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Submission: On October 21 via api from ES — Scanned from ES
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<option value="acoustics"> Acoustics </option>
<option value="amh"> Acta Microbiologica Hellenica (AMH) </option>
<option value="actuators"> Actuators </option>
<option value="admsci"> Administrative Sciences </option>
<option value="adolescents"> Adolescents </option>
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<option value="agriengineering"> AgriEngineering </option>
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<option value="analytica"> Analytica </option>
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<option value="anatomia"> Anatomia </option>
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<option value="animals"> Animals </option>
<option value="antibiotics"> Antibiotics </option>
<option value="antibodies"> Antibodies </option>
<option value="antioxidants"> Antioxidants </option>
<option value="applbiosci"> Applied Biosciences </option>
<option value="applmech"> Applied Mechanics </option>
<option value="applmicrobiol"> Applied Microbiology </option>
<option value="applnano"> Applied Nano </option>
<option value="applsci"> Applied Sciences </option>
<option value="asi"> Applied System Innovation (ASI) </option>
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<option value="aquacj"> Aquaculture Journal </option>
<option value="architecture"> Architecture </option>
<option value="arthropoda"> Arthropoda </option>
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<option value="atoms"> Atoms </option>
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<option value="automation"> Automation </option>
<option value="axioms"> Axioms </option>
<option value="bacteria"> Bacteria </option>
<option value="batteries"> Batteries </option>
<option value="behavsci"> Behavioral Sciences </option>
<option value="beverages"> Beverages </option>
<option value="BDCC"> Big Data and Cognitive Computing (BDCC) </option>
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<option value="biomolecules"> Biomolecules </option>
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<option value="birds"> Birds </option>
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<option value="brainsci"> Brain Sciences </option>
<option value="buildings"> Buildings </option>
<option value="businesses"> Businesses </option>
<option value="carbon"> C </option>
<option value="cancers"> Cancers </option>
<option value="cardiogenetics"> Cardiogenetics </option>
<option value="catalysts"> Catalysts </option>
<option value="cells"> Cells </option>
<option value="ceramics"> Ceramics </option>
<option value="challenges"> Challenges </option>
<option value="ChemEngineering"> ChemEngineering </option>
<option value="chemistry"> Chemistry </option>
<option value="chemproc"> Chemistry Proceedings </option>
<option value="chemosensors"> Chemosensors </option>
<option value="children"> Children </option>
<option value="chips"> Chips </option>
<option value="civileng"> CivilEng </option>
<option value="cleantechnol"> Clean Technologies (Clean Technol.) </option>
<option value="climate"> Climate </option>
<option value="ctn"> Clinical and Translational Neuroscience (CTN) </option>
<option value="clinpract"> Clinics and Practice </option>
<option value="clockssleep"> Clocks & Sleep </option>
<option value="coasts"> Coasts </option>
<option value="coatings"> Coatings </option>
<option value="colloids"> Colloids and Interfaces </option>
<option value="colorants"> Colorants </option>
<option value="commodities"> Commodities </option>
<option value="complications"> Complications </option>
<option value="compounds"> Compounds </option>
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<option value="csmf"> Computer Sciences & Mathematics Forum </option>
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<option value="condensedmatter"> Condensed Matter </option>
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<option value="cmd"> Corrosion and Materials Degradation (CMD) </option>
<option value="cosmetics"> Cosmetics </option>
<option value="covid"> COVID </option>
<option value="crops"> Crops </option>
<option value="cryo"> Cryo </option>
<option value="cryptography"> Cryptography </option>
<option value="crystals"> Crystals </option>
<option value="cimb"> Current Issues in Molecular Biology (CIMB) </option>
<option value="curroncol"> Current Oncology </option>
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<option value="data"> Data </option>
<option value="dentistry"> Dentistry Journal </option>
<option value="dermato"> Dermato </option>
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<option value="diabetology"> Diabetology </option>
<option value="diagnostics"> Diagnostics </option>
<option value="dietetics"> Dietetics </option>
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<option value="disabilities"> Disabilities </option>
<option value="diseases"> Diseases </option>
<option value="diversity"> Diversity </option>
<option value="dna"> DNA </option>
<option value="drones"> Drones </option>
<option value="ddc"> Drugs and Drug Candidates (DDC) </option>
<option value="dynamics"> Dynamics </option>
<option value="earth"> Earth </option>
<option value="ecologies"> Ecologies </option>
<option value="econometrics"> Econometrics </option>
<option value="economies"> Economies </option>
<option value="education"> Education Sciences </option>
<option value="electricity"> Electricity </option>
<option value="electrochem"> Electrochem </option>
<option value="electronicmat"> Electronic Materials </option>
<option value="electronics"> Electronics </option>
<option value="ecm"> Emergency Care and Medicine </option>
<option value="encyclopedia"> Encyclopedia </option>
<option value="endocrines"> Endocrines </option>
<option value="energies"> Energies </option>
<option value="esa"> Energy Storage and Applications (ESA) </option>
<option value="eng"> Eng </option>
<option value="engproc"> Engineering Proceedings </option>
<option value="entropy"> Entropy </option>
<option value="environsciproc"> Environmental Sciences Proceedings </option>
<option value="environments"> Environments </option>
<option value="epidemiologia"> Epidemiologia </option>
<option value="epigenomes"> Epigenomes </option>
<option value="ebj"> European Burn Journal (EBJ) </option>
<option value="ejihpe"> European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education (EJIHPE) </option>
<option value="fermentation"> Fermentation </option>
<option value="fibers"> Fibers </option>
<option value="fintech"> FinTech </option>
<option value="fire"> Fire </option>
<option value="fishes"> Fishes </option>
<option value="fluids"> Fluids </option>
<option value="foods"> Foods </option>
<option value="forecasting"> Forecasting </option>
<option value="forensicsci"> Forensic Sciences </option>
<option value="forests"> Forests </option>
<option value="fossstud"> Fossil Studies </option>
<option value="foundations"> Foundations </option>
<option value="fractalfract"> Fractal and Fractional (Fractal Fract) </option>
<option value="fuels"> Fuels </option>
<option value="future"> Future </option>
<option value="futureinternet"> Future Internet </option>
<option value="futurepharmacol"> Future Pharmacology </option>
<option value="futuretransp"> Future Transportation </option>
<option value="galaxies"> Galaxies </option>
<option value="games"> Games </option>
<option value="gases"> Gases </option>
<option value="gastroent"> Gastroenterology Insights </option>
<option value="gastrointestdisord"> Gastrointestinal Disorders </option>
<option value="gastronomy"> Gastronomy </option>
<option value="gels"> Gels </option>
<option value="genealogy"> Genealogy </option>
<option value="genes"> Genes </option>
<option value="geographies"> Geographies </option>
<option value="geohazards"> GeoHazards </option>
<option value="geomatics"> Geomatics </option>
<option value="geometry"> Geometry </option>
<option value="geosciences"> Geosciences </option>
<option value="geotechnics"> Geotechnics </option>
<option value="geriatrics"> Geriatrics </option>
<option value="glacies"> Glacies </option>
<option value="gucdd"> Gout, Urate, and Crystal Deposition Disease (GUCDD) </option>
<option value="grasses"> Grasses </option>
<option value="hardware"> Hardware </option>
<option value="healthcare"> Healthcare </option>
<option value="hearts"> Hearts </option>
<option value="hemato"> Hemato </option>
<option value="hematolrep"> Hematology Reports </option>
<option value="heritage"> Heritage </option>
<option value="histories"> Histories </option>
<option value="horticulturae"> Horticulturae </option>
<option value="hospitals"> Hospitals </option>
<option value="humanities"> Humanities </option>
<option value="humans"> Humans </option>
<option value="hydrobiology"> Hydrobiology </option>
<option value="hydrogen"> Hydrogen </option>
<option value="hydrology"> Hydrology </option>
<option value="hygiene"> Hygiene </option>
<option value="immuno"> Immuno </option>
<option value="idr"> Infectious Disease Reports </option>
<option value="informatics"> Informatics </option>
<option value="information"> Information </option>
<option value="infrastructures"> Infrastructures </option>
<option value="inorganics"> Inorganics </option>
<option value="insects"> Insects </option>
<option value="instruments"> Instruments </option>
<option value="iic"> Intelligent Infrastructure and Construction </option>
<option value="ijerph" selected="selected"> International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (IJERPH) </option>
<option value="ijfs"> International Journal of Financial Studies (IJFS) </option>
<option value="ijms"> International Journal of Molecular Sciences (IJMS) </option>
<option value="IJNS"> International Journal of Neonatal Screening (IJNS) </option>
<option value="ijpb"> International Journal of Plant Biology (IJPB) </option>
<option value="ijt"> International Journal of Topology </option>
<option value="ijtm"> International Journal of Translational Medicine (IJTM) </option>
<option value="ijtpp"> International Journal of Turbomachinery, Propulsion and Power (IJTPP) </option>
<option value="ime"> International Medical Education (IME) </option>
<option value="inventions"> Inventions </option>
<option value="IoT"> IoT </option>
<option value="ijgi"> ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information (IJGI) </option>
<option value="J"> J </option>
<option value="jal"> Journal of Ageing and Longevity (JAL) </option>
<option value="jcdd"> Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease (JCDD) </option>
<option value="jcto"> Journal of Clinical & Translational Ophthalmology (JCTO) </option>
<option value="jcm"> Journal of Clinical Medicine (JCM) </option>
<option value="jcs"> Journal of Composites Science (J. Compos. Sci.) </option>
<option value="jcp"> Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy (JCP) </option>
<option value="jdad"> Journal of Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease (JDAD) </option>
<option value="jdb"> Journal of Developmental Biology (JDB) </option>
