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ETHNIC CONFLICT IN AFRICA ESSAYS -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Contents: Ethnicity, Ethnic Mobilization, and Conflict Please Consider Donating Old-style African rebels spent years in the bush honing their leadership skills, polishing their ideology, and learning to deliver services before they ever met a Western diplomat or sat for a television interview. Now rebels are hoisted out of obscurity after they have little more than a website and a "press office" read: a satellite telephone. When I went to a Darfur peace conference in Sirte, Libya, in , I quickly realized that the main draw for many of these rebel "leaders" was not the negotiating sessions, but the all-you-can-eat buffet. For the rest, there are the un-wars, these ceaseless conflicts I spend my days cataloging as they grind on, mincing lives and spitting out bodies. She had been a slave in the LRA for 15 years and had recently escaped. She had scarred shins and stony eyes, and often there were long pauses after my questions, when Flo would stare at the horizon. It was never clear to her why the LRA was fighting. To her, it seemed like they had been aimlessly tramping through the jungle, marching in circles. This is what many conflicts in Africa have become — circles of violence in the bush, with no end in sight. Trending Now Sponsored Links by Taboola. Western leaders long saw the authoritarian Meles Zenawi as an indispensable ally. Testimony of African eyewitnesses to the U. Sign up for free access to 1 article per month and weekly email updates from expert policy analysts. Create a Foreign Policy account to access 1 article per month and free newsletters developed by policy experts. Thank you for being an FP Basic subscriber. To get access to this special FP Premium benefit, upgrade your subscription by clicking the button below. Thank you for being an FP reader. To get access to this special FP Premium benefit, subscribe by clicking the button below. View Comments. More from Foreign Policy. Argument Bronwyn Bruton. These attempts usually failed because the economy could not support them. Conflicts increased in the s when prices of African products decreased and debt increased. Also in the s, the Africans also greatly suffered from disease. In this time period, a disease known as Ebola killed thousands of people. More recently, the number of Africans affected by Aids has greatly increased Desanker par 7. Along with a poor economy and several diseases, Africa struggled, and still does today, with food and water. The people faced illness due to the lack of clean water available. Most African states turned to military dictatorships. In some cases, the military overthrew the government Desanker par 5. The many different cultures and ethnicities of Africa led to conflicts over the boundaries drawn by the Europeans. The African culture was simply pushed away by the Europeans, who forced the Africans to follow Western beliefs. The Europeans neglected to respect the different tribes and their religious views. This is significant because civil wars and violence will last long after imperialism. For example, civil war in the Democratic Republic of the Congo erupted in due to ethnicity conflicts. It lasted for five years and ended in Desanker par 7. In Angola, civil war was caused by natural resource and ethnicity differences Ziliotto par 6. This civil war resulted in over one million dead Ziliotto par As for Sudan, it was a civil war caused by lasting cultural problems from the s. So far, about two million people have died from this internal war. In Algeria, conflicts arose from the reinstatement of dominant Islam. However, in , the elections were revoked when the Islamic party won the election. Civil war erupted when the military took over Catherwood and Horvitz par 1. During the civil war, tremendous acts of genocide were committed. Extreme Islamists tortured, raped and massacred many people. Like Sudan, trials went on for many years after the war Catherwood and Horvitz par 2. The government of Algeria is trying to resolve their conflicts and prevent this situation from occurring again Catherwood and Horvitz par 4. With European imperialism, diffusion of religions and the dismissal of African traditional beliefs occurred. The Africans were introduced to Christianity and Islam. Decoding African conflict trends In Plateau State, this translates into Hausa-speaking Muslims being classified as settlers even if their families have lived in the region for generations. The ongoing and at times violent tensions resulting from such an arrangement are predictable. Recognizing that ethnicity is a tool and not the driver of intergroup conflict should refocus our attention to the political triggers of conflict. ETHNICITY, ETHNIC MOBILIZATION, AND CONFLICT That there is a mobilization stage in the lead-up to conflict, moreover, highlights the value of early interventions before ethnic passions are inflamed. State institutions and structures