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Knowledge Center > Application Notes


INTEGRATED CIRCUITS (ICS) & COMPONENT EMC TESTING

Can you imagine the world without electronic devices? Today’s electronic
gadgets, machines, and appliances have become an integral part of our lives.
This is most apparent with recent developments in technology like drones, mobile
internet, medical devices, Internet of Things (IoT), and autonomous vehicles.
The “core” of these amazing technologies is built with today’s faster and
smarter electronic components.


1.0 CHANGING TECHNOLOGY AND CHANGING DEMAND

Due to the demand for high-performing electronic devices, multi-chip package
(MCP) and system-on-achip (SoC) technologies have become widely employed. In
addition, as operating frequencies of these emerging technologies (IoT and 5G)
have increased and circuits used in those technologies have become more complex,
it has become impossible to ignore the large amounts of parasitic emissions
generated by such complex integrated circuits (IC’s).

Most IC devices operate within the Radio Frequency (RF) spectrum. When these
devices co-exist with many other products, the RF spectrum becomes more
congested and creates a complex electromagnetic environment. The heart or core
of these electronic devices- components - must be hardened to operate safely and
reliably in the intended electromagnetic environment. Additionally, the more
electronic devices that these technologies interact and co-exist with, the
greater the potential for disturbance (RF interference) among them. The largest
challenge for emerging applications will be RF compliance of products and their
component parts, not only with regard to regulatory requirements but also a
greater emphasis on operational environments to ensure proper performance and
public safety.


2.0 FOCUS ON THE ISSUES

Almost every Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) and Electromagnetic
Compatibility (EMC) problem ultimately starts or ends at an electronic circuit.
Due to the focus on energy savings and reduced power consumption, there is an
increased demand for low-power ICs and circuits designed with reduced supply
voltages. This results in the degradation of circuit immunity levels as incident
RF disturbances can easily influence a lower-power circuit. Therefore, it is
required to evaluate the performance of these components for both EMI and EMC
during the design stage.

If you are in the business of producing IC products that are built to operate in
demanding electromagnetic environments, then you must also take precautionary
measures to test and pass all the regulatory EMI and safety requirements to
achieve instantaneous marketing and profitability. So, how can one test these
electronic “components” to electromagnetic fields? EMC testing is performed to
ensure these components can be used in the intended environment (i.e. 5G, IoT,
Drones automobiles, and more) without failing, degrading, or causing other
equipment to fail.

The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) established a standard for
measuring the electromagnetic interference and susceptibility to characterize
ICs up to 1 GHz, IEC 62132. IEC 62132-1 provides general information on the
measurement of conducted and radiated electromagnetic susceptibility. The
following table provides an overview of IEC 62132 standard.

In a nutshell, component EMC testing addresses two categories of RF
interference:

 * EMI: Emissions testing measures RF interference that is radiated or conducted
   from the component.Emissions from any component can cause malfunctions in
   nearby components/equipment.
 * EMC: Susceptibility testing measures the component/device’s immunity to
   external RF interference that are conducted or radiated into the
   component/device.

Emissions testing confirms that the device is unlikely to interfere with other
devices, while Susceptibility testing confirms that the device will keep
operating despite outside interference. The Transverse Electromagnetic (TEM)
cell test method is used for measuring the emissions or immunity of an
integrated circuit between 150 kHz to 1 GHz. The frequency range of this method
is limited by the characteristics of the TEM cell.

Either a two-port TEM cell or a one-port TEM cell may be used. A two-port TEM
cell is referred to as a TEM cell while a one-port TEM cell is referred to as a
wideband Gigahertz TEM (GTEM) cell. Emissions from an EUT can be measured off
these ports, or RF signals can be injected into these ports to create electric
fields inside the TEM cell (Figure 1 shows the basic test set-up for TEM and
GTEM cell immunity test setup).

Figure 1: TEM cell immunity test set-up GTEM cell immunity test set-up

To reduce variations from test to test, components are mounted to special
boards. The test board controls the geometry and orientation of the EUT relative
to the cell and eliminates any connecting leads within the cell. Rotating the
test board in the four possible orientations in the wall port of the TEM or GTEM
cell is required to determine the sensitivity of the EUT to induced magnetic
fields.

The injected CW or Pulse disturbance signal exposes the EUT to a plane wave
electromagnetic field where the electric field component is determined by the
injected voltage and the distance between the EUT and the septum of the cell.
This test method intends to provide a quantitative measure of the RF immunity of
ICs (refer to IEC 61000-4-20 for TEM cell characteristics of RI testing). Using
this method, the RF immunity of the EUT shall be evaluated at critical
frequencies. Critical frequencies are frequencies that are generated by,
received by, or operated by the EUT. Critical frequencies include, but are not
limited to oscillator frequencies, clock frequencies, data frequencies, etc.
(refer to IEC 62132-1 for more test specific requirements).