<option value="jeta"> Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Analyses (JETA) </option>
<option value="jfb"> Journal of Functional Biomaterials (JFB) </option>
<option value="jfmk"> Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology (JFMK) </option>
<option value="jof"> Journal of Fungi (JoF) </option>
<option value="jimaging"> Journal of Imaging (J. Imaging) </option>
<option value="jintelligence"> Journal of Intelligence (J. Intell.) </option>
<option value="jlpea"> Journal of Low Power Electronics and Applications (JLPEA) </option>
<option value="jmmp"> Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing (JMMP) </option>
<option value="jmse"> Journal of Marine Science and Engineering (JMSE) </option>
<option value="jmahp"> Journal of Market Access & Health Policy (JMAHP) </option>
<option value="jmp"> Journal of Molecular Pathology (JMP) </option>
<option value="jnt"> Journal of Nanotheranostics (JNT) </option>
<option value="jne"> Journal of Nuclear Engineering (JNE) </option>
<option value="ohbm"> Journal of Otorhinolaryngology, Hearing and Balance Medicine (JOHBM) </option>
<option value="jpm"> Journal of Personalized Medicine (JPM) </option>
<option value="jpbi"> Journal of Pharmaceutical and BioTech Industry (JPBI) </option>
<option value="jor"> Journal of Respiration (JoR) </option>
<option value="jrfm"> Journal of Risk and Financial Management (JRFM) </option>
<option value="jsan"> Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks (JSAN) </option>
<option value="joma"> Journal of the Oman Medical Association (JOMA) </option>
<option value="jtaer"> Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research (JTAER) </option>
<option value="jvd"> Journal of Vascular Diseases (JVD) </option>
<option value="jox"> Journal of Xenobiotics (JoX) </option>
<option value="jzbg"> Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens (JZBG) </option>
<option value="journalmedia"> Journalism and Media </option>
<option value="kidneydial"> Kidney and Dialysis </option>
<option value="kinasesphosphatases"> Kinases and Phosphatases </option>
<option value="knowledge"> Knowledge </option>
<option value="labmed"> LabMed </option>
<option value="laboratories"> Laboratories </option>
<option value="land"> Land </option>
<option value="languages"> Languages </option>
<option value="laws"> Laws </option>
<option value="life"> Life </option>
<option value="limnolrev"> Limnological Review </option>
<option value="lipidology"> Lipidology </option>
<option value="liquids"> Liquids </option>
<option value="literature"> Literature </option>
<option value="livers"> Livers </option>
<option value="logics"> Logics </option>
<option value="logistics"> Logistics </option>
<option value="lubricants"> Lubricants </option>
<option value="lymphatics"> Lymphatics </option>
<option value="make"> Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction (MAKE) </option>
<option value="machines"> Machines </option>
<option value="macromol"> Macromol </option>
<option value="magnetism"> Magnetism </option>
<option value="magnetochemistry"> Magnetochemistry </option>
<option value="marinedrugs"> Marine Drugs </option>
<option value="materials"> Materials </option>
<option value="materproc"> Materials Proceedings </option>
<option value="mca"> Mathematical and Computational Applications (MCA) </option>
<option value="mathematics"> Mathematics </option>
<option value="medsci"> Medical Sciences </option>
<option value="msf"> Medical Sciences Forum </option>
<option value="medicina"> Medicina </option>
<option value="medicines"> Medicines </option>
<option value="membranes"> Membranes </option>
<option value="merits"> Merits </option>
<option value="metabolites"> Metabolites </option>
<option value="metals"> Metals </option>
<option value="meteorology"> Meteorology </option>
<option value="methane"> Methane </option>
<option value="mps"> Methods and Protocols (MPs) </option>
<option value="metrics"> Metrics </option>
<option value="metrology"> Metrology </option>
<option value="micro"> Micro </option>
<option value="microbiolres"> Microbiology Research </option>
<option value="micromachines"> Micromachines </option>
<option value="microorganisms"> Microorganisms </option>
<option value="microplastics"> Microplastics </option>
<option value="minerals"> Minerals </option>
<option value="mining"> Mining </option>
<option value="modelling"> Modelling </option>
<option value="mmphys"> Modern Mathematical Physics </option>
<option value="molbank"> Molbank </option>
<option value="molecules"> Molecules </option>
<option value="mti"> Multimodal Technologies and Interaction (MTI) </option>
<option value="muscles"> Muscles </option>
<option value="nanoenergyadv"> Nanoenergy Advances </option>
<option value="nanomanufacturing"> Nanomanufacturing </option>
<option value="nanomaterials"> Nanomaterials </option>
<option value="ndt"> NDT </option>
<option value="network"> Network </option>
<option value="neuroglia"> Neuroglia </option>
<option value="neurolint"> Neurology International </option>
<option value="neurosci"> NeuroSci </option>
<option value="nitrogen"> Nitrogen </option>
<option value="ncrna"> Non-Coding RNA (ncRNA) </option>
<option value="nursrep"> Nursing Reports </option>
<option value="nutraceuticals"> Nutraceuticals </option>
<option value="nutrients"> Nutrients </option>
<option value="obesities"> Obesities </option>
<option value="oceans"> Oceans </option>
<option value="onco"> Onco </option>
<option value="optics"> Optics </option>
<option value="oral"> Oral </option>
<option value="organics"> Organics </option>
<option value="organoids"> Organoids </option>
<option value="osteology"> Osteology </option>
<option value="oxygen"> Oxygen </option>
<option value="parasitologia"> Parasitologia </option>
<option value="particles"> Particles </option>
<option value="pathogens"> Pathogens </option>
<option value="pathophysiology"> Pathophysiology </option>
<option value="pediatrrep"> Pediatric Reports </option>
<option value="pets"> Pets </option>
<option value="pharmaceuticals"> Pharmaceuticals </option>
<option value="pharmaceutics"> Pharmaceutics </option>
<option value="pharmacoepidemiology"> Pharmacoepidemiology </option>
<option value="pharmacy"> Pharmacy </option>
<option value="philosophies"> Philosophies </option>
<option value="photochem"> Photochem </option>
<option value="photonics"> Photonics </option>
<option value="phycology"> Phycology </option>
<option value="physchem"> Physchem </option>
<option value="psf"> Physical Sciences Forum </option>
<option value="physics"> Physics </option>
<option value="physiologia"> Physiologia </option>
<option value="plants"> Plants </option>
<option value="plasma"> Plasma </option>
<option value="platforms"> Platforms </option>
<option value="pollutants"> Pollutants </option>
<option value="polymers"> Polymers </option>
<option value="polysaccharides"> Polysaccharides </option>
<option value="populations"> Populations </option>
<option value="poultry"> Poultry </option>
<option value="powders"> Powders </option>
<option value="proceedings"> Proceedings </option>
<option value="processes"> Processes </option>
<option value="prosthesis"> Prosthesis </option>
<option value="proteomes"> Proteomes </option>
<option value="psychiatryint"> Psychiatry International </option>
<option value="psychoactives"> Psychoactives </option>
<option value="psycholint"> Psychology International </option>
<option value="publications"> Publications </option>
<option value="qubs"> Quantum Beam Science (QuBS) </option>
<option value="quantumrep"> Quantum Reports </option>
<option value="quaternary"> Quaternary </option>
<option value="radiation"> Radiation </option>
<option value="reactions"> Reactions </option>
<option value="realestate"> Real Estate </option>
<option value="receptors"> Receptors </option>
<option value="recycling"> Recycling </option>
<option value="rsee"> Regional Science and Environmental Economics (RSEE) </option>
<option value="religions"> Religions </option>
<option value="remotesensing"> Remote Sensing </option>
<option value="reports"> Reports </option>
<option value="reprodmed"> Reproductive Medicine (Reprod. Med.) </option>
<option value="resources"> Resources </option>
<option value="rheumato"> Rheumato </option>
<option value="risks"> Risks </option>
<option value="robotics"> Robotics </option>
<option value="ruminants"> Ruminants </option>
<option value="safety"> Safety </option>
<option value="sci"> Sci </option>
<option value="scipharm"> Scientia Pharmaceutica (Sci. Pharm.) </option>
<option value="sclerosis"> Sclerosis </option>
<option value="seeds"> Seeds </option>
<option value="sensors"> Sensors </option>
<option value="separations"> Separations </option>
<option value="sexes"> Sexes </option>
<option value="signals"> Signals </option>
<option value="sinusitis"> Sinusitis </option>
<option value="smartcities"> Smart Cities </option>
<option value="socsci"> Social Sciences </option>
<option value="siuj"> Société Internationale d’Urologie Journal (SIUJ) </option>
<option value="societies"> Societies </option>
<option value="software"> Software </option>
<option value="soilsystems"> Soil Systems </option>
<option value="solar"> Solar </option>
<option value="solids"> Solids </option>
<option value="spectroscj"> Spectroscopy Journal </option>
<option value="sports"> Sports </option>
<option value="standards"> Standards </option>
<option value="stats"> Stats </option>
<option value="stresses"> Stresses </option>
<option value="surfaces"> Surfaces </option>
<option value="surgeries"> Surgeries </option>
<option value="std"> Surgical Techniques Development </option>
<option value="sustainability"> Sustainability </option>
<option value="suschem"> Sustainable Chemistry </option>
<option value="symmetry"> Symmetry </option>
<option value="synbio"> SynBio </option>
<option value="systems"> Systems </option>
<option value="targets"> Targets </option>
<option value="taxonomy"> Taxonomy </option>
<option value="technologies"> Technologies </option>
<option value="telecom"> Telecom </option>
<option value="textiles"> Textiles </option>
<option value="thalassrep"> Thalassemia Reports </option>
<option value="therapeutics"> Therapeutics </option>
<option value="thermo"> Thermo </option>
<option value="timespace"> Time and Space </option>
<option value="tomography"> Tomography </option>
<option value="tourismhosp"> Tourism and Hospitality </option>
<option value="toxics"> Toxics </option>
<option value="toxins"> Toxins </option>
<option value="transplantology"> Transplantology </option>
<option value="traumacare"> Trauma Care </option>
<option value="higheredu"> Trends in Higher Education </option>
<option value="tropicalmed"> Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease (TropicalMed) </option>
<option value="universe"> Universe </option>
<option value="urbansci"> Urban Science </option>
<option value="uro"> Uro </option>
<option value="vaccines"> Vaccines </option>
<option value="vehicles"> Vehicles </option>
<option value="venereology"> Venereology </option>
<option value="vetsci"> Veterinary Sciences </option>
<option value="vibration"> Vibration </option>
<option value="virtualworlds"> Virtual Worlds </option>