that reflect ethnic diversity and respect for minority rights, power-sharing, and checks and balances reduce the perception of injustice and insecurity that facilitates ethnic mobilization. The justice system is key. In societies where justice cannot be obtained through public institutions, groups are more likely to resort to violence for resolving their grievances. PLEASE CONSIDER DONATING A just society is more than the legal system, however. A genuine separation of powers and the rule of law are needed to prevent abuses of state power. Such measures prevent state functionaries from using their powers to benefit their ethnic groups to the detriment of other groups. In much of Africa, the executive rather than the legislative branch determines most land policies. Invariably, the ethnic group of the president benefits from these policies. An even-handed legal system also creates space for civil society organizations to coalesce around issues of common concern, such as development, accountability, and human rights transcending ethnic affiliations. This, in turn, facilitates exchanges between groups. Business associations, trade and professional associations, sports clubs, and artist groups, among others, are all civil society organizations that can cut across ethnic lines and engage government in productive ways. Electoral systems and elections constitute another area of policy focus. Elections on their own do not necessarily lay the foundation for stability. On the contrary, they can be a source of ethnic tensions and violence. The practice of winner-takes-all electoral outcomes in a multiethnic and underdeveloped state where the government controls the bulk of resources in a society makes winning an election a life-and-death issue. Accordingly, it is important that electoral systems are independent of political control. Furthermore, once the Electoral Commission in Ghana has validated electoral results, private groups then have the right to challenge irregularities in the courts. These multiple levels of accountability gave Ghanaians confidence in their electoral system despite a very close election. Coming out of 12 years of military rule and entering a new democratic dispensation, the formation of the commission was timely. Apart from the constitutional mandate, funding was committed to support CHRAJ offices at the national, regional, and district levels. Edited by Katsuyoshi Fukui and John Markakis. The essays are uniformly interesting and the volume is a contribution both to the ethnography of the Horn of Africa and the wider literature on ethnicity and warfare. These case studies present a wealth of cultural, historical, and political information…The authors clearly show the fluidity and contingency of a variety of ethnic identities and attempt to reconceptualize the processes that have come to define their conflicts as ethnic. Baxter, Tim Allen and others. New York: Cambridge University Press. Patrons, clients, and policies: Patterns of democratic accountability and political competition PDF. Cambridge University Press. World Development. American Political Science Review. * How to write argentina address. * Africa’s Forever Wars – Foreign Policy. * Related Documents. * Navigation menu. International Political Science Review. Containing Nationalism. New York: Oxford University Press. Annals of the American Academy. International Security. Journal of Democracy. Ashgate Press. Comparative Sociology. Perspectives on Politics. CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT STRATEGY A TEACHING CASE STUDY -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Contents: Download from The Case Centre Framework of Social Customer Relationship Management in E-Health Services Case Detail Modules - Postgraduate - Newcastle University DOWNLOAD FROM THE CASE CENTRE Skip to main content. Toggle Menu. * General Information. * Customer Relationship Management | Victoria University | Melbourne Australia. * What do universities use CRM systems for?. Menu Skip to content. Caslione, John A. Chintu, Namukale Chiu, Raymond B. Christensen, Clayton M. Cohen, Steven P. Colbeck, Carol Colson, Thomas J. Cooper, Robert G. Cunningham, Robert A. Doshi, Viren Dotlich, David L. El Namaki, M. Endo, Takahiro Enns, Douglas J. Febbraro, Sam Feiner, Michael C. Geis, George T. Gelinas, Patrice Gentile, Mary C. Herman, Lawrence L. Hoffman, Carl Hollenbeck, George P. Iyer, Bala Jackson, Eric M. Jackson, Ira A. Jackson, Stuart E. Jacobs, Charles S. Carl Johnson, Jeff S. Keenan, Frederick J. Kindra, Gurprit S. King, Michael R. Kippin, Henry Kitzis, Ellen S. Kohli, Chiranjeev Konrad, Alison M. Kouzes, James M. Kozan, Jeff Krishnan, Rishikesha T. Ramesh Kunsch, David Kwon, O. Laudicina, Paul A. Laughland, Pamela Laurie, Donald L. Lawver, Teri Lax, David A. Leavitt, Harold J. Lee, Ryan Leeds, Michael A. Lineback, Kent Linetsky, Barry L. Maher, P. Submit an article Journal homepage. Edward R. Pages Published online: 07 Dec Article Metrics Views. FRAMEWORK OF SOCIAL CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT IN E-HEALTH SERVICES Article metrics information Disclaimer for citing articles. Login options Log in. Username Password Forgot password? Students are set a case study and must prepare a presentation summarising the case study and intended learning outcomes from answering the set questions. This work is a compulsory course requirement for all students. CASE DETAIL International Business: Research Teaching and Practice. 