As mentioned above DPI testing is another method of EMC characterization of IC
components. DPI testing measures the immunity of an integrated circuit as a
function of the effective power transmitted to the circuit. However, due to
impedance mismatch, most of the RF power delivered by the generator is reflected
towards the source, and only a small amount enters the PCB and IC under test. To
evaluate the immunity of an IC, the forward power needed to cause malfunction is
measured. The malfunction may be classified from A to D according to the
performance classes defined in IEC 62132-1. Figure 3 shows a typical DPI test
setup.

Figure 2: Basic Direct Power Injection (DI) Test-up

Many approaches have been proposed to enhance the immunity of ICs. A commonly
used method is to have an IC with on-chip decoupling capacitors (RC circuit)
which showed the highest immunity to RF energy. However, the actual power
injected using an AR amplifier to the IC depends on the frequency of injected EM
noise and the transfer characteristics of the measurement equipment, the PCB,
the package, and the IC impedance.

The condition whereby the output impedance of an RF amplifier differs from that
of the load is said to be a “mismatch”. The extent of mismatch can be
characterized in terms of Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR). In its simplest
form, VSWR is the ratio of the source output impedance to the load impedance at
a given frequency. AR has taken the conservative and reliable approach to design
VSWR tolerant amplifiers that will operate without damage or oscillation with
any magnitude and phase of the source and load impedance.

The largest geometry found in an integrated circuit is the leadframe. The size
of the leadframe is in the range of a few centimeters or smaller. For a
frequency range below 1 GHz, this leadframe, as well as the structures on-chip,
are not regarded as efficient antennas for the reception of unwanted RF energy.
It is the cable harness and/or the traces of a printed circuit board which
constitute efficient antennas. Thus, an IC receives the unwanted RF energy
through the pins connected to the wires of such cables. Because of this, the
electromagnetic immunity of an IC can be characterized by conducted RF
disturbances (i.e. RF forward power) instead of field parameters as is usually
the case in module and/or system level testing.

The test levels and required forward power depend on the application of the EUT
and the pin tested. The maximum forward power level of a CW (continuous wave) RF
signal for testing an externally unprotected IC-pin is up to approx. 5 W (37
dBm). If the IC pin is designed to operate with external protection, then the
maximum forward power level can be decreased.

IEC 62132-4 recommends an amplifier with a higher power capability (10–50 W)
than needed for the maximum forward power level (i.e. 5 W). The output impedance
of the power source shall be 50 Ω (recommended VSWR <1.2:1) to absorb reflected
waves and the harmonics / spurious emission of the RF power source shall be at
least 20 dB below the carrier level.

It should be noted the direct injection of RF disturbance to the IC package is
very small, and often negligible compared to the disturbance injected through
the connected cables(s). Hence there is the IEC 62132-5 workbench method which
is derived from IEC 61000-4-6. The method described assumes that supply and
signal cable(s) are attached to an electrically small test board, with
dimensions ≤ λ /2, i.e. 0.15 m at 1 GHz. These connected cables become the
dominant antennas; the induced RF disturbance is injected to the test board via
these “antennas”. Using this concept, the RF performance of the circuit board
layout, the IC supply decoupling, and discrete components (capacitors and
inductors) can be measured.

With IEC 62132-9 and IEC 62132-9 standards, the IC is tested via a stripline or
surface scan methods are used. The stripline method is similar to that of a TEM
cell method, but the device is tested under a stripline rather than in a TEM or
GTEM cell. For the surface scan method, a near field probe is utilized to apply
the RF signal to the IC with a fixture to ensure a degree of repeatability. In
either case, other than the injection type, the same type of equipment is
utilized.


CONCLUSION

In every product sector, new emerging technologies (IoT, 5G, drones,
automobiles, and others) rely increasingly on highly robust and efficient
electronic components for critical operation. There is a growing concern about
their performance and co-existence in the presence of an electromagnetic
environment. It is crucial for an integrated circuit to operate without error in
the presence of relatively high RF levels, while also limiting EMI levels to
avoid damage or disruption to other components within the multi-chip packages.
By following the techniques outlined in this application note, and through the
selection of AR’s appropriate test solutions, manufacturers are able to design
robust integrated chips, enabling emerging technologies to operate reliably
without EMC or EMI problems. Furthermore, by using AR’s emcware greater
efficiency is gained, while also achieving increased quality of test results. If
you would like to learn more, feel free to contact one of our applications
engineers at 800-933-8181 or visit our website at www.arworld.us.



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