<option value="viruses"> Viruses </option>
<option value="vision"> Vision </option>
<option value="waste"> Waste </option>
<option value="water"> Water </option>
<option value="wild"> Wild </option>
<option value="wind"> Wind </option>
<option value="women"> Women </option>
<option value="world"> World </option>
<option value="wevj"> World Electric Vehicle Journal (WEVJ) </option>
<option value="youth"> Youth </option>
<option value="zoonoticdis"> Zoonotic Diseases </option>
</select>
<div class="chosen-container chosen-container-single" title="" id="journal_chosen" style="width: 100%;"><a class="chosen-single">
<span>
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (IJERPH)
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<option value="">All Article Types</option>
<option value="research-article">Article</option>
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<option value="107685">2nd Edition of Health Literacy, Nutrition and Public Health</option>
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<option value="86780">2nd Edition: Advances in Maternal and Child Healthcare</option>
<option value="86781">2nd Edition: Advances in Personalized Exercise Prescription for Chronic Disease Prevention and Rehabilitation</option>
<option value="89432">2nd Edition: Evidence-Based Nature for Human Health</option>
<option value="131181">2nd Edition: Movement Studies for Individuals with Visual Impairments</option>
<option value="129635">2nd Edition: Tobacco Smoke Exposure and Tobacco Product Use</option>
<option value="6643">A Million Person Household Survey: Understanding the Burden of Injuries in Bangladesh</option>
<option value="17445">A More Sustainable and Healthier Future for All: What Works?</option>
<option value="2730">Access, Health, Regulations, and Policy: Exploring Rural and Remote Drinking Water Supplies in North America</option>
<option value="17753">Actions in EU MS for Combating Health Threats in the Maritime Transport Sector</option>
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<option value="5050">Addressing Environmental Health Inequalities – Proceedings from ISEE Conference 2015</option>
<option value="155461">Addressing Reproductive and Maternal Health Disparities: Identification, Measurement, and Solutions</option>
<option value="151239">Addressing Women and Men Perinatal Mental Health: Towards a Multi-Dimensional Approach</option>
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<option value="138925">Advances in Mental Health, PTSD and Moral Injury</option>
<option value="151270">Advances in Modern Rehabilitation, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy</option>
<option value="117736">Advances in Oral Health: Prevention, Diagnostics, Treatment</option>
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<option value="5362">Advances in Substance and Drug Abuse Prevention</option>
<option value="2141">Advances in Telehealthcare</option>
<option value="69466">Advances in the Diagnosis and Management of Renal Diseases</option>
<option value="147210">Advances in the Field of Wastewater Treatment and Reuse</option>
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<option value="8560">Ageing Well: The Role of Age-Friendly Environments</option>
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<option value="22633">Air Pollution, Climate Change, and Public Health: The Unavoidable Path towards Decarbonization</option>
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<option value="62849">Asbestos and Cancers: Exposure from Neighboring Factories and Mines, Contaminated Soil, and Slate Roofs</option>
<option value="17566">Asbestos Exposure and Disease: An Update</option>
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<option value="68991">Auditory Experience, Music and Voice across the Perinatal Period: Innovations in Theory, Research and Clinical practice</option>
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<option value="22030">Beyond Amyloid and Tau - Targeting Lipid Metabolism for Alzheimer’s Disease Biomarkers and Therapies</option>
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<option value="80412">Biostatistics Reveals New Insights in Sports Science, Sports Medicine, and Health</option>
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<option value="152368">Blockchain in Health Systems</option>
<option value="157031">Body Image among Cancer Survivors: New Theoretical Frameworks and Psychological Interventions</option>
<option value="4818">Bone Health: Nutritional Perspectives</option>
<option value="62454">Boredom in Health, Education and Sports</option>
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<option value="131512">Bridging Healthcare Operations Management and Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in the Post-pandemic Era</option>
<option value="216261">Bridging the Gap in Studies on the Food Environment: The State-of-the-Art in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs)</option>
<option value="7964">Building Related Illnesses</option>
<option value="63746">Caffeine in the Diet: Health Implications, Safety Issues, and Molecular Mechanisms</option>
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<option value="697">Carbon Capture and Storage</option>
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<option value="82476">Cardiac Rehabilitation in the Time of COVID-19</option>
<option value="132745">Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors: Epidemiology and Risk Assessment</option>
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<option value="364">Cardiovascular Diseases and Public Health</option>
<option value="142605">Challenges and Opportunities in Using Big Data for Urban Environment Management</option>
<option value="123511">Challenges for Health Inequalities Research during COVID-19 Pandemic</option>
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<option value="2855">Childhood Obesity: Novel Approaches to a Global Problem</option>
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<option value="81918">Children and Adolescents’ Development: New Challenges and New Insights</option>
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<option value="166374">Clinical and Translational Pathways for Cardiovascular Research</option>
<option value="108023">Cognition, Emotion, and Movement in the Context of Rehabilitation</option>
<option value="23877">College Student Health Behaviors Impact Their Food Security Influenced by Their Environment</option>
<option value="9769">Community Health Intervention to Reduce Chronic Disease</option>
<option value="29970">Community Participation in Health Promotion: Challenges and Successes</option>
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<option value="4890">Correctional Health</option>
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<option value="63907">COVID-19 and NCDs: Emerging Trends in the Tropics</option>
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<option value="76870">Critical Issue on Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms and Urinary Incontinence</option>
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<option value="4066">Cumulative and Integrated Health Impact Assessment</option>
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<option value="163791">Current Research on Sleep and Public Health</option>
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<option value="22283">Current Therapeutic Trends and Challenges in the Management of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus</option>
<option value="120755">Current Trends, Innovations and Issues in Nursing Practice and Education</option>
<option value="9378">Cyber Pathology: Cyber Victimization and Cyber Bullying</option>
<option value="103896">Cycling Medicine</option>
<option value="86851">Data Analytics and Statistical Approaches Applied in Injury Risk, Illness, Well-Being, and Exercise Monitoring</option>
<option value="92560">Decarbonization and the Benefits of Tackling Climate Change</option>
<option value="25304">Decision-Making in the Health Care of Older Adults</option>
<option value="63447">Decompensated Heart Failure</option>
<option value="122926">Demographic, Clinical and Psychological Factors Influencing Musculoskeletal Disorders</option>
<option value="148694">Dental Care: Oral and Systemic Disease Prevention</option>
<option value="70680">Design and Development of Rehabilitation in Individuals with Parkinson’s Disease</option>
<option value="44018">Determinants of Health and Well-Being in at Risk Populations</option>
<option value="210304">Developing Strategies to Reduce Stress and Promote Health and Wellbeing in Technology Use in Both Learning and Work Environments</option>
<option value="9440">Development and Evaluation of New Tobacco Control Interventions</option>
<option value="30356">Development, Implementation and Evaluation of Gender-Specific, Community Based Health Promotion Interventions</option>
<option value="2573">Diabetes Prevention: Challenges and Opportunities</option>
<option value="37594">Diagnosis and Healthcare for Dementias</option>
<option value="86305">Diet, Adiposity and Metabolic Health in Pregnant Women</option>
<option value="79459">Different Views on a Child's Motor Development and Motor Performance</option>
<option value="142529">Digital Governance and Low-Carbon Development</option>
<option value="96592">Digital Health in South Africa</option>
<option value="65388">Disabilities – Constant Quest in Medical, Social and Political Records</option>
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<option value="136301">Editorial Board Members' Collection Series: Environmental Ecology and Management</option>
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<option value="50382">Effect of Air Pollution Exposure on Children and Elderly’s Health and Neurological Functions</option>
<option value="45942">Effect of Insomnia on Human Health</option>
<option value="12681">Effect of Sport Activity on Health Promotion</option>
<option value="6282">Effecting a Safe and Healthy Environment in Construction</option>
<option value="165793">Effects of Carbonaceous PM2.5 Aerosol Pollution on Environmental Health</option>
<option value="70648">Effects of COVID-19: Issues on Health Economics and Education</option>
<option value="5230">Effects of Environmental Factors on Autism</option>
<option value="69347">Effects of Hyperoxic Training on Acute Responses and Exercise Performance</option>
<option value="163499">Effects of Parental Stress on Child Development</option>
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<option value="123709">Effects on the Health and Quality of Life of Adults after Physical Exercise</option>
<option value="22720">Efficient Use of Acute Hospital Services for Older People</option>
<option value="3158">Electromagnetic Fields and Health</option>
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<option value="45217">Energy Use and Environmental and Public Health</option>
<option value="81975">Environment and Behavior</option>
<option value="2790">Environment and Health - Bridging South, North, East and West: Proceedings from the ISEE, ISES and ISIAQ Conference 2013</option>