2(1) CRM. This case study provides a platform for student analysis and discussion in this area. Social Customer Relationship Management: A Case Study. Article (PDF The assignment of the groups was to create a Social CRM Strategy in collaboration with a company. CRM model (Marketing Teacher, ). . All students are assigned to a group and a week during which their presentation is scheduled during the course of the module. Increased admissions and retention rates, better communications with students and a happy team. Free Sales Tip - Customer Relationship Management A good CRM will have a stylish, clean and user-friendly interface, making it enjoyable to use. The technology and design of a high quality CRM will be updated and modernised as new innovations come to the fore. It consolidates all communication pipelines into a single programme, making it easy for new and existing staff to learn how to use it to its full potential. From lead to alumnus: unifying communications across the entire student lifecycle. Nowadays, universities must personalise communications by mapping and segmenting data to target messages accordingly. MODULES - POSTGRADUATE - NEWCASTLE UNIVERSITY Similarly, to ensure quality and consistency in communications, institutions should move away from the department-driven approach to a university-wide one. Universities are also employing CRMs to facilitate social listening and implement multi-channel marketing efforts in order to advertise courses and nurture relationships with prospective students, with the aim of converting them into graduates - and subsequently champions - of their institution down the line. In a higher education context, social listening is a way of monitoring digital conversations to gain an informed understanding of how stakeholders or prospects engage with an institution. To establish a strong foundation, knowledge, understanding and innovation must be applied throughout the process. ESSAY OBEYING ORDER PHILOSOPHY -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Contents: Disobeying a lawful order essay General will Army Essays On Obeying Orders, Best Online Writing Service in Texas - Right To Rule Citizens Duty Obey The Law Philosophy Essay Mark will also want to display obedience, good thesis statements for eating disorder as these orders came directly from ana thesis sentence instant obedience. The loyalty of the border states was a pressing concern for both the confederate and union governments in , noted david herbert donald: "if maryland had seceded, washington would have been surrounded by enemy territory cut off from the union states of the north and the west. In this essy you read 3 diffrent. Salvation army volunteer essay the race against time essays essay on good governance positive contribution of vigilanceimportance of obeying orders outline research paper bipolar disorder in. Non-commissioned officer and respect free essay example. Natural law and natural rights - jim. Ludwig von mises refutes this point in omnipotent government He was selected for his position, not as a specialist, but because he was what he was. Universal declaration of human rights united nations. The bible is full of important and life-giving scriptures, but here are the top 7 verses about following god. There are observable variables and essay deteriorating law order situation city no. Just as an enemy is more dangerous to a retreating army, so every trouble that fortune brings attacks us all the harder if we yield and turn our backs. Essays of michel de montaigne project desired much that the private gain of the soldiers of your army, and the. Authors; all that collapsed because of the end of the war. Main definitions of break in english: break 1 break 2. Purchase dissertation online - best in california, essay on birth order of children essay following orders in the military essay on the importance of obeying a lawful. Why is it important for a soldier to be on time in the us army. Schneewind, among others, that Locke's attempts at constructing a morality were unsuccessful. Schneewind argues that the two strands of Locke's moral theory are irreconcilable, and that this is a fact Locke must have realized. This view is indeed an apt representation of the frustration many readers have felt with Locke's moral theory. DISOBEYING A LAWFUL ORDER ESSAY Locke's friend William Molyneux similarly implored Locke to make good on the promise found in the Essay. In a letter written to Locke on September 16 th , , Molyneux presses Locke to work on a moral treatise once he has finished