., & Wearing, B. (2001). Conceptualizing the selves of tourism. Leisure Studies, 20(2), 143–159. 10.1080/02614360110051631 Google Scholar * Williams, L. J., Hartman, N., & Cavazotte, F. (2010). Method variance and marker variables: A review and comprehensive CFA marker technique. Organizational Research Methods, 13(3), 477–514. 10.1177/1094428110366036 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar * Wu, J. S., Xu, J. B., & Erdogan, E. H. (2009). Investigating the push and pull motivation of visiting domestic destinations in China: A means-end approach. Journal of China Tourism Research, 5(3), 287–315. 10.1080/19388160903155806 Google Scholar * Xu, H., Ye, T., & Chan, D. (2018). When cosmopolitan corporations meet local environments: The impact on managerial structure in international luxury hotels. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 74, 30–39. 10.1016/j.ijhm.2018.02.017 Web of Science®Google Scholar * Ye, H., & Tussyadiah, L. (2011). Destination visual image and expectation of experiences. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 28(2), 129–144. 10.1080/10548408.2011.545743 Web of Science®Google Scholar * Yoon, Y., & Uysal, M. (2005). An examination of the effects of motivation and satisfaction on destination loyalty: A structural model. Tourism Management, 26(1), 45–56. 10.1016/j.tourman.2003.08.016 Web of Science®Google Scholar * Yousefi, M., & Marzuki, A. (2015). An analysis of push and pull motivational factors of international tourists to Penang, Malaysia. International Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Administration, 16(1), 40–56. 10.1080/15256480.2015.991987 Web of Science®Google Scholar CITING LITERATURE Volume22, Issue4 July/August 2020 Pages 464-478 * REFERENCES * RELATED * INFORMATION RECOMMENDED * Social Identity and Organizational Learning John Child, Suzana Rodrigues, Handbook of Organizational Learning and Knowledge Management, [1] * Social Identity Theory Sascha Langner, Klaus-Peter Wiedmann, Wiley Encyclopedia of Management, [1] * Different and better than you: The interplay between social identity, moral identity, and social comparison Shazia Rehman Khan, Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology * Social identity theory: past achievements, current problems and future challenges Rupert Brown, European Journal of Social Psychology * Identity Elfriede Penz, Wiley Encyclopedia of Management, [1] METRICS Citations: 13 DETAILS © 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd * Check for updates KEYWORDS * escape for travel * personal identity * push and pull factors * social identity PUBLICATION HISTORY * Issue Online: 06 July 2020 * Version of Record online: 13 February 2020 * Manuscript accepted: 14 January 2020 * Manuscript revised: 11 January 2020 * Manuscript received: 27 August 2019 Close Figure Viewer Previous FigureNext Figure Caption Download PDF back ADDITIONAL LINKS ABOUT WILEY ONLINE LIBRARY * Privacy Policy * Terms of Use * About Cookies * Manage Cookies * Accessibility * Wiley Research DE&I Statement and Publishing Policies * Developing World Access HELP & SUPPORT * Contact Us * Training and Support * DMCA & Reporting Piracy OPPORTUNITIES * Subscription Agents * Advertisers & Corporate Partners CONNECT WITH WILEY * The Wiley Network * Wiley Press Room Copyright © 1999-2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc or related companies. All rights reserved, including rights for text and data mining and training of artificial intelligence technologies or similar technologies. LOG IN TO WILEY ONLINE LIBRARY Email or Customer ID Password Forgot password? NEW USER > INSTITUTIONAL LOGIN > CHANGE PASSWORD Old Password New Password Too Short Weak Medium Strong Very Strong Too Long YOUR PASSWORD MUST HAVE 10 CHARACTERS OR MORE: * a lower case character, * an upper case character, * a special character * or a digit Too Short PASSWORD CHANGED SUCCESSFULLY Your password has been changed CREATE A NEW ACCOUNT Email Returning user FORGOT YOUR PASSWORD? Enter your email address below. Email Please check your email for instructions on resetting your password. If you do not receive an email within 10 minutes, your email address may not be registered, and you may need to create a new Wiley Online Library account. REQUEST USERNAME Can't sign in? Forgot your username? Enter your email address below and we will send you your username Email Close If the address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to retrieve your username The full text of this article hosted at iucr.org is unavailable due to technical difficulties. Close crossmark popup