<option value="67912">Environment and Patient Safety in Intensive Care Units</option>
<option value="1113">Environmental and Food Allergy</option>
<option value="42374">Environmental Bacterial Pathogens and Human Health</option>
<option value="10145">Environmental Carcinogens</option>
<option value="7369">Environmental Chemical Mixture at Low Concentration and Children’s Health</option>
<option value="1741">Environmental Determinants of Infectious Disease Transmission</option>
<option value="5934">Environmental Diseases</option>
<option value="3559">Environmental Fate and Effect of Nanoparticles and Nanomaterials</option>
<option value="1618">Environmental Geochemistry and Health</option>
<option value="988">Environmental Health Risk Assessment</option>
<option value="9141">Environmental Hygiene</option>
<option value="79306">Environmental Hygiene and Health Promotion</option>
<option value="104718">Environmental Impacts of Food Consumption and Nutrition</option>
<option value="365">Environmental Legislation and Public Health</option>
<option value="106332">Environmental Microbiology: Perspectives for Medicine and Public Health</option>
<option value="485">Environmental Nanoparticles and Their Toxicity</option>
<option value="4841">Environmental Neurotoxicology</option>
<option value="7769">Environmental Pollution and Human Health Risk</option>
<option value="125350">Environmental Research and Public Health: Featured Review Papers</option>
<option value="154">Environmental Research on Alcohol: Public Health Perspectives</option>
<option value="140905">Environmental Sustainability: Knowledge, Attitudes and Behavior</option>
<option value="4434">Environmental Systems Engineering</option>
<option value="216757">Environmental Threats to Human Health: From Genetics to Epigenetics. A New Vision of Medicine and Epidemiology Focused on Primary Prevention</option>
<option value="59925">Epidemiological Lifestyle Analysis and Infection Prevention in Public Health</option>
<option value="8340">Epidemiology and Determinants of Dental Caries in Children</option>
<option value="95560">Epidemiology as a Tool for Thinking Critically about the Cause of Disease and Ill-Health</option>
<option value="151951">Epidemiology of Iron Deficiency in Children and Its Consequences</option>
<option value="2080">Epidemiology of West Nile Virus</option>
<option value="26141">Epidemiology, Prevention and Control of Legionellosis: New Trends and Perspectives</option>
<option value="2639">Epidemiology, Prevention and Control of Malaria</option>
<option value="23717">Equity of Health and Health Care in Aging Societies</option>
<option value="58292">Ethics, Social Responsibility and Quality of Life in Times of Crisis</option>
<option value="86621">Ethnicity and Religiosity as Risk Factors for Health</option>
<option value="47688">Etiology, Diagnosis and Treatment of the Temporomandibular Joint and Masticatory Muscle Disorders in the Era of Emotional Challenges</option>
<option value="3186">Evaluation of Rural Water Systems and Public Health</option>
<option value="15602">Evidence for Incorporating Green Exercise into Clinical and Public Health Practice</option>
<option value="7983">Evidence-Based Nature Therapy: Advances in Physiological Evaluation</option>
<option value="110392">Evidence-Based Prevention of Childhood Malnutrition</option>
<option value="88782">Evolutionary Medicine in Sport and Exercise: A Preventative Approach</option>
<option value="112418">Exclusive Collection for Youth and Junior Researchers in Section Global Health</option>
<option value="54426">Exploring Clinical Outcomes in Diabetes Patients</option>
<option value="6130">Exposure and Health Effects of Secondhand Smoke</option>
<option value="8080">Extreme Weather and Public Health</option>
<option value="3307">Extreme Weather-Related Morbidity and Mortality: Risks and Responses</option>
<option value="68419">Factors Affecting Human Fat Distribution and the Metabolic Health Implications</option>
<option value="90743">Family Health</option>
<option value="13625">Family Violence</option>
<option value="33933">Feature Papers in Children's Health</option>
<option value="91966">Financial Stress and Mental Health</option>
<option value="15380">First International Conference on Environmental Sciences and Sustainability in University of Venda</option>
<option value="125582">First Nation, Indigenous and Aboriginal Perspectives of Health Promotion and Wellbeing</option>
<option value="59736">Food Addiction and Binge Eating</option>
<option value="2253">Food Allergy, Genes and Environment</option>
<option value="30896">Food Insecurity: Evidence to Move the Needle</option>
<option value="4047">Food Safety</option>
<option value="2048">Food Safety and Public Health</option>
<option value="71473">Food Supply Chain, Consumer Choice and Obesity</option>
<option value="35433">Food, Nutrition and Health with Focus on Eating Together</option>
<option value="139863">Foods for Plant-Based Diets: Innovations, Technologies and Applications</option>
<option value="134271">Forest Therapy and Health</option>
<option value="105657">Fourth Edition of Health Emergency and Disaster Risk Management (Health-EDRM)</option>
<option value="36816">Frailty and Aging</option>
<option value="7087">From Understanding Suicide Risk to Preventing Suicide</option>
<option value="9397">Frontiers in Mental Health and the Environment</option>
<option value="87625">Future Challenges in Emergency Response and Public Health in Compound Disasters</option>
<option value="2935">Gender and Geoethics in the Geosciences</option>
<option value="104746">Gender and Health</option>
<option value="44974">Gene-Environment Interaction in Chronic Diseases</option>
<option value="8217">Gene-Environment Interactions and Disease</option>
<option value="22382">Gene-Nutrient-Environment Interactions</option>
<option value="3241">Genetic Epidemiology</option>
<option value="2949">Genetic Impact on the Development of Allergic Disease</option>
<option value="942">Geostatistics in Environmental Pollution and Risk Assessment</option>
<option value="8399">Global Children’s Environmental Health</option>
<option value="3966">Global Climate Change and Contaminants</option>
<option value="771">Global Environment and Children Health</option>
<option value="8697">Global Epidemics of Zika? Implications for Public Health</option>
<option value="19517">Global Public Health and Epidemiology</option>
<option value="999">Green Transportation</option>
<option value="4436">Green-Blue Space and Health: Advances in Methods, Technologies and Applications</option>
<option value="121538">Greening Urban Spaces: A Healthy Community Design</option>
<option value="76282">Groundwater Contamination in Urbanized Areas</option>
<option value="29645">Gulf War Illness, A Drug and Environmentally-Triggered Condition</option>
<option value="47843">Gut Microbiota in Health and Disease</option>
<option value="19493">Hair Disorders</option>
<option value="16797">Hazardous Waste and Human Health</option>
<option value="3852">Hazardous Waste and Human Health-2015</option>
<option value="70847">Head and Neck Cancers: What's New?</option>
<option value="38023">Headaches</option>
<option value="147810">HEAL: Transformational Change for Environmental, Planetary, and Human Health</option>
<option value="9627">Health and Health Care for Homeless People in Various Contexts</option>
<option value="138469">Health and Healthcare for People with Diabetes</option>
<option value="32797">Health and Rehabilitation Issues in Malaysia Heading Towards 2020</option>
<option value="684">Health and Wellbeing of Children, Adolescents and Young Adults</option>
<option value="7969">Health Behavior and Public Health</option>
<option value="68684">Health Behaviour and Lifestyle</option>
<option value="1661">Health Benefits of Nature</option>
<option value="2180">Health Care for Old People</option>
<option value="115848">Health Data Analytics and Evaluation</option>
<option value="66518">Health Disparities Arising from Inequitable Access to Water and Sanitation Systems in Developed Countries</option>
<option value="566">Health Economics</option>
<option value="4033">Health Effects of Waterborne Contaminants: A Focus on Emerging Concerns</option>
<option value="36616">Health Environment and Sustainable Development</option>
<option value="40256">Health Geography and Its Relevance for Future Public Health</option>
<option value="127345">Health Geography’s Contribution to Environmental Health Research</option>
<option value="29496">Health Impact Assessment</option>
<option value="3346">Health Impact Assessment: Realizing Its Potential</option>
<option value="7584">Health Impact Assessment (HIA)</option>
<option value="72943">Health Inequalities in Urban Areas—Factors, Processes, and Dynamics</option>
<option value="31310">Health Inequality and Spatially Distribution</option>
<option value="6109">Health Informatics and Public Health</option>
<option value="25132">Health Literacy and Equity – Interdisciplinary Perspectives and Recent Trends in Health Literacy Research and Action around the World</option>
<option value="35995">Health Literacy, Nutrition and Public Health</option>
<option value="2035">Health Market: Incentives and Competition</option>
<option value="22226">Health Promotion and Quality of Life Improvement Throughout the Life Cycle</option>
<option value="154401">Health Promotion in the Workplace</option>
<option value="161861">Health Promotion, Physical Activity and Health Behaviors among Teenagers and Young Adults</option>
<option value="9032">Health Systems and Services</option>
<option value="91535">Health Technology Assessment and Public Health: Relation, Potentialities and Evidence Generation</option>
<option value="110101">Health Workforce Challenges and Solutions: A Focus on Population Needs</option>
<option value="164318">Healthy & Resilient Cities of the Future: Bridging the Gap between Designers and Public Health Professionals, in Planning, Designing and Managing Initiatives</option>
<option value="99487">Healthy Lifestyle: Health Promotion and Prevention</option>
<option value="10039">Healthy Workplaces, Employment and Chronic Conditions in Europe: Answering the Hidden Emergency with Innovative Strategies</option>
<option value="79439">Heated Tobacco Products</option>
<option value="524">Heavy Metals and Health</option>
<option value="7510">Heavy Metals: Environmental and Human Health</option>
<option value="106898">High Chromium Levels in Soils and Waters: Origin, Effects and Treatment</option>
<option value="127568">History, Philosophy and Ethical Perspectives on Healthcare</option>
<option value="31312">HIV Prevention and Mental Health Disparities</option>
<option value="40929">HIV Status of the World after Three Decades: Progress, Prevention Efforts, Challenges, and Strategies for the Way Forward</option>
<option value="3631">HIV/AIDS: Social Perspectives</option>
<option value="37355">Holistic Approaches to Understanding and Caring for Vulnerable Populations</option>
<option value="7935">Housing and Health</option>
<option value="91688">Human Factors and Ergonomics: Bridging the Gap between Research and Practice in Occupational Safety and Health</option>