editing the second edition of his Essay , writing as follows:. There is no doubt that morality was of central importance to Locke, a fact we can discern from the Essay itself; there are two important features of the Essay that serve to enlighten us regarding the significance of this work in the development of Locke's moral views. First of all, morality seems to have inspired Locke to write the Essay in the first place. This was, he explains, his first entrance into the problems that inspired the Essay itself. But, what is most interesting for our purposes is just what the remote subject was that first got Locke and his friends thinking about fundamental questions of epistemology. James Tyrell, one of those who attended that evening, is a source of enlightenment on this matter—he later recalled that the discussion concerned morality and revealed religion. That may well be, but it is also true that Locke, in the Essay , identifies morality as a central feature of human intellectual and practical life, which brings us to the second important fact about Locke's view of morality. For a book aiming to set out the limits and extent of human knowledge, this comes as no small claim. The amount of attention given to the question of morality itself would seem to belie its primacy for Locke. The Essay is certainly not intended as a work of moral philosophy; it is a work of epistemology, laying the foundations for knowledge. The only other area of inquiry accorded this status is mathematics; clearly, for Locke, morality represents a unique and defining aspect of what it means to be human. We have to conclude, then, that the Essay is strongly motivated by an interest in establishing the groundwork for moral reasoning. However, while morality clearly has a position of the highest regard in his epistemological system, his promise of a demonstrable moral science is never realized here, or in later works. It seems we can safely say that the subject of morality was a weighty one for Locke. However, just what Locke takes morality to involve is substantially more complicated an issue. There are two broad lines of interpretation of Locke's moral views, which I will briefly outline here. The first interpretation of Locke's moral theory is what we might call an incompatibility thesis: Locke scholars Laslett, Aaron, von Leyden, among others, hold that Locke's natural law theory is nothing more than a relic from Locke's early years, when he wrote the Essays on the Law of Nature , and represents a rogue element in the mature empiricistic framework of the Essay. For these commentators, the two elements found in the Essay seem not only incommensurable, but the hedonism seems the obvious and straightforward fit with Locke's generally empiricistic epistemology. The general view is that Locke's rationalism seems, for all intents and purposes, to have no significant role to play, either in the acquisition of moral knowledge or in the recognition of the obligatory force of moral rules. These fundamental aspects of morality seem to be taken care of by Locke's hedonism. Worse than this, however, is that the two views rely on radically different epistemological principles. The conclusion tends to be that Locke is holding on to moral rationalism in the face of serious incoherence. The incompatibility thesis is supported by the fact that Locke seems to emphasize the role of pleasure and pain in moral decision-making, however it has difficulty making sense of the presence of Locke's moral rationalism in the Essay and other of Locke's later works not to mention the exalted role he gives to rationally-deduced moral law. Added to this, even in Locke's early work, he seems to hold both positions simultaneously. Aaron and von Leyden both throw up their hands. According to von Leyden, in the introduction to his edition of Locke's Essays on the Law of Nature ,. Yet, it is curious that Locke neither claimed to find these strands incompatible, nor ever abandoned his rationalistic natural law view. It seems unlikely that this view would be nothing more than a confusing hangover from earlier days. Taking seriously Locke's commitment to both is therefore a much more charitable approach, and one that takes seriously Locke's clear commitment to the benefits of rationally-apprehending our moral duties. An approach along these lines is one we might call a compatibility approach to the question of Locke's moral commitments. GENERAL WILL John Colman and Stephen Darwall are two Locke scholars who have argued that Locke's view is neither plagued with tensions nor incoherent. Their common view is that the two elements of Locke's theory are doing different work. Locke's hedonism, on this compatibility account, is intended as a theory of moral motivation, and serves to fill a motivational gap between knowing moral law and having reasons to obey moral law. Locke introduces hedonism in order to account for the practical force of the obligations arising from natural law. ARMY ESSAYS ON OBEYING ORDERS, BEST ONLINE WRITING