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June 4, 2015
WHAT ARE THE LONGEST RIVERS IN THE WORLD?
by Matt Williams, Universe Today
The Nile River and Delta, viewed at night by the Expedition 25 crew on Oct. 28,
2010. Credit: NASA
There are many long rivers in the world, but which ones are the longest?
Naturally, there is a disagreement over the answer to this question. While The
Nile has traditionally been considered to be longest in the world, the Amazon
has some pretty fierce defenders as well. The debate arises over the difficulty
in determining the full extent of a river, and also because measurements differ
according to who measured them.
Another source of disagreement is the role played by tributaries, with some
scientists arguing for their inclusion while others leave them out. Luckily,
when determining length, several major rivers stand out from the crowd. Here are
a few, and the reasons for why they made the list:
DEFINITION:
There are many factors in determining the precise length of a river. These
include the source, the identification (or the definition) of the river's mouth,
and the scale of measurement when determining the river length between source
and mouth. As a result, the length measurements of many rivers are only
approximations.
A river's "true source" is considered to be the source of whichever tributary is
farthest from the mouth, but this tributary may or may not have the same name as
the main stem river. Furthermore, it is sometimes hard to state exactly where a
river begins – especially rivers that are formed by ephemeral streams, swamps,
or changing lakes.
The mouth of a river is hard to determine in cases where the river has a large
estuary that gradually widens and opens into the ocean. Some rivers do not have
a mouth, and instead dwindle to very low water volume and disappear underground.
A river may also have multiple channels, or anabranches, and it may not be clear
how to measure the length through a lake.
Seasonal and annual changes may alter rivers as well, not to mention cycles of
erosion and flooding, dams, levees, and geological engineering. In addition, the
length of meanders can change significantly over time when a new channel cuts
across a narrow strip of land, bypassing a large river bend.
The Nile:
Nile Delta from space by the MODIS sensor on the Terra satellite. Credit:
Jacques Descloitres/NASA/GSFC
The Nile River, located in Africa, is listed as being 6,853 kilometers (4,258
miles) long, and is hence commonly considered to be the longest river in the
world. This river and its water resources are shared by eleven countries –
Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Congo-Kinshasa, Kenya, Ethiopia, Eritrea,
South Sudan, the Sudan and Egypt.
In ancient times, its existence was closely tied to the rise of civilization in
the Near East, being the main source of irrigation and fresh water for multiple
Egyptian dynasties. Today, it remains the primary water source for both Egypt
and the Sudan.
Lake Victoria, as viewed by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer
(MODIS) on the Terra satellite. Credit: NASA/EO
The source of the Nile is traditionally considered to be Lake Victoria, but
Victoria itself has feeder rivers of considerable size. It's two main
tributaries, are the White Nile and Blue Nile. The former is considered to be
the headwaters and primary stream of the Nile itself, but the latter is the
primary source of water and silt.
The Amazon:
Satellite image of a flooded section of the Amazon river. Credit: NASA
The Amazon River is the longest river in South America, and the largest river in
the world in terms of water discharge. This river has a series of major river
systems in Colombia, Ecuador and Peru. At roughly 6,437 km (4,000 mi) in length,
it is also considered to be the second-longest river in the world.
However, Brazilian scientists claimed to have found the most distant source of
the Amazon in the Andes. This source is apparently a glacial stream emanating
from the peak of Nevado Mismi in the Peruvian Andes, roughly 700 km (430 mi)
southeast of Lima. If this is correct, then the Amazon is in fact 6.800
kilometers (4,225 miles) long, making it the world's longest.
The Yangtze:
The first turn of the Yangtze in Yunnan Province, where the river turns 180
degrees from south- to north-bound. Credit: peace-on-earth.org/Jialiang Gao
The third longest river in the world is the Yangtze – or as it's known in China,
the Chang Jiang River. The Yangtze is 6,380 kilometers (3,964 miles) in length,
making it the longest river in Asia. It originates from the glaciers of the
Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in Qinghai province, flows eastward across southwest,
central and eastern China, and then empties into the East China Sea at Shanghai.
The Yangtze River has played a large role in the history, culture and economy of
China, and continues to do so to this day. In addition to running through
multiple ecosystems in China, its existence was also pivotal to human
settlement, the development of agriculture, and the rise of civilization in East
Asia.
Today, the prosperous Yangtze River Delta generates as much as 20% of China's
Gross Domestic Product (GDP), and the Three Gorges Dam – located on the Yangtze
River near the town of Sandouping – is the largest hydro-electric power station
in the world. Because of the impact of human infrastructure, some sections of
the river are now protected wildlife preserves.