<option value="8779">Human Health, Risk Analysis and Environmental Hazards</option>
<option value="43471">Human Microphysiology Systems</option>
<option value="96011">Human Performance in Extreme Environments</option>
<option value="41897">ICERPH 2020—Addressing Environmental Threats to Human Health from Pregnancy to Senility</option>
<option value="2794">IJERPH: 10th Anniversary</option>
<option value="10679">IJERPH: 15th Anniversary</option>
<option value="106114">Impact of Coronavirus (COVID-19)</option>
<option value="70681">Impact of Genes and the Environment on Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease</option>
<option value="60707">Impact of Out-of-Home Meals on Public Health</option>
<option value="111986">Impact of the Built Environment on Health</option>
<option value="25738">Implementation of Interventions in Public Health</option>
<option value="16100">Implementation Research in Chronic Disease Prevention and Control</option>
<option value="120710">Implications and Future Prospects for Periodontal Therapy around Teeth and Dental Implants</option>
<option value="105886">Improving the Health of Individuals Who Inject Drugs</option>
<option value="129605">In-Silico Medicine in Diagnosis, Prevention and Treatment of Musculoskeletal Disorders</option>
<option value="60337">Independent Mobility: Exploring Children’s Freedom to Travel and Play without Adult Supervision</option>
<option value="24997">Indigenous Health in Canada: Integration of Community-Based Environmental, Health, Medical, Natural and Social Sciences Research to Mitigate Disparities in Wellness</option>
<option value="98451">Indigenous Health, Environments and Wellbeing in Canada</option>
<option value="4045">Indoor activities and health risks/protection</option>
<option value="11936">Indoor Air Pollution and Health</option>
<option value="567">Indoor Air Pollution and Human Health</option>
<option value="161519">Indoor Air Quality and Monitoring: Volatile Organic Compounds</option>
<option value="3943">Indoor Environmental Quality: Exposures and Occupant Health</option>
<option value="50238">Indoor Radon Risk Assessment and Remedial Actions</option>
<option value="105759">Inequalities among Families Involved with Child Welfare Services</option>
<option value="2025">Inequalities in Health</option>
<option value="59544">Infections in Nursing Homes: Evidence-Based Interventions</option>
<option value="199">Influence of Dairy Consumption and Production on the Environment</option>
<option value="42940">Injuries in Sports: Epidemiology, Identification, Prevention, Treatment, and Return to Play</option>
<option value="9178">Innovations in Biostatistical Methods and Data for Public Health Research</option>
<option value="2933">Innovations in Exposure Assessment for the Sound Management of Chemicals</option>
<option value="19723">Innovations in Remote Sensing and GIS for Environmental, Urban and Public Health Sciences</option>
<option value="192288">Innovative Approaches to Exposure and Health Risk Assessment of Hazardous Chemicals</option>
<option value="99763">Innovative Research in Health Communication</option>
<option value="114521">Innovative Technologies for Functional Evaluation of Posture and Movement in Rehabilitation, Sports and Ageing</option>
<option value="4458">Integrated Assessment of Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining (ASGM) in Ghana</option>
<option value="133525">International Symposium on Environmental Physiology and Medicine</option>
<option value="107887">Internet Based Obesity Prevention in the Time of COVID-19</option>
<option value="63582">Interventions to Promote Physical Activity and Healthy Ageing</option>
<option value="49192">Intimate Partner Violence: Predictor Factors and Consequences for the Victim and Their Children</option>
<option value="88600">Invasive Procedures in the Hands of Respiratory Physicians in the Diagnosis, Staging, and Treatment of Thoracic Cancer: Why, How, and When?</option>
<option value="70414">Is Exercise the Best Medicine during the COVID-19 Pandemic? Latest Insights and Research Perspectives</option>
<option value="111529">ISEE Commentaries</option>
<option value="50541">Job Burnout: A Deep-Rooted Issue in Ever-Changing Workplaces</option>
<option value="2099">Job Stress and Health</option>
<option value="118526">Joint Injuries and Exercise Rehabilitation</option>
<option value="113566">Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs and Hesitancy towards Nurse Prescribing</option>
<option value="80941">Latin American Study of Nutrition and Health (ELANS)</option>
<option value="4414">Lead: Risk Assessment and Health Effects</option>
<option value="65302">Lean Six Sigma in Healthcare</option>
<option value="21633">Leaving no one behind: Equity and Eye Health</option>
<option value="2766">Leptospirosis in the Animal—Human-Ecosystem Interface</option>
<option value="98592">Lessons Learned from Research on Rare Diseases: Ethical and Legal Challenges</option>
<option value="1360">Leukemia Arising from Chemical Exposures and Chemotherapeutic Drugs</option>
<option value="39228">Lifecourse Environmental Epidemiology</option>
<option value="38158">Lifestyle and Environmental Interventions to Promote a Healthy Ageing</option>
<option value="44186">Lifestyle and Risk of Depression</option>
<option value="192969">Lifestyle Behaviors and Health Promotion in Young People</option>
<option value="2599">Lifestyle Intervention for Chronic Diseases Prevention</option>
<option value="119007">Livelihoods Resilience and Sustainable Rural Development</option>
<option value="92609">Long COVID and Post-COVID-19 Syndromes</option>
<option value="111653">Long COVID-19, Work and Health</option>
<option value="9530">Lung Diseases Associated with Environmental Pollutants</option>
<option value="784">Malnutrition and Public Health</option>
<option value="63896">Management of the Circular Economy in the Productive Sectors: Innovative Practices for a More Sustainable World</option>
<option value="1634">Mass Spectrometry and Environmental Analysis</option>
<option value="1369">Maternal and Child Health</option>
<option value="24791">Maternal and Child Health and Nutrition in Latin American Populations</option>
<option value="67761">Measurement and Evaluation of Occupational and Behavioral Exposures</option>
<option value="55104">Measuring Disability and Disability Inclusive Development</option>
<option value="50760">Measuring Inequalities in Health: Innovative Approaches and Applications</option>
<option value="119195">Medical Ethics in the Time of COVID-19: Challenges and Opportunities</option>
<option value="203280">Medical Geology Overview</option>
<option value="62463">Medical Ontologies</option>
<option value="28911">Melanoma Epidemiology: Analytical Studies, Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Addressing Environmental Risk Factors and Preventive Measures</option>
<option value="47966">Mental Health and Cognitive Function in Elite Athletes around the Globe</option>
<option value="106995">Mental Health and Health Psychology</option>
<option value="11562">Mental Health and Social Care and Social Interventions</option>
<option value="145392">Mental Health and Well-Being of Sexual and Gender Minority Groups: Risk and Protective Factors</option>
<option value="119248">Mental Health and Well-Being on School Campus in the Post-pandemic Era</option>
<option value="2934">Mental Health Care</option>
<option value="125771">Mental Health in the Family: Marital Relationship, Parenthood and Child Care</option>
<option value="111482">Mental Wellbeing and Quality of Life during and after the COVID-19 Pandemic</option>
<option value="6183">Mercury and Health: Current Perspectives and Future Directions</option>
<option value="86817">Metabolic Syndrome and Its Association with Biomarkers</option>
<option value="3638">Methodological Innovations and Reflections-1</option>
<option value="69203">Methodological Study in Environmental Health and Public Health</option>
<option value="134379">Microbial Engineering Applied for Environment Bioremediation</option>
<option value="166306">Microbiological Environment in the Oral Cavity: Updating Knowledge Associated with Technological Evolution</option>
<option value="7741">Microplastics: Hazards to Environmental and Human Health</option>
<option value="126550">Migraine: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment</option>
<option value="3030">Migrant Health</option>
<option value="1662">Migrant Health 2012</option>
<option value="26713">Migrant Health Burden: Emerging Challenges and Future Solutions</option>
<option value="90592">Migration, Population Mobility and Public Health: Focus on Vulnerable and Marginalised Populations</option>
<option value="42055">Migration, Resilience, Vulnerability and Migrants’ Health</option>
<option value="19445">Mindfulness-Based Practice for Health Benefits</option>
<option value="26942">Modeling Tools for Occupational Exposure Assessment</option>
<option value="52696">Molecular Mechanisms of Helicobacter pylori Pathogenesis and Host Factors</option>
<option value="6684">Mosquito Control Innovations into The 21st Century</option>
<option value="49934">Motor-Vehicle Crashes and Occupant Protection</option>
<option value="20032">Mountain Sports Activities: Injuries and Prevention</option>
<option value="49065">Multiple Criteria Analysis and Artificial Intelligence for Multidimensional Risk Management with Applications in Healthcare, Supply Chain and Sustainability</option>
<option value="22318">Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Sludge Treatment and Disposal</option>
<option value="108830">Musculoskeletal Injuries, Rehabilitation and Impact on Public Health</option>
<option value="112608">Musculoskeletal Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation</option>
<option value="115583">Musculoskeletal System in Exercise and Rehabilitation: From Lab to Clinical Practice</option>
<option value="6894">Mycotoxins in the Agri-Food Chain</option>
<option value="9647">Nano-Bio Interactions: Nanomedicine and Nanotoxicology</option>
<option value="5162">Nanomaterials-Based New Techniques, New Drugs, and Antibacterial Reagents</option>
<option value="11488">Nanomaterials-Based New Techniques, New Drugs, and Antibacterial Reagents: An Update</option>
<option value="30085">Nanotechnology to the Benefit of Environment and Public Health</option>
<option value="156">Neglected Diseases: Public Health and Environmental Studies</option>
<option value="108188">Neuromuscular Control of Human Movement</option>
<option value="85819">Neurorehabilitation and Neuroeducation of Developmental Dyslexia in Healthcare Systems of Different Countries</option>
<option value="114642">New Advance in Anesthesiology on Pain Management, Medicine and Medical Devices</option>
<option value="78099">New Advances in Cardiovascular Diseases</option>
<option value="114999">New Advances in Cervical Cancer</option>
<option value="106190">New Advances in Health of Older Adults</option>
<option value="135374">New Advances in Health-Related Quality of Life</option>
<option value="132789">New Advances in Infection Control Research</option>
<option value="107726">New Advances in Neurological Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation</option>
<option value="159833">New Advances in Palliative Care</option>
<option value="79438">New Advances in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Congenital Heart Disease</option>
<option value="47994">New and Re-emerging Pathogens</option>
<option value="37887">New Challenges and Crucial Topics for 2030 Public Health</option>
<option value="132962">New Challenges in Prehospital Emergency Care</option>
<option value="23138">New Directions in Environmental Communication Research</option>
<option value="37237">New Frontiers in Rehabilitation</option>
<option value="39867">New Horizons in Cerebellar Research</option>
<option value="151218">New Insights about the Influence of Psychographic Characteristics in the Context of Leisure, Outdoor Recreation, Tourism and Public Health</option>
<option value="46335">New Techniques, Technologies and Materials for Dentistry and Maxillofacial Surgery</option>
<option value="116708">New Trends in Intelligent Quantitative Analysis on the Effects of Energy Consumption on Environment and Public Health</option>
<option value="163953">New Trends in Mental Health Intervention from the Scope of Psychology and Psychiatry: Challenges for Research and Practice</option>
<option value="148210">New Trends in Research on Training, Performance, Conditioning, Coaching, Evaluation and Health in Basketball (Second Edition)</option>
<option value="133796">New Trends in Virtual World Addictions and Problematic Internet Use</option>
<option value="145877">New Edition of Psychological Features, Music, and Well-Being: Theories and Applications</option>
<option value="2936">Next Generation of Interoperability in Health Care: Standards and Application</option>
<option value="91378">Nicotine, Electronic Cigarettes, and Alcohol Use and the COVID-19 Pandemic</option>
<option value="588">Noise and Quality of Life</option>
<option value="74554">Noise Induced Hearing Loss and Tinnitus, Public Health and Sustainability Effects</option>
<option value="12737">Noise Pollution and Health</option>
<option value="125638">Non-cigarette Tobacco Product Dependence</option>
<option value="114403">Novel Insights of the Etiological Factors Involved in Oral Conditions of Children and Teenagers</option>
<option value="132895">Novel Methodologies in Drug Use and Drug Use Disorder Epidemiology</option>
<option value="343">Nursing and Public Health</option>
<option value="162003">Nursing Care and Clinical Management in the Post-pandemic Era</option>
<option value="22104">Nursing Care of Older Adults and People with Disability</option>
<option value="30665">Nursing Research</option>
<option value="3144">Nutrient Removal and Recovery</option>
<option value="95969">Nutrition and Diabetes: A Health Issue</option>
<option value="79312">Nutrition and Exercise in the Health Sciences</option>
<option value="76802">Nutrition and Health Equity: Revisiting the Importance of Fruit and Vegetable Availability, Purchasing, and Consumption</option>
<option value="130105">Nutrition and Physical Activity in Older Adults: Focus on Cardiovascular Health</option>
<option value="8710">Nutrition and Public Health</option>
<option value="9286">Nutrition in the First 1000 Days</option>
<option value="13687">Nutrition, Diets and Public Health</option>
<option value="79314">Nutritional and Non-nutritional Supplements in Sports: The Public Health Impact</option>
<option value="162059">Nutritional Epidemiology and Public Health</option>
<option value="123218">Nutritional Recommendations for Cardiovascular Risks</option>
<option value="363">Obesity and Public Health</option>
<option value="5163">Obesity Prevention: Systems change for healthy environments and healthy people</option>
<option value="36297">Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome: From Symptoms to Treatment</option>
<option value="65744">Obstructive Sleep Apnea: diagnosis, prevalence, treatment, clinical presentation, comorbidities, and responsible mechanisms</option>
<option value="147258">Obstructive Sleep Apnoea</option>
<option value="996">Occupational Cancer</option>
<option value="2109">Occupational Health</option>
<option value="114431">Occupational Health & Safety Management—Risk Identification and Assessment</option>
<option value="154031">Occupational Health and Wellness: First Responder Health</option>
<option value="148605">Occupational Health Psychology: From Burnout to Well-Being</option>
<option value="106179">Occupational Risk Perception, Safety Training, and Injury Prevention in the New Intelligent Yet Complex Work Environments</option>
<option value="4865">Occupational Safety and Related Impacts on Health and the Environment</option>
<option value="12324">Occupational Sedentary Behaviour</option>
<option value="24767">Occupational Stress in Planetary Health: Explaining Multilevel Systems and Effects of Work, Time and Place</option>
<option value="5206">Occupational Stress, Human Health and Wellbeing</option>
<option value="4415">Occupational Therapies and Human Well-Being</option>
<option value="75528">Occupational Therapy: Neurorehabilitation of Children and Adults</option>
<option value="125580">Occurrence of Oral Epidemiology and Its Determinants</option>
<option value="82379">Open Innovation in the Research and Industry about Natural Environment and Public Health after Pandemic of COVID-19</option>
<option value="74990">Operational Research to Inform Programmatic Approaches to Management of Tuberculosis in Uzbekistan</option>
<option value="130021">Operational Research to Tackle Antimicrobial Resistance in Ghana</option>
<option value="15607">Operations and Innovations for the Environment</option>
<option value="65784">Opioids: A Challenge to Public Health</option>
<option value="38165">Optimising Drug Prescribing and Improving Medication Management: What Can We Do?</option>
<option value="48835">Oral Cancer: Public Health Concern</option>
<option value="127911">Oral Diseases: Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment</option>
<option value="25883">Oral Health and Host Related Environmental Factors in Periodontal Status</option>
<option value="94767">Oral Health-Related Quality of Life and Periodontal Health Status among Different Age Groups</option>
<option value="104683">Oral Hygiene and Function: Lessons and Challenges for General Health</option>
<option value="105720">Oral Inflammation and Chronic Autoimmune Diseases</option>
<option value="35260">Oral Microbiota and Oral Health</option>
<option value="47838">Oral Pathologies and Their Impact on Public Health</option>
<option value="62736">Outcomes of Joint-Preserving Surgery for Rheumatoid Forefoot Deformity</option>
<option value="115974">Overview of Maternal and Child Nutrition: A Cross-Disciplinary Update</option>
<option value="73958">Overweight and Obesity—Diagnosis and Treatment</option>
<option value="43486">Pain Neuroscience Education, Chronic Pain, and Health Care</option>
<option value="30291">Parent-Child Interactions: Paths of Intergenerational Transmission of Psychopathological Risk</option>
<option value="144252">Parenting and Mental Health in Families</option>
<option value="120096">Parents and Children during COVID-19 Pandemic</option>
<option value="107949">Passion, Grit, Mindset, Achievement and Well-Being</option>
<option value="96421">Passive Exposure to Conventional, Heat-Not-Burn and Electronic Smoking Products and Related Health Effects: Second Edition</option>
<option value="36788">Patient and Consumer Engagement in Health Care and Wellbeing: Challenges and Opportunities for a Participatory Health Approach</option>
<option value="96209">Patient Satisfaction with Different Service in Rare Diseases</option>
<option value="5404">Pediatric Infectious Diseases</option>
<option value="115956">Personality, Individual and Family Resilience—Psychological, Social and Health Issues</option>
<option value="932">Pesticides and Health</option>
<option value="39134">Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice Research</option>
<option value="110593">Photocatalysis Assists Carbon Neutrality</option>
<option value="45684">Physical Activities in the Water Environment: Drowning, Prevention and Rescue</option>
<option value="22336">Physical Activity and Dietary Behaviors among Underserved Groups</option>
<option value="87279">Physical Activity and Exercise Programs in Older Adults</option>
<option value="47477">Physical Activity and Health Behaviors</option>
<option value="34448">Physical Activity and Nutrition Among Border and Other Marginalized Populations</option>
<option value="87815">Physical Activity and Psychosocial Health: A Two-Way Path to Improve Youth Wellbeing</option>
<option value="14896">Physical Activity and Public Health</option>
<option value="3688">Physical Activity and Public Health-</option>
<option value="99687">Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior: Trends and Impact during the Pandemic</option>
<option value="50160">Physical Activity and Well-Being in School Setting</option>
<option value="135491">Physical Activity for Prevention and Correction of Body Posture in Children and Young People</option>
<option value="52258">Physical Activity Programmes for the Elderly and Their Health Implications</option>
<option value="117878">Physical Activity, Diagnostics and Treatment in Knee Injury</option>
<option value="140424">Physical Activity, Fitness, and Physical Education</option>
<option value="99859">Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior and Sleep at Different Stages of Life</option>
<option value="102839">Physical Activity, Sport and Health in Children and Adults</option>
<option value="114188">Physical Activity, Weight Loss and Primary Care</option>
<option value="46759">Physical Fitness and Health Improvement</option>
<option value="78431">Physical Fitness and Health Outcomes throughout the Life Span</option>
<option value="36880">Physical Performance and Recovery during Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage</option>
<option value="70776">Physical Well-Being and Motor Development over the Life Span</option>
<option value="111610">Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation as Modern-Day Medical Challenge in Older Adults</option>
<option value="136708">Pollution and Remediation in Mining Areas</option>
<option value="140164">Positive Development in Neuropsychology for Young Population</option>
<option value="128832">Post-COVID-19 Syndrome or Long COVID: Pathophysiology, Treatments, and Outcomes</option>
<option value="8003">Poverty and Child Well-Being</option>
<option value="1485">Preparedness and Emergency Response</option>
<option value="49196">Prescription Medication Addiction/Abuse and Public Health Consequences</option>
<option value="6286">Prevent Obesity in the First 1000 Days</option>
<option value="169416">Preventing HIV/AIDS through Interventions That Address the Social Determinants of Health</option>
<option value="51082">Prevention and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Diseases</option>
<option value="39077">Prevention Better than Cure for Long Term Conditions?</option>