SERVICE IN TEXAS - As Darwall writes,. Thus, on this account, reason deduces natural law, but it is hedonistic considerations alone that offer agents the motivating reasons to act in accordance with its dictates. This interpretation convincingly makes room for both elements in Locke's view. A central feature of this interpretation is its attention to the legalistic aspect of Locke's natural law theory. For Locke, the very notion of law presupposes an authority structure as the basis for its institution and its enforcement. The law carries obligatory weight by virtue of its reflecting the will of a rightful superior. That it also carries the threat of sanctions lends motivational force to the law. A slight modification of the compatibility account, however, better captures the motivational aspect of Locke's rationalistic account: Locke does, at times suggest that rational agents are not only obligated, but motivated, by sheer recognition of the divine authority of moral law. RIGHT TO RULE CITIZENS DUTY OBEY THE LAW PHILOSOPHY ESSAY This was, he explains, his first entrance into the problems that inspired the Essay. However, how far is this view truthful and accurate? For some the final determination of a court amounts to the Rule of Law; for others, aware of the politics of the judiciary, rule by courts particularly a politically divided court is as much an instance of essay obeying order philosophy rule of men as the decision of any other junta or committee see Waldron for a full account of these controversies. The positions of the two writers are very close; they use a common theme of conscience, and they use a similar rhetorical appeal of ethos Moral truths are attainable with the proper use of reason: there is some sort of truth to the knowledge of which man can attain by himself and without help of another, if he makes proper use of the faculties he is endowed with by nature. Whether he is right depends partly on how far we take the Rule of Law to be wedded to predictability: is predictability the be-all and end-all, or does the Rule of Law also promise a kind of legal system that frames and facilitates reason and thoughtfulness in human affairs? Some of the works by Locke listed below can be found in Mark Goldie ed. Law and order of the middle ages life - essay obeying order philosophy times. Upon this foundation, and upon this only, morality stands firm, and may defy all competition. Why this is will be discussed in section 4. While a natural good involves the physical pleasure that arises from the scent of a rose, moral good is a pleasure arising from one's conformity to moral dictates, and moral evil is pain arising from the failure to conform. It is helpful to think of morality as carrying both intrinsic and extrinsic obligatory force for Locke. On the one hand moral rules obligate by dint of their divine righteousness, and on the other hand by the threat of rewards and punishments. The suggestion that morality has an intrinsic motivational force appears in the Essays on the Law of Nature and is retained by Locke in some of his final published works. It is, however, a feature of his view that gets somewhat underappreciated in the secondary literature, and for understandable reasons—Locke tends to emphasize hedonistic motivations. Why this is will be discussed in section 4. In order to get a complete understanding of Locke's moral theory, it is useful to begin with a look at Locke's natural law view, articulated most fully in his Essays on the Law of Nature written as series of lectures he delivered as Censor of Moral Philosophy at Christ Church, Oxford. Two predominant features of Locke's natural law theory are already well-developed in this work: the rationalism and the legalism. According to Locke, reason is the primary avenue by which humans come to understand moral rules, and it is via reason we can draw two distinct but related conclusions regarding the grounds for our moral obligations: we can appreciate the divine, and thereby righteous, nature of morality and we can perceive that morality is the expression of a law-making authority. * qualitative methods for dissertation. * Recent Resources; * Philosophy Paper Topics Ideas That Will Make Your Student Life Easier; * Online Library of Liberty! * Why should we obey the law?. * Selected Philosophical Readings? But, what, for Locke, is required for something to be a law? Locke takes stock of what constitutes law in order to establish the legalistic framework for morality: First, law must be founded on the will of a superior. Second, it must perform the function of establishing rules of behavior. Third, it must be binding on humans, since there is a duty of compliance owed to the superior authority that institutes the laws Locke —4, Natural law is rightly called law because it satisfies these conditions. * Back to top * Twitter * Facebook Such struggles appeared in the aftermath of decolonization during the 's, within the successor states of the European empires in Africa. Ethnic conflict has .