The Mississippi-Missouri-Jefferson:
The Mississippi River Delta shown draining into the Gulf of Mexico from space.
Credit: ESA
At 6,275 kilometers (3,902 miles) the Mississippi-Missouri-Jefferson River
system is the fourth longest in the world and the longest river in the United
States. Although each river separately would not be in the top five, these three
rivers are grouped together into one because the Missouri River meets the
Mississippi near the city of St. Louis, while the Missouri connects to the
Jefferson river in Montana.
However, the main thrust of the Mississippi runs north-south, rising in northern
Minnesota and meandering slowly southwards for 3,730 km (2,320 miles) before
reaching the Mississippi River Delta at the Gulf of Mexico.
With its many tributaries, the Mississippi's watershed drains all or parts of 31
U.S. states and 2 Canadian provinces between the Rocky and Appalachian
Mountains. It also borders and/or passes through the states of Minnesota,
Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, Mississippi,
and Louisiana.
The Mississippi River and its tributaries have a long history of significance to
Native American cultures. Many nations lived along its river banks, most of
which were hunters and gathers who used the river as a source of water and for
transportation. But for some – such as the Mound builders – the river was key to
the formation of prolific agricultural societies.
The arrival of Europeans in the 1500s changed the native way of life drastically
as first explorers, then settlers, ventured into the basin in increasing numbers
and colonized the area. Initially a barrier between New Spain, New France, and
the Thirteen Colonies, it grew to become a major artery of transportation and
western expansion for the United States by the 19th century.
The Yellow River:
China’s Yellow River Delta, as seen from space in 2009. Credit: NASA/EO
Huang He, which is also known as the Yellow River because of the color of its
silt, is the third longest river in Asia and the sixth longest river in the
world. Located in China and measuring 5,464 kilometers (3,395 miles) in length,
the river originates the Bayan Har Mountains in Qinghai province, western China.
It then flows through nine provinces before emptying into the Bohai Sea near the
city of Dongying in Shandong province.
The Yellow River is also known as "the cradle of Chinese civilization" because
of the pivotal role it played in the development of Chinese culture. Much like
the Yangtze, the presence of human settlements dates back to the Paleolithic
Era, and the fertile flood basins contributed to the rise of agricultural
communities which eventually integrated with the less-developed settlements
along the southern Yangtze.
Before modern dams became an option, the Yellow River was extremely prone to
flooding. In the roughly 2,540 years before 1946 CE, the Yellow River is
believed to have flooded 1,593 times and shifted its course many times
(sometimes severely). These floods include some of the deadliest natural
disasters ever recorded, thus earning the river the nicknames "China's Sorrow"
and "Scourge of the Sons of Han."
The Congo-Chambeshi:
The Congo River and rainforest, as acquired on Jan 14th, 2009 by the ESA’s
Envisat satellite. Credit: ESA
At 4,700 km (2,920 miles), the Congo River (aka. Zaire River) in Africa is the
ninth longest river in the world. Interestingly enough, it is also its deepest –
with measured depths exceeding 220 m (720 ft) – and the second largest river in
the world in terms of discharge (after the Amazon).
Originating deep in the eastern region of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC,
formerly Zaire), the Congo is fed by the Lualaba river, which is itself fed by
the Luyua and Luapula rivers that are connected to Lake Mweru and Lake Bangwelo.
The river then runs west and constitutes much of the border between the DRC and
its eastern neighbor, the Republic of Congo.
The Congo river gets its name from the Kingdom of Kongo which was situated on
the left banks of the river estuary. The kingdom is in turn named for its Bantu
population, which were described in 17th century European records as Esikongo.
The name Zaire is from a Portuguese adaptation of a Kikongo word nzere
("river"), a truncation of nzadi o nzere ("river swallowing rivers").
The river was known as Zaire during the 16th and 17th centuries, but the word
Congo has since replaced Zaire gradually in English usage. However, references
to Zahir or Zaire, as the name used by the natives (i.e. derived from Portuguese
usage), has remained common throughout this same period.
All the states that have existed in the region since attaining their
independence from Belgium in 1960 – the DRC (which was named Zaire from
1971-1997) and the Republic of Congo – in turn derive their names from the
river.
Source: Universe Today
Citation: What are the longest rivers in the world? (2015, June 4) retrieved 24
February 2023 from https://phys.org/news/2015-06-longest-rivers-world.html
This document is subject to copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the
purpose of private study or research, no part may be reproduced without the
written permission. The content is provided for information purposes only.
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