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Lithium Battery Research

Li Ion Battery Aging, Degradation, and Failure

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 * Home
 * Diagnosticsopen child menu
   * Simultaneous Operando Measurements of the Local Temperature, State of
     Charge, and Strain inside a Commercial Lithium Battery Pouch Cell
   * Tortuosity in Li-ion Battery Porous Electrodes
   * Diagnostic Studies of LiNCA to Learn about Capacity Fade
 * Durability/Failureopen child menu
   * High Capacity Silicon Anodes: Volume Expansion and Breaking
   * Lithium Battery Research: Lithium Battery life, durability, and failure
   * Failure statistics for commercial lithium ion batteries
 * Imagingopen child menu
   * In Situ Imaging of Lithium Dendrite Growth and Electrode Fracture upon
     Delithiation
   * Neutron Imaging for In Situ Metrology of Li Concentratin in LFP Li Ion
     Batteries
   * In Situ observation of Tin Oxide (SnO₂) Lithium Battery Nanowires in a
     Transmission Electron Microscope, TEM
   * 3D Imaging of an LCO Cathode with Focused Ion Beam, FIB-SEM
   * 3D Imaging of a Graphite Anode with Computer Tomography, CT
 * Modelingopen child menu
   * Ab initio Molecular Dynamics Simulations of SEI Formation
   * Materials Project: Computational Data Base Screening of Cathode Materials
 * Transportopen child menu
   * In Situ Microscopy of Li Ion Transport in a Commercial Electrode
   * Lithium Transport and Electrochemical Reactions in Nanoparticles
   * Synchrotron Measurements
 * Publications by Stephen J Harris
 * Resume of Stephen Harris
 * Contact Us


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This site is devoted to lithium battery research aimed at understanding the
mechanisms and problems that underlie the workings failure/degradation of Li-ion
batteries. There is a focus here on knowledge derived from theoretical studies
of batteries and battery materials; advanced diagnostic techniques, especially
in situ or operando; and chemically detailed models of battery aging mechanisms.
Many of these pages show lithium battery videos related to lithium battery life.
At present, automotive Li batteries are greatly oversized and overengineered in
order to provide a longer life. Thus, more durable batteries can automatically
have a higher energy density–both volumetric energy density and gravimetric
energy density.

This approach–examining the impact of electrode heterogeneities on battery life
and durability–is described in the following video, showing Steve Harris giving
the 2013 Kavli Lecture at the March APS meeting. An updated version of this
work, presented at the 2014 Gordon Research Conference on Batteries is provided
as a pdf here. The title of the talk is Li-ion Transport: Relationships to
Heterogeneity and Failure.



The goal of much of present day Lithium battery research is to develop higher
energy density batteries. Consider 4 approaches:

(1) Positive electrodes with greater capacity. Such electrodes can be made, but
their durability is poor.

(2) Higher voltage positive electrodes, up to 5 V. Such electrodes can be made,
but we do not have electrolytes that are stable at such high voltages. Neither
approach addresses volumetric energy density.

(3) Higher mass density (lower porosity) electrodes. This could lead to higher
tortuosity. A reduction in porosity from 40% to 25% would again increase energy
density by 25%.

(4) More durable electrodes. The connection between durability and energy
density comes from the fact that in order to achieve long life, much of the
energy in Li-ion batteries is never accessed. If we could access 80% of the
battery's energy instead of, say, 65%, the energy density would increase by 25%.
Importantly, both volumetric and gravimetric energy density would increase.

We believe that heterogeneity is the ultimate reason that many Li-ion batteries
access only about 65% of their theoretical energy. That's because when the
average state of charge (SOC) in an electrode is 65%, parts of the electrode are
already at 100% state of charge, and at such high values for SOC, either plating
or electrolyte oxidation occurs. See Figure 6 of"Particle Size Polydispersity in
Li-ion Batteries."

Our work researching lithium battery problems is predicated on two hypotheses:
First, that degradation and failure initiate at inhomogeneities (or
heterogeneities) the the battery microstructure; and second, that these
heterogeneities lead to an inhomogeneous transport of lithium ions.
Inhomogeneities include any structures where there are rapidly varying spatial
properties, such as the SEI lyer. The SEI film is an important site for
generating lithium battery aging and failure. For this reason, we believe that a
general study of degradation and failure can begin with identification and
quantification of inhomogeneities (typically at the mesoscale) as well as
measurements of Li transport and insertion into porous electrodes in the
battery. These measurements could then guide researchers towards other
experiments and models that provide fundamental knowledge of durability (aging,
degradation and failure) using advanced diagnostic techniques. We are especially
interested in research that connects with models that take into account
microstructural and nanoscale properties and inhomogeneities.

Publications by Stephen Harris
© 2020 Stephen J Harris, Lithium Battery Research