<option value="59782">Prevention of Mental Health Disorders in Children and Adolescents</option>
<option value="82952">Prevention, Treatment and Rehabilitation of Musculoskeletal Disorders</option>
<option value="3345">Preventive Medicine</option>
<option value="158062">Primary Care and Health Behavior Change</option>
<option value="3855">Proceeding of 'Ecosystems and Human Well-Being in the Transition towards Green Economy'</option>
<option value="3240">Proceedings from 2014 Global Land Project (GLP) Asia Conference</option>
<option value="4485">Proceedings from 9th International Conference on Managing Fatigue</option>
<option value="3773">Proceedings from the 11th International Symposium on Recent Advances in Environmental Health Research</option>
<option value="4935">Proceedings from the 12th International Symposium on Recent Advances in Environmental Health Research</option>
<option value="7654">Proceedings from the 13th International Symposium on Recent Advances in Environmental Health Research</option>
<option value="5068">Proceedings from the 2014 Minority Health & Health Disparities Grantees’ Conference (MHHDGC)</option>
<option value="7201">Proceedings from the 3rd International Symposium on Environment and Health</option>
<option value="1265">Proceedings from the Eighth International Symposium on Recent Advances in Environmental Health Research</option>
<option value="143">Proceedings from the Fifth International Symposium on Recent Advances in Environmental Health Research</option>
<option value="1617">Proceedings from the Ninth International Symposium on Recent Advances in Environmental Health Research</option>
<option value="1109">Proceedings from the Seventh International Symposium on Recent Advances in Environmental Health Research</option>
<option value="712">Proceedings from the Sixth International Symposium on Recent Advances in Environmental Health Research</option>
<option value="2646">Proceedings from the Tenth International Symposium on Recent Advances in Environmental Health Research</option>
<option value="3435">Proceedings of 1st Latin American Congress of Clinical and Laboratorial Toxicology (Toxi-Latin 2014)</option>
<option value="11513">Proceedings of 2nd International Symposium on Environment Science and Health</option>
<option value="24776">Proceedings of ICOH Occupational Health for Health Worker (OHHW2019) Conference</option>
<option value="13872">Proceedings of Research Centers at Minority Institutions (RCMI) Translational Science 2017 Conference</option>
<option value="38136">Proceedings of the 2019 Research Centers in Minority Institutions (RCMI) Program National Conference</option>
<option value="64036">Proceedings of the 2020 inVIVO Planetary Health Annual Conference: Project Earthrise</option>
<option value="115582">Proceedings of the 2022 Research Centers in Minority Institutions (RCMI) Consortium National Conference</option>
<option value="215480">Proceedings of the 2024 Research Centers in Minority Institutions (RCMI) Consortium National Conference</option>
<option value="13632">Process-Oriented Data Science for Healthcare 2018 (PODS4H18)</option>
<option value="94034">Processed Food: Nutrition, Safety and Public Health</option>
<option value="89619">Promoting Health and Wellness: Implications for Physical Therapy</option>
<option value="21590">Promotion of Big Data and Intelligent Transportation to Traffic Safety and Environment</option>
<option value="35160">Promotion of Healthy Active Habits in Children, Adolescents and University Students</option>
<option value="34308">Promotion of Healthy Foods: Effectiveness, Evaluation and Agenda Setting for Examining Intervention Techniques to Improve Dietary Intake</option>
<option value="31667">Promotion of Healthy Work</option>
<option value="63392">Providing Appropriate Health Care in Patients with Myelodysplastic Syndromes and Clonal Hematopoiesis</option>
<option value="147902">Psychological Strategies for the Development of Healthy Eating Habits and Self-Care</option>
<option value="87710">Psychology of Addictive Behaviors</option>
<option value="52140">Psychology of Eating: Understanding of Eating Behaviours</option>
<option value="66810">Psychology of Learning in Higher Education</option>
<option value="97793">Psychology, Behavior and Health Outcomes</option>
<option value="81011">Psychology, Education and Sport in Children</option>
<option value="79863">Psychosocial Aspects and Quality of Life in Bariatric Surgery: An Update and Directions for Future Research</option>
<option value="134458">Psychosocial Care and Wellbeing for Oncology Patients</option>
<option value="51477">Psychosocial Factors and Health at Work: Evaluation and Intervention</option>
<option value="51401">Public Health and Digital Technologies during Pandemic: A Multidisciplinary Perspective</option>
<option value="275">Public Health Informatics</option>
<option value="2519">Public Health Informatics</option>
<option value="139">Public Health: Feature Papers</option>
<option value="151">Public Health: How Safe Is Cardiac Imaging?</option>
<option value="116903">Quality of Life and Its Relationship with Mental and Physical Condition</option>
<option value="68093">Quality of Life and Mental Health of the Elderly in Nursing Homes</option>
<option value="106547">Quality of Life and Outcomes of Patients with Urological Diseases</option>
<option value="37236">Quality of Life in Orthopedic Diseases</option>
<option value="63389">Quality of Life, Well-Being and Nurse-Patient Interaction in Late Life</option>
<option value="19666">Quality of Life: The Interplay between Human Behaviour, Technology and the Environment</option>
<option value="157947">Quantifying Atmospheric Ammonia and Its Impacts: Measurements, Modeling and Mitigation</option>
<option value="1635">Radiation and Cancer Risk</option>
<option value="80948">Real World Data for Population-Based Pediatric Studies</option>
<option value="98209">Real-World Evidence for Resuscitation Science</option>
<option value="24395">Reappraisal of Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Diseases</option>
<option value="145640">Recent Advances and New Perspectives on the Multidisciplinary Management of COVID-19 and Long COVID in the Life Span</option>
<option value="424">Recent Advances in Environmental Research</option>
<option value="106196">Recent Advances in Orthodontics and Clear Aligner Therapy</option>
<option value="423">Recent Advances in Public Health</option>
<option value="129428">Recent Advances in the Management of Chronic Pain</option>
<option value="2662">Recent Advances on Environmental and Toxicologic Pathology</option>
<option value="126830">Recent Research in Health Psychology</option>
<option value="119451">Recent Trends in Health Literacy Research, Health Status of the Population and Disease Prevention</option>
<option value="10049">Reducing Exposure to Second-Hand Tobacco Smoke</option>
<option value="350">Regional Scale Industrial Contamination of Soils and Groundwater — From Risk Assessment to Risk Management</option>
<option value="36598">Regulation of Muscle Mass, Exercise, Metabolism</option>
<option value="112258">Rehabilitation and Treatment Interventions in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Extrapyramidal Syndromes and Alzheimer's Disease</option>
<option value="75980">Rehabilitation in the COVID-19 Pandemic</option>
<option value="6246">Remote Sensing, Crowd Sensing, and Geospatial Technologies for Public Health</option>
<option value="151988">Research on Traumatic Brain Injury and Its Effect on Wellbeing</option>
<option value="59989">Research Workforce and Healthcare Disparities</option>
<option value="147760">Resilience, Stress, and Risk Factors during the COVID-19 Pandemic</option>
<option value="207356">Resilient Caregivers: Exploring Mental Health Challenges and Support Systems for Families Caring for Individuals with Special Needs</option>
<option value="46752">Resistance Exercise/Training to Improve Physical Fitness and Health</option>
<option value="17755">Responsible Risk Governance in Hazardous Industries</option>
<option value="128069">Restorative Environments</option>
<option value="59764">Retail Strategies to Support Healthy Eating</option>
<option value="43345">Review Papers in Children's Health</option>
<option value="69813">Risk Assessment and Preventive Child Health Care during the First 1000 Days from Conception Onwards</option>
<option value="114600">Risk Factors for Oral Disease</option>
<option value="22764">Risk of Tuberculosis Infection in Health Care</option>
<option value="147607">Road Safety: Public Health Challenge</option>
<option value="157526">Road Traffic Risk Assessment: Control and Prevention of Collisions</option>
<option value="9462">Roma Health</option>
<option value="20661">Roma Health Disadvantage</option>
<option value="25703">Routes to Improve Health Literacy during the Life-Course</option>
<option value="33075">Salutogenesis and Coping: Ways to Overcome Stress and Conflicts</option>
<option value="16967">Salutogenic Cities for Chronic Diseases Prevention</option>
<option value="30463">Sarcopenia, Exercise and Quality of Life</option>
<option value="112492">SARS-CoV-2 Variants, Where Is the End?</option>
<option value="92602">Second Edition of Active Commuting and Active Transportation</option>
<option value="103009">Second Edition of COVID-19: A Public Health Approach for Health Professionals</option>
<option value="159091">Second Edition of Effects of Environmental Pollutants on Human Reproductive Health</option>
<option value="137560">Second Edition of International Perspectives on Mental Health Social Work</option>
<option value="101158">Second Edition of Recent Advances in Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Research: Occurrence, Fate, Analysis and Risk Assessment</option>
<option value="98344">Second Edition of Teenage Reproductive Health: Pregnancy, Contraception, Unsafe Abortion, Fertility</option>
<option value="97985">Second Edition of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Europe: Response to Challenges</option>
<option value="92406">Second Edition of the Current Situation and Distribution of Rare Diseases: Challenges, Prevention, Healthcare, and Effects</option>
<option value="122814">Second Edition of the Marathon: Environmental and Public Health Aspects</option>
<option value="92670">Second Edition of the Next Frontier in Health Geography: Context and Implications for Interventions</option>
<option value="95599">Second Edition of the Nutrition Transition and Physical Inactivity and Health Outcomes thereof in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: From Preconception to Adulthood</option>
<option value="101156">Second Edition of Urban Disaster Resilience and Sustainability</option>
<option value="101600">Second Edition: Diagnosis and Treatment of ADHD in Adolescents</option>
<option value="164042">Second Edition: Muscle Responses and Adaptation in Exercise, Sport and Health</option>
<option value="161044">Second Edition: Obstetrics and Gynecology in Public Health</option>
<option value="143434">Second Edition: The Nutritional Management of Pre- and Post-surgery Obesity Patients</option>
<option value="164783">Second Edition of Influence of New Technology in Dental Care: A Public Health Perspective</option>
<option value="111943">Second Edition: Low Back Pain (LBP)</option>
<option value="25007">Selected Paper from the 15th International Symposium on Recent Advances in Environmental Health Research</option>
<option value="21180">Selected Papers from the 1st International Electronic Conference on Environmental Health Sciences</option>
<option value="58843">Selected Papers from the 3rd International Electronic Conference on Environmental Research and Public Health--Public Health Issues in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic</option>
<option value="53736">Self-Control, Compliance and Adherence to Health Prescriptions</option>
<option value="47392">Self-Efficacy and Self-Management of Chronic Diseases</option>
<option value="24330">Sepsis in a Changing Environmental and Technological Landscape</option>
<option value="20606">Sleep Apnea Syndrome</option>
<option value="8858">Sleep Health</option>
<option value="136904">Sleep Health: Circadian Alignment, Daylight, Light-at-Night (LAN), and Public Health</option>
<option value="105641">Sleep Medicine and Health</option>
<option value="38249">Sleep Quality Research</option>
<option value="3567">Small Solutions for Big Water-Related Problems—Innovative Microarrays and Small Sensors to Cope with Water Quality and Food Security</option>
<option value="75982">Smart Coach and Injuries Prevention in Young Athletes</option>
<option value="150">Smoking and Tobacco Control</option>
<option value="17721">Smoking Cessation</option>
<option value="73538">Smoking Cessation in Pregnancy</option>
<option value="1800">Social and Economical Determinants of Health</option>
<option value="139884">Social and Emotional Aspects of Working in the New Normal</option>
<option value="1483">Social and Environmental Determinants of Oral Health</option>
<option value="112631">Social and Health Care and Digital Health</option>
<option value="14982">Social Determinants and Geographic Disparities in Health and Health Care</option>
<option value="96379">Social Determinants, Behavioral and Lifestyle Choices, and Health Disparities of Older Adults</option>
<option value="54439">Social Inequality and Health: Determinants, Mechanisms, and Consequences</option>
<option value="125823">Social Justice and Administration and Public Health: Rights, Risks and Management</option>
<option value="62456">Social Marketing’s Contribution to Public Health</option>
<option value="3902">Social Network Analysis and Public Health</option>
<option value="56320">Social Network Interventions for Health Behaviours</option>
<option value="160742">Social Psychology in Human Behavior in Stressful Situations</option>
<option value="24428">Social Vulnerability and Frailty in Older People</option>
<option value="20559">Societal Side Effects: The Wider Impact of Pharmaceuticals on Society</option>
<option value="75716">Socioeconomic Circumstances and Mental Health</option>
<option value="8215">Soil Pollution and Public Health</option>
<option value="21116">Soil Pollution and Remediation</option>
<option value="989">Soil Pollution: Prevention and Mitigation</option>
<option value="2520">Sound and Health related Quality of Life</option>
<option value="21351">Spatial Dimensions of Public Health: Identifying and Monitoring Vector-Borne Diseases and Their Geographic Diffusion</option>
<option value="2464">Spatial Epidemiology</option>
<option value="7789">Spatial Modelling for Public Health Research</option>
<option value="5323">Spatio-temporal Frameworks for Infectious Disease Epidemiology</option>
<option value="52721">Sport-Exercise and Stress: A Winning Combination</option>
<option value="59689">Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness</option>
<option value="201906">Sports-Related Injuries in Children and Adolescents</option>
<option value="105629">State-of-the-Art of Oral Health in Japan and Other Aging Countries</option>
<option value="9011">Stress and Health</option>
<option value="35362">Stress and Training Load Effects on Recovery, Well-Being and Sports Performance</option>
<option value="4934">Stress Biomarkers</option>
<option value="30803">Stress, Faith, Resiliency, and Health among Black Men</option>
<option value="37584">Stroke: Athletes, Cardiac Risk, Physical Fitness, and Fatigue</option>
<option value="51636">Studies and Advances to Evaluate the Impact of Epidemic Diseases in Modern Times</option>
<option value="12364">Studies on Heavy Metals and Health</option>
<option value="1204">Substance and Behavioral Addictions: Co-Occurrence and Specificity</option>
<option value="3296">Substance and Drug Abuse Prevention</option>
<option value="166525">Substance Use Disorders: A Global Public Health Issue</option>
<option value="120457">Substance Use, Addiction and Public Health</option>
<option value="86920">Substance Use, Mental Health, and Other Issues Related to Homelessness: Building the Evidence for Best Practices to End Housing Instability</option>
<option value="95569">Suicide Bereavement and Postvention: Advances in Research, Practice and Policy</option>
<option value="3673">Suicide Prevention among Youth</option>
<option value="1135">Suicide Prevention and Public Health</option>
<option value="1398">Sunbathing Habits and Skin Cancer</option>
<option value="146728">Sustainability of Wine Production and Food Systems in the Mediterranean Region</option>
<option value="142">Sustainability: Environmental Studies and Public Health</option>
<option value="69696">Sustainable Healthy Working Life for All Ages—Work Environment, Age Management and Employability</option>
<option value="21320">Sustainable Management of Global Non-Renewable Resources</option>
<option value="149065">Sustainable Prosperity without Growth, or Damage to Nature</option>
<option value="98782">Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses in Public Health</option>
<option value="94816">Tackling Long-Term Care Needs in Ageing Societies in (Post) Pandemic Times: Multidisciplinary Research Approaches in an International Perspective</option>
<option value="49038">Tactical Forces Injury Risk Management</option>
<option value="81370">Teaching and Learning Process: Psychological Variables in Education, New Applied Technologies and Physical Activity</option>
<option value="25671">Techniques in Renewable Energy Production and Their Future Aiming Sustainability and Commercialization</option>
<option value="4099">Technology, Data, and the Assessment of Atmospheric Exposure on Finer Scales</option>
<option value="137779">Telemedicine and Telemonitoring in the 21st Century</option>
<option value="157392">Teleworking and Worker’s Well-Being after COVID-19 Crisis</option>
<option value="114992">Teleworking Challenges in the COVID-19 Pandemic: Effects on Health and Wellbeing</option>
<option value="126481">Test Your Limits: HIRT, HIIT, and Functional Training</option>
<option value="42930">The (Un)Sustainable Side of Resilience in the Anthropocene</option>
<option value="196720">The 20th Anniversary of IJERPH</option>
<option value="92513">The 2nd Edition: Mindfulness-Based Practice for Health Benefits</option>
<option value="85429">The 2nd Edition: Stroke: Athletes, Physical Activity, and Resistance Training</option>
<option value="136957">The 9/11 Disaster and Other Man-Made Trauma Events and Their Health Effects</option>
<option value="62082">The Assessment of Alternative Interventions to Manage Health Emergencies</option>
<option value="37238">The Burden of Orthopedic Surgery</option>
<option value="40298">The Close Connection between Environmental Pollution and Medicinal Prescriptions</option>
<option value="3226">The Combined Health Effects of Environmental Exposures</option>
<option value="146530">The Complexity of Chronic Pain</option>
<option value="19836">The Economics of Mental Illness</option>
<option value="67050">The Effects of Advance Care Planning in Healthcare</option>
<option value="108856">The Effects of Media Content on Public Health</option>
<option value="83248">The Effects of Non-cigarette Tobacco Use on Health</option>
<option value="77210">The Effects of Occupational Health and Safety Education and Training on Different Communities</option>
<option value="74080">The Emerging Role of Sedentary Behaviour in the Health of Youth and Young Adults: Should There be a Recommended Threshold of Sedentary Behaviour Permissible?</option>
<option value="2040">The Environment Risk of Autism</option>
<option value="32483">The Environmental, Public Health, and Human Rights Impacts on Enhancing the Quality of Life of People with Intellectual Disability</option>
<option value="151474">The Evolution of Dentistry in a Changing World between Technological Progress and Environmental Challenges</option>
<option value="6288">The Evolving Relationship between Science and Disaster Risk Reduction</option>
<option value="71003">The Health Consequences of Chronic Energy Imbalance</option>
<option value="6641">The Health Effects of Water Fluoridation</option>
<option value="161449">The Healthcare of Metabolic Diseases and Chronic Diseases</option>
<option value="120572">The Impact of Anxiety, Depression, and Stress on Mental Health</option>
<option value="66729">The Impact of Parasitology on Public Health</option>
<option value="157603">The Impact of Sleep Loss on Human Behavior and Neural Activity</option>
<option value="99045">The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic for Health Inequalities</option>
<option value="26922">The Impact of the Gut Microbiota on Human Health</option>
<option value="166688">The Impacts of Green Space on Environmental and Human Well-Being</option>
<option value="4644">The Impacts of the Built Environment on Public Health</option>
<option value="35962">The Importance of Mentoring for Diversity, Equity and Inclusion</option>
<option value="80713">The Importance of Statistical Analysis in the Field of Rehabilitation</option>
<option value="25244">The Influence of Mediterranean Diet on Health and Environment</option>
<option value="39940">The Injustices: Social Determinants of Vulnerability to Unhealthy Behaviours</option>
<option value="155792">The Intersection of Marketing, Environmental Sustainability and Public Health Promotion</option>
<option value="97999">The Lived Experience of People Living with Dementia and Caregivers</option>
<option value="120495">The Most Common Behaviors Associated with Substance Abuse</option>
<option value="39354">The Negative Effects on Health Due to Noise Exposure</option>
<option value="159023">The New Era of Treatment for Obesity</option>
<option value="26504">The Nutrition Transition and Physical Inactivity and Health Outcomes thereof in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: From Preconception to Adulthood</option>
<option value="111858">The Organization of Primary Healthcare during the COVID-19 Pandemic</option>
<option value="1281">The Protection of Quiet Areas as a Public Health Aim Towards Sustainable Health: Approaches, Case Studies and Implementation</option>
<option value="142476">The Relationship between Children’s Asthma and Air Quