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DEAD CONFEDERATES, A CIVIL WAR ERA BLOG


NOTES ON DIGITAL MODELING

Posted in Media, Technology by Andy Hall on September 2, 2023
Conning tower of U.S.S. Cavalla (SS-244), as it appeared on her first war patrol
in June 1944. In the 1950s Cavalla was refitted as a hunter-killer submarine
(SSK), and in the process had her superstructure completely rebuilt, changing
her external appearance permanently from what it was during World War II.



In the comments section of my recent posting with the digital model of the
coastal steamship Harlan, a regular reader asked about the software I use and
how I go about doing the modeling and renderings. In response to that, I’ll put
down a few notes here that may give a little background to the process, at least
how I fell into it. Don’t worry, this will not be a tutorial; I can’t stand to
read those, either.

I should preface this by saying that the undercurrent that runs through all my
history activities, of which I consider the modeling thing as one facet, is to
convey whatever story or information to a wider and usually non-specialist
audience– “public education” is the common term – and that influences the
modeling somewhat. More on that in a bit.

The modeling software I’ve used for more than a decade is Rhinoceros, published
by Robert McNeel & Associates. Rhino is not much used by hobbyists, but it works
well for the sort of modeling I do, and (more important) was the first 3D
package I used that I could actually figure out how to create something that
turned out the way I wanted. (Like I said, I’m not good with tutorials.) Rhino
is more commonly used in industry, particularly in marine engineering and naval
architecture, in part because it’s optimized to interface well with various
machine tools and digitizers. Many folks who create models in Rhino export them
into other rendering software to create hyper-realistic images, but I usually
use Rhino’s dedicated rendering application, Flamingo.



Model of the midships section of the blockade runner Denbigh, showing the
engines, iron-framed paddlewheel, boiler and hull structure. Unlike most of my
modeling projects, this one was based not on archival drawings, buton the
aggregate data collected during three field seasons and hundreds of divers on
the wreck site. Via Institute of Nautical Archaeology.



Some of my modeling has been done for specific projects or publications, a lot
for fun, and some (like Harlan) for both. When I start a project, I compile all
the images – photographs, scale drawings, whatever – that I can find to use as
reference material. Inevitably some features on the model will be based on
education guesswork, which is where experience and reference to similar subjects
comes in handy. While I don’t have any detailed references on the arrangement of
Harlan’s foredeck, for example, there’s lots of documentation of winches and
other gear on similar vessels, so that can be reconstructed with a fair
assurance that it’s representative of what was actually there.

In the case of Harlan, I had an excellent reference for the profile of the ship,
showing its basic features, their position and proportions. I also had, from
other sources, exact measurements of the ship – length, width, depth of hold,
and so on. One critical thing I did not have (and that may not now exist), is a
set of lines for the vessel, that precisely define the shape of the hull at
regular intervals along its length. In the absence of that data, I used the
lines of another iron-hulled vessel of that same general era, the 1877 Iron
Barque Elissa, and scaled the dimensions of those lines to the known dimensions
of Harlan. I reshaped the bow profile – gracefully curved on Elissa, straight
and blade-like on Harlan – and made a few other small adjustments, and then used
that shape for Harlan’s hull form. The result is an approximation, but probably
close to what actually was there.



Hull form of the 1877 Iron Barque Elissa (foreground), and as adapted for the
model of Harlan (background).



Other modelers may use different techniques, but some  sort of “fudging” or
guesswork is often necessary with 3D modeling. To produce a flat painting or
drawing of a vessel or other object doesn’t necessarily require precision when
it comes to complex shapes, but a digital model exists in three-dimensional
space, so the modeler has to have something there. I’ve known lots of folks
who’d say, “you don’t have the lines for that ship, so anything you put there is
by definition incorrect, so you shouldn’t do it.” I understand that point, but I
disagree with it, because I believe that the instructional value of an imperfect
reconstruction, based on best evidence currently available, greatly outweighs
the instructional value of a blank page. YMMV.

But getting back to using existing drawings, there’s a surprising amount of
material available from different sources. Modern reconstructions are really
dicey, though, because each draftsman ends up making assumptions and
speculations that end up on the page, that may or may not be correct. To cite
one example, I have reconstructed drawings done of the Confederate ironclad
Arkansas by W. E. Geoghagan, a maritime history specialist working with Howard
I. Chapelle at the Smithsonian Institution in the 1950s and ‘60s, and by David
Meagher, a more recent researcher who’s compiled an impressive listing of
reconstructed Civil War ironclads. Both men do fantastic work, but when you
compare the two reconstructions, one over the other (Geoghagen in blue shading,,
Meagher in red outline), it’s almost like they’re drawing two completely
different ships:







Which one I think is more accurate, and why, is a subject for another time. But
suffice to say that (1) any reconstructed reference drawing embodies its own
speculative elements added by the draftsman, and (2) you can make yourself crazy
trying to figure out which set of contradictory sources to use or, more likely,
how to combine them to create something in-between.

Anyway, good drawings from whatever source are central to my modeling process.
Rhino and other modeling packages allow the user to drop images into the
background of the workspace, so if you take time at the beginning to carefully
align and scale those drawings, they serve as a template that you can draw
directly over. This both accelerates the speed of the work and improves
accuracy, insofar as the reference material itself is accurate.



Rhino workspace view of the model of U.S.S. Monitor. Note the upper left, lower
left and lower right panes each have scale drawings of the ship, by Alan B.
Chesley, for reference in modeling the ship.   Closeup of the lower right
workspace pane, showing the use of Chesley’s profile as a reference. Different
layers on the model are shown in different colors.



The software allows the user to group elements of the model together in “layers”
that can be turned on or off, as needed. For clarity, the user assigns these
different colors. Lots of models get very complex, very quickly, so it’s useful
to be able to turn off layers that you’re not working on at a given moment. This
is also useful for showing different aspects of the completed model. The Hunley
model, for example, includes the spar torpedo in two different position, hoisted
clear of the water and lowered in its deployed position; you just have to be
careful to turn the two layers on and off alternately, to depict the boat in the
appropriate configuration.



Workspace view of C.S.S. Virginia (above) and C.S.S. Richmond (below), showing
on Virginia the different layers of the model, grouped by color.



I also use a lot of ancillary software that are critical. I occasionally use
Poser for figures (human or animal), and Photoshop constantly for developing
textures and well as “post-production” work on the rendered model. Texture are
images files (usually JPGs) that are projected onto the model to give it color
and, um, texture. Applying a good texture – in this case, a photo of a brick
wall — will make a simple plane into a substantial piece of masonry:



Two simple planes, the one on the right textured as a brick wall.



Finally, some images get a lot of “post” work after rendering, usually in
Photoshop, to add elements that either the rendering software can’t do, or I
don’t know how to do. For example, here’s a sequence with the Hunley model that
takes it from an aseptic, obviously-a-model environment, and builds around it
something that hopefully presents a more realistic depiction of how the boat
might have appeared in real life:



  1. Background color.   2. Added light from surface.   3. Added light shafts
for image background.   4. Added rendered model of boat and spar torpedo.   5.
Added reflection of boat on underside of water surface.   6. Added light shafts
in foreground, and the image is done.  



Digital modeling has some advantages over building a physical model. Repetitive
details (e.g., cannons or rail stanchions) can be exactly duplicated, over and
over again, almost instantly. And if changes are needed, those can be
accomplished much more readily with a digital model than a physical one. One
reason I wanted to do Harlan is because she was of the same design as U.S.S.
Hatteras, that I modeled some months ago; the Harlan digital model is currently
being revised into a new and (I believe) more accurate rendering of Hatteras.




The updated Hatteras model.



Even so, digital models still lack the real beauty and style of a well-done
physical model. It’s an aesthetic consideration, but it makes all the difference
in the world. So now, go look at some real steamboat models by a real artisan,
Rex Stewart.

___________






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LEE, PICKETT, AND MOSBY

Posted in Memory by Andy Hall on March 28, 2023

> Over the last couple of days, this post has received an unusual number of
> hits. I suspect this is due to Fort Pickett being in the news as it’s renamed
> as Fort Barfoot, and folks are doing web searches for George Pickett.
> 
> In any event, this seems like a good excuse to revisit this post from 2019.

Dead Confederates, A Civil War Era Blog

In 1870, not long before Robert E. Lee’s death, John Singleton Mosby visited him
while both happened to be in Richmond. Mosby recalled accompanying George
Pickett when the latter wanted to call on Lee, but didn’t want to do so alone:





_____________





I met General Lee a few times after the war, but the days of strife were never
mentioned. I remember the last words he spoke to me about two months before his
death at a reception that was given to him in Alexandria. When I bade him
good-by, he said: “Colonel, I hope we shall have no more wars.”





In March 1870, I was walking across the bridge that connected the Ballard and
Exchange Hotels in Richmond and, to my surprise, I met General Lee and his
daughter. The general was pale and haggard, and did not look like the Apollo I
had known in the army…

View original post 280 more words




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“HE HAS ALWAYS VOTED WITH THE DEMOCRATS.”

Posted in African Americans, Memory by Andy Hall on March 22, 2023

I’ve discussed in previous posts how, when one digs a little into the stories of
old African American men who attended Confederate reunions, there’s often a
subtext that tells as much about the how the men were perceived at the time of
the reunion as it does about their role during the war. What does this item,
from the Columbia, South Carolina State newspaper from April 26, 1910, tell
readers about Mr. Harper’s wartime status? What distinctions does the paper draw
(or imply) between Mr. Harper and the “old soldiers?” What does it say, that
this is a news item in 1910? More important, what does it suggest about how he
was viewed by white Confederate veterans in 1910?

Tagged with: Black Confederates, Calvin Harper, Confederate Reunions

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LAWSUIT FILED OVER ARLINGTON CONFEDERATE MONUMENT

Posted in Memory by Andy Hall on February 19, 2023

West face of the Confederate Monument at Arlington National Cemetery,
photographed in September 2011 by Wikimedia user Tim1965. Reproduced here under
Creative Commons license.


Some of you will recall that last year the Department of Defense published a
report by the Congressionally-established Naming Commission that recommended
changing the names of old Confederates from military installations (e.g., Fort
Hood in Texas, and Fort Bragg in North Carolina), and removing Confederate
iconography in various places. Another recommendation of the Naming Commission
was to remove the Confederate monument at Arlington National Cemetery, sometimes
referred to as the Reconciliation Monument. I’ve written about that monument
before, and its supposed proof of the existence of Black Confederate soldiers.
(Spoiler: it’s not.) The Naming Commission’s recommendation was that “the statue
atop of the monument should be removed. All bronze elements on the monument
should be deconstructed, and removed, preferably leaving the granite base and
foundation in place to minimize risk of inadvertent disturbance of graves” (pp.
15-16).

Now comes a coalition of Confederate Heritage™ groups and individuals, led by a
group from Florida called Defend Arlington, seeking to block any removal of
alteration to the monument. You can read Defend Arlington’s initial filing here.

While I’m not an attorney, I’ve followed a number of these cases over the last
few years, and there really doesn’t seem to be much new here, nor any compelling
arguments made. The plaintiffs include some familiar names, and I honestly
chuckled a little at the ways in which they claim they will be injured if the
monument is removed. For some of them it seems quite a stretch.

Confederate activist H.K. Edgerton at an event in Pensacola, Florida in 2020.
Photo by John Blackie via Pensacola News Journal.


Plaintiff Harold K. Edgerton is an individual residing in North Carolina.
Plaintiff Edgerton is a Confederate Southern American of African ancestry. As an
active and vocal defender of Southern culture and history and the honor of the
Confederate soldier both black and white, Plaintiff Edgerton is often invited to
speak on these issues in front of the Memorial, including the upcoming June 4
memorial service at ANC [Arlington National Cemetery]. He identifies with the
African-American images on the Memorial and believes that its removal erases his
black family’s participation in the Confederate struggle for independence from
America’s most prominent military history museum.


I’m not aware that Edgerton has ever spoken at Arlington National Cemetery, so
maybe the phrasing that he “is often invited to speak” there was chosen
deliberately.

Edgerton and the attorney who drafted this filing – more about him anon –
perhaps also should not have chosen to describe Edgerton as a “Confederate
Southern American,” given that Edgerton’s patron and mentor, the odious Kirk
Lyons, got sanctioned by the United States District Court for the Eastern
District of Virginia to the tune of $10,000 for filing a discrimination action
on behalf of some “Southern Confederate American” employees of DuPont, that the
court found to be “not only incredible but, frankly, disingenuous. . . [and]
also frivolous, unreasonable, and without foundation.”

But back to the plaintiffs.



Plaintiff Richard A. Moomaw is an individual residing in Virginia. Plaintiff
Moomaw has ancestors buried in Section 16 of the ANC. Plaintiff Moomaw travels
to Arlington with his family to honor those familial descendants that honorably
served in our military. The Memorial represents the reunification of the North
and South and the commemoration of all fallen military. Removal of the
Reconciliation Memorial, as it is commonly known by, attributes a stigma of
dishonor and disgrace to those soldiers, including Plaintiff’s descendants
causing grave harm.


I don’t think this is gonna fly. Even if you stipulate that removal of the
monument “attributes a stigma of dishonor and disgrace to those soldiers,” it’s
pretty hard to argue that that opprobrium extends mysteriously down through the
generations to someone in 2023 who never met his Confederate ancestor, or likely
any other actual Confederate. (Private Samuel Moomaw of Ashby’s Seventh Virginia
Cavalry, died in 1863.)


Plaintiff Edwin L. Kennedy, Jr. is an individual residing in Alabama. Plaintiff
Kennedy has ancestors buried in unknown graves across the South and believes
that the Memorial commemorates and marks the graves of his ancestors, in a
manner similar to the Tomb of the Unknown Solder [sic.]. Removal of the Memorial
will cause him grave harm.


You will never convince me that that last line isn’t a deliberate pun.

Anyway, Mr. Kennedy’s feelings are hurt, which somehow translates to “grave
harm.” I will note that his home in New Market, Alabama is nearly 600 miles away
from the monument at Arlington, and there’s no indication in the filing that Mr.
Kennedy has ever visited the national cemetery there. This reminds me a bit of
the situation with Hiram Patterson of Dallas, who was talked into being
plaintiff in a lawsuit over the Robert E. Lee monument in Dallas, who never read
the claim before it was filed, had never heard of the attorney filing the case
before the day it was filed, and admitted to being uncertain of what the legal
claim being made in his name was.


Plaintiff Teresa E. Roane is an individual residing in Virginia. Plaintiff Roane
is a past Archivist for the Museum of the Confederacy and has given speeches in
front of the Memorial. Plaintiff Roane has been invited to speak at the Memorial
on June 4, 2023. Removal will negatively impact Plaintiff Roane’s economic
opportunities associated with historic and civil war tour guide opportunities.


As with Edgerton, I’m not sure Ms. Roane has made any formal address at the
monument, but perhaps so. This is the only plaintiff’s description I see that
specifies the sorts of injuries that are usually at the heart of a civil
lawsuit, in this case making it more difficult for her to work guiding tours
there. Maybe those presentations as a tour guide are the “speeches in front of
the Memorial” described in the filing.

The plaintiffs are represented by attorneys from the Washington D.C. offices of
Lewis Brisbois Bisgaard & Smith, one component of a very large, nationwide firm.
The lead attorney seems to be Paul Kisslinger, a partner in the D.C. office, and
until recently was the Assistant Chief Litigation Counsel for the Enforcement
Division of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). Kisslinger is
obviously a very skilled and experienced attorney, but I really feel like this
case is a dog, and pretty far afield from his specialty practice area.

While I’m not an attorney, I’ve followed a number of these cases over the last
decade, and this one really seems like a new verse to a tired, old tune. (The
plaintiffs go to a lot of trouble in the filing to assert that they’re striving
hard for diversity, mentioning not less than FOUR TIMES that the monument’s
sculptor, Moses Ezekiel, was Jewish.) More often than not, it seems to me, these
cases get dismissed before ever going to trial, usually because the plaintiffs
lack standing – that is, they are in a position that they will suffer real,
concrete, and measurable harm without intervention by the courts. I’m just not
seeing that here, and only one of the plaintiffs, Teresa Roane, even hints at
it. But her argument – that she will suffer economic damage through harm to her
Civil War tour business – seems pretty weak, given that the Confederate burials
themselves will not be moved, and the granite base of the monument would remain
in place under the recommendations of the Naming Commission.

So we’ll see what happens. I’ve been wrong before in predicting how the courts
would go, so I’m not going to bet major money on this one. But I will be
surprised if the plaintiffs prevail.

Stay tuned, y’all.






1 comment




FREDERICK DOUGLASS ON DECORATION DAY, 1871

Posted in Memory by Andy Hall on May 31, 2021

On Decoration Day, 1871, Frederick Douglass gave the following address at the
monument to the Unknown Dead of the Civil War at Arlington National Cemetery. It
is a short speech, but one of the best of its type I’ve ever encountered. I’ve
posted it before, but it think it’s something worth re-reading and contemplating
every Memorial Day.



> The Unknown Loyal Dead
> Arlington National Cemetery, Virginia, on Decoration Day, May 30, 1871
> 
> Friends and Fellow Citizens:
> 
> Tarry here for a moment. My words shall be few and simple. The solemn rites of
> this hour and place call for no lengthened speech. There is, in the very air
> of this resting-ground of the unknown dead a silent, subtle and all-pervading
> eloquence, far more touching, impressive, and thrilling than living lips have
> ever uttered. Into the measureless depths of every loyal soul it is now
> whispering lessons of all that is precious, priceless, holiest, and most
> enduring in human existence.
> 
> Dark and sad will be the hour to this nation when it forgets to pay grateful
> homage to its greatest benefactors. The offering we bring to-day is due alike
> to the patriot soldiers dead and their noble comrades who still live; for,
> whether living or dead, whether in time or eternity, the loyal soldiers who
> imperiled all for country and freedom are one and inseparable.
> 
> Those unknown heroes whose whitened bones have been piously gathered here, and
> whose green graves we now strew with sweet and beautiful flowers, choice
> emblems alike of pure hearts and brave spirits, reached, in their glorious
> career that last highest point of nobleness beyond which human power cannot
> go. They died for their country.
> 
> No loftier tribute can be paid to the most illustrious of all the benefactors
> of mankind than we pay to these unrecognized soldiers when we write above
> their graves this shining epitaph.
> 
> When the dark and vengeful spirit of slavery, always ambitious, preferring to
> rule in hell than to serve in heaven, fired the Southern heart and stirred all
> the malign elements of discord, when our great Republic, the hope of freedom
> and self-government throughout the world, had reached the point of supreme
> peril, when the Union of these states was torn and rent asunder at the center,
> and the armies of a gigantic rebellion came forth with broad blades and bloody
> hands to destroy the very foundations of American society, the unknown braves
> who flung themselves into the yawning chasm, where cannon roared and bullets
> whistled, fought and fell. They died for their country.
> 
> We are sometimes asked, in the name of patriotism, to forget the merits of
> this fearful struggle, and to remember with equal admiration those who struck
> at the nation’s life and those who struck to save it, those who fought for
> slavery and those who fought for liberty and justice.
> 
> I am no minister of malice. I would not strike the fallen. I would not repel
> the repentant; but may my “right hand forget her cunning and my tongue cleave
> to the roof of my mouth,” if I forget the difference between the parties to
> hat terrible, protracted, and bloody conflict.
> 
> If we ought to forget a war which has filled our land with widows and orphans;
> which has made stumps of men of the very flower of our youth; which has sent
> them on the journey of life armless, legless, maimed and mutilated; which has
> piled up a debt heavier than a mountain of gold, swept uncounted thousands of
> men into bloody graves and planted agony at a million hearthstones — I say, if
> this war is to be forgotten, I ask, in the name of all things sacred, what
> shall men remember?
> 
> The essence and significance of our devotions here to-day are not to be found
> in the fact that the men whose remains fill these graves were brave in battle.
> If we met simply to show our sense of bravery, we should find enough on both
> sides to kindle admiration. In the raging storm of fire and blood, in the
> fierce torrent of shot and shell, of sword and bayonet, whether on foot or on
> horse, unflinching courage marked the rebel not less than the loyal soldier.
> 
> But we are not here to applaud manly courage, save as it has been displayed in
> a noble cause. We must never forget that victory to the rebellion meant death
> to the republic. We must never forget that the loyal soldiers who rest beneath
> this sod flung themselves between the nation and the nation’s destroyers. If
> today we have a country not boiling in an agony of blood, like France, if now
> we have a united country, no longer cursed by the hell-black system of human
> bondage, if the American name is no longer a by-word and a hissing to a
> mocking earth, if the star-spangled banner floats only over free American
> citizens in every quarter of the land, and our country has before it a long
> and glorious career of justice, liberty, and civilization, we are indebted to
> the unselfish devotion of the noble army who rest in these honored graves all
> around us.

______________

Image: Graves of nine unknown Federal soldiers in Pontotoc County, Mississippi.
Photo by Flickr user NatalieMaynor, used under Creative Commons license. Text of
Douglass speech from Philip S. Foner and Yuval Taylor, Frederick Douglass:
Selected Speeches and Writings.




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DECORATION DAY AT ARLINGTON, 1871

Posted in Memory by Andy Hall on May 31, 2021

As many readers will know, the practice of setting aside a specific day to honor
fallen soldiers sprung up spontaneously across the country, North and South, in
the years following the Civil War. One of the earliest — perhaps the earliest —
of these events was the ceremony held on May 1, 1865 in newly-occupied
Charleston, South Carolina, by that community’s African American population,
honoring the Union prisoners buried at the site of the city’s old fairgrounds
and racecourse, as described in David Blight’s Race and Reunion: The Civil War
in American Memory.

Over the years, “Decoration Day” events gradually coalesced around late May, 
particularly after 1868, when General John A. Logan, commander-in-chief of the
Grand Army of the Republic, called for a day of remembrance on May 30 of that
year. It was a date chosen specifically not to coincide with the anniversary of
any major action of the war, to be an occasion in its own right. While Memorial
Day is now observed nationwide, parallel observances throughout the South honor
the Confederate dead, and still hold official or semi-official recognition by
the former states of the Confederacy.

Recently while researching the life of a particular Union soldier, I came across
a story from a black newspaper, the New Orleans Semi-Weekly Louisianan dated
June 15, 1871. It describes an event that occurred at the then-newly-established
Arlington National Cemetery. Like the U.S. Colored Troops who’d been denied a
place in the grand victory parade in Washington in May 1865, the black veterans
discovered that segregation and exclusion within the military continued even
after death:

> DECORATION DAY AND HYPOCRISY.
> 
> The custom of decorating the graves of soldiers who fell in the late war,
> seems to be doing more harm to the living than it does to honor the dead. In
> every Southern State there are not only separate localities where the
> respective defendants of Unionism and Secession lie buried, but there are
> different days of observance, a rivalry in the ostentatious parade for floral
> wealth and variety, and a competition in extravagant eulogy, more calculated
> to inflame the passions than to soften and purify the affections, which ought
> to be the result of all funeral rights.
> 
> Besides this bad effect among the whites there comes a still more evil
> influence from the dastardly discriminations made by the professedly union
> [sic.] people themselves.
> 
> Read this extract from the Washington Chronicle:
> 
> AT THE COLORED CEMETERY
> 
> While services were in progress at the tomb of the “Unknown” Comrade Charles
> Guthridge, John S. Brent, and Beverly Tucker, of Thomas R. Hawkins Post, No.
> 14 G.A.R., followed by Greene’s Brass Band, Colonel Perry Carson’s Pioneer
> Corps of the 17th District, Butler Zouaves, under the command of Charles B.
> Fisher, and a large number of colored persons proceeded to the cemetery on the
> colored soldiers to the north of the mansion, and on arriving there they found
> no stand erected, no orator or speaker selected, not a single flag placed on
> high, not even a paper flag at the head boards of these loyal but ignored
> dead, not even a drop of water to quench the thirst of the humble patriots
> after their toilsome march from the beautifully decorated grand stand above to
> this barren neglected spot below. At 2 ½ o’clock P.M., no flowers or other
> articles coming for decorative purposes, messengers were dispatched to the
> officers of the day for them; they in time returned with a half dozen (perhaps
> more) rosettes, and a basket of flower leaves. Deep was the indignation and
> disappointment of the people. A volley of musketry was fired over the graves
> by Col. Fisher’s company. An indignation meeting was improvised, Col. Fisher
> acting president. A short but eloquent address was made by George Hatton, who
> was followed by F. G. Barbadoes, who concluded his remarks by offering the
> followign resolutions, which were unanimously adopted:
> 
> Resolved, that the colored citizens of the District of Columbia hereby
> respectfully request the proper authorities to remove the remains of all loyal
> soldiers now interred at the north end of the Arlington cemetery, among
> paupers and rebels, to the main body of the grounds at the earliest possible
> moment.
> 
> Resolved, that the following named gentlemen are hereby created a committee to
> proffer our request and to take such further action in the matter as may be
> deemed necessary to a successful accomplishment of our wishes: Frederick
> Douglass, John M. Langston, Rev. Dr. Anderson, William J. Wilson, Col. Charles
> B. Fisher, William Wormley, Perry Carson, Dr. A. T. Augusta, F. G. Barbadoes.
> 
> If any event in the whole history of our connection with the late war embodied
> more features of disgraceful neglect, or exhibited more clearly the necessity
> of protecting ourselves from insult, than this behavior at Arlington heights,
> we at least acknowledge ignorance of it.
> 
> We say again that no good, but only harm can result from keeping up the
> recollection of the bitter strife and bloodshed between North and South, and
> worse still, in furnishing occasion to white Unionists of proving their
> hypocrisy towards the negro in the very presence of our dead.



The black soldiers’ graves were never moved; rather, the boundaries of Arlington
were gradually expanded to encompass them, in what is now known as Section 27. 
Most of the graves, originally marked with simple wooden boards, were
subsequently marked with proper headstones, though many are listed as “unknown.”
In addition to the black Union soldiers interred there, roughly 3,800 civilians,
mostly freedmen, lie there as well, many under stones with the simple, but
profoundly important, designation of “citizen.” The remains of Confederate
prisoners buried there were removed in the early 1900s to a new plot on the
western edge of the cemetery complex, where the Confederate Monument would be
dedicated in 1914.

Unfortunately, the more things change, the more. . . well, you know. In part
because that segment of the cemetery began as a burial ground for blacks,
prisoners and others of lesser status, the records for Section 27 are
fragmentary. Further, Section 27 has — whether by design or happenstance —
suffered an alarming amount of negligence and lack of attention over the years.
The Army has promised, and continues to promise, that these problems will be
corrected.

As Americans, North and South, we should all expect nothing less.

____________________________________

Images of Section 27, Arlington National Cemetery, © Scott Holter, all rights
reserved. Used with permission. Thanks to Coatesian commenter KewHall (no
relation) for the research tip.




2 comments




THREE VETERANS

Posted in Memory by Andy Hall on May 31, 2021

Note: This is the first of three posts that I republish every Memorial Day
weekend. Last week I was traveling, and so was unable to post them over several
days as I usually do.

_______

This Memorial Day weekend, I’d like to highlight three Civil War veterans
interred here in Galveston. I don’t have a familial or personal connection to
any of them, but I think of them as neighbors of mine, of a sort.



Charles DeWitt Anderson (1827-1901) served as a Colonel in the Confederate army,
and in the summer of 1864 was charged with the defense of Fort Gaines, on the
eastern side of the entrance to Mobile Bay. After Admiral Farragut forced the
entrance to Mobile Bay on August 4, Anderson found himself entirely cut off,
besieged and under artillery fire from the land side of Dauphin Island and
unable to have any effect on the Federal fleet, which had moved farther up
Mobile Bay, out of range of Fort Gaines’ guns. Faced with demoralized
Confederate troops inside the fort, Anderson surrendered on August 8. Given a
choice of surrendering to the U.S. Army or Navy, Anderson turned over his sword
to Farragut. One of Farragut’s last acts before he died in 1870 was to request
that Anderson’s sword be returned to him. It came back to Anderson with the
inscription, “Returned to Colonel C. D. Anderson by Admiral Farragut for his
Gallant Defence of Fort Gaines, April 8, 1864.”

What fewer people know about Anderson is that he and his younger brother arrived
in Texas as orphans, their parents having died on the ship en route to the
Republic of Texas in 1839. They were adopted right there on the wharf by an
Episcopal minster. In 1846, Anderson was the first cadet admitted to West Point
from the newly-established State of Texas; his application letter was endorsed
by U.S. Senator Sam Houston. Although Anderson did not graduate from the Point,
he eventually received a direct commission into the Fourth U.S. Artillery in
1856, and served until resigning his commission in 1861. Anderson served longer
as a U.S. Army officer than as a Confederate one; you can view a detail of an
1859 map drawn by Anderson of the area around Fort Randall, Dakota Territory,
here.

In his postwar years he worked as an engineer on a variety of public works
projects, and at the time of his death was serving as the keeper of the Fort
Point Lighthouse here. William Thiesen, the Atlantic Area Historian for the U.S.
Coast Guard, recently wrote about Anderson’s experience at Fort Point during the
1900 Storm, the deadliest natural disaster in U.S. history. Recall that, at the
time, Anderson was in his seventies:

True to his mission, Anderson kept the light burning during the storm even
though most ships by then were either adrift, out of control or washing ashore
at points along the Texas coast. However, late that evening, floodwaters surged
and carried off equipment on the lighthouse’s lower deck, including the lifeboat
and storage tanks for fresh water and kerosene fuel. With seawater rising into
the keeper’s quarters it seemed as if Fort Point Lighthouse was adrift on a
stormy sea. With the wind speeds nearing 200 miles per hour, the lighthouse’s
heavy slate roof began to peel away. Eventually, some of the flying stone tiles
shattered the lantern room windows and the inrushing wind snuffed out the light
for good.

Anderson had tried his best to maintain the light, but the flying glass had
lacerated his face and driven him below. By late that evening, the quarters’
first floor had flooded, the wind had permanently extinguished the light, Keeper
Anderson suffered from facial wounds and the storm surge had trapped the elderly
couple on the second floor. With all hope lost, Anderson and wife Lucy made
their way to the second floor parlor room, sat down and waited in silence for
the floodwaters to take them away.

But the end never came. On Sunday morning, the Andersons emerged arm-in-arm onto
the lighthouse gallery to see the human toll of the hurricane. The scene they
witnessed beggars description. In a silent watery funeral procession, the ebbing
tide carried away countless bodies from Galveston Bay to the Gulf of Mexico.
Anderson likely saw as much carnage, if not more, than at any time during his
Civil War career. But, unlike the war, the storm did not favor one victim over
another; instead, it took the lives of women and children as well as men.

____



George Frank Robie (1844-91) was a Sergeant in Company D of the Seventh New
Hampshire Volunteer Infantry, who won the Medal of Honor “for gallantry on
skirmish line” during fighting around Richmond, Virginia in September 1864.

Robie originally enrolled in the Eighth Massachusetts Militia, a three-month
unit, the day after the surrender of Fort Sumter in 1861. His service record
gives his age at enlistment as 18, but other sources suggest he was a year
younger. After being discharged, he enlisted in the Seventh New Hampshire in
September 1861 as a Sergeant. He re-enlisted in the regiment in February 1864,
and was appointed First Lieutenant in October. Although Robie was recommended
for a medal during the war, his Medal of Honor, like many, was not actually
awarded until June 1883 by resolution of Congress.

He moved to Galveston after the war, working as a clerk in a railroad office,
but suffered from rheumatism that had first afflicted him during his service in
Virginia. Robie returned to New England, and in 1884 was awarded a pension for
disability. Robie subsequently returned to Galveston, dying here in 1891. To my
knowledge, Robie is the only Civil War Medal of Honor winner interred in
Galveston County. The Fitts Museum in Candia, New Hampshire, where Robie was
born, holds Robie’s sword in its collection.

____



Josiah Haynes Armstrong (1842-98) was a Sergeant in the Third U.S. Colored
Infantry. He was born free in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, enlisted as a
Corporal on June 26, 1863 at Philadelphia, and soon thereafter was promoted to
Sergeant. The Third U.S.C.I. spent the latter part of the war in the
Jacksonville, Florida, area, although Armstrong became ill and was transferred
to a military hospital in St. Augustine. Some time later, his company commander,
who had heard that Armstrong was convalescent and working at the hospital as a
cook, wrote to request that he be sent back to the regiment, as he would “be
obliged to make another Sergt in [Armstrong’s] place, which, as he is an
excellent non-com officer, I am loathe to do.”

After his discharge, Armstrong remained in Florida, where he became a member of
the clergy in the African Methodist Episcopal Church. He also served in the
Florida State House of Representatives, representing Columbia County, in 1871,
1872, and 1875. He moved to Galveston in 1880, where he was pastor of Reedy
A.M.E. Chapel here. Armstrong also served as Grand Master of the Prince Hall
Grand Lodge of Texas, the African American branch of American freemasonry, from
1890 to 1892. He was ordained a Bishop in the A.M.E. Church in 1896, two years
before his death at age 56.

_____

Anderson photo courtesy Col. Anderson’s great-grandson, Dale Anderson, and Bruce
S. Allardice.




1 comment




THE COPY-AND-PASTE CONFEDERACY

Posted in Memory by Andy Hall on February 20, 2021

The Virginia Flaggers may not be my biggest fans, but they clearly think my
efforts are good enough to plagiarize this old 2013 post of mine. Virtually
every word in their Facebook posting is one I wrote eight years ago, verbatim.
The only important thing they omitted was the name of the artist who colorized
the original black-and-white image, Mads Madsen, and that’s actually a bigger
offense.

The Flaggers claim to stand for “Honor, Dignity, Respect, and Heritage,” but
those things apparently don’t prevent them from taking others’ work and passing
it off as their own. The Confederate Heritage™ movement has always done this, of
course, so I shouldn’t be surprised.

_____




1 comment




WELL. . .BYE.

Posted in Memory by Andy Hall on February 14, 2021

Update, March 1: It turns out that Bill Dorris’ estate is worth far less than
one might expect, given his bequest of $5 million to his dog, who didn’t even
live with him. Like, maybe ONE TENTH of that.

What a BS artist that guy was. Thanks to KEW for bringing this to my attention.
_____

Charles William “Bill” Dorris (above), the Nashville attorney and developer who
owned the land on Interstate 65 where that hideous fiberglass statue of Nathan
Bedford Forrest stands, carked late last year. Dorris insisted he wasn’t racist,
of course, but in 2015 he told Nashville Public Radio that the institution of
slavery has been badly maligned, as it was a form of “social security” for
African Americans. Dorris remained a self-indulgent asshole to the end, leaving
$5 million in his will to his 8-year-old border collie, who didn’t even live
with him. The dog will continue living with its long-time caretaker, Martha
Burton, who I hope at least gets to benefit materially from every dime in that
dog’s trust.

The rest of Dorris’ large estate is currently in probate court, that will decide
the fate of the Interstate 65 property and the Forrest statue. The statue itself
was created by Dorris’ friend, the unrepentant white nationalist and
segregationist Jack Kershaw, who died and went to Hell in 2010.

_______
Photo by Shelley Mays of the Nashville Tennessean.









8 comments




“THERE STANDS JACKSON. . . WAIT, WHERE’D HE GO?”

Posted in Memory by Andy Hall on December 7, 2020

Stonewall Jackson no longer glowers across the parade ground at the Virginia
Military Institute in Lexington.

H/t Kevin. Photo by Steve Helber, Martinsville Journal.

_____




1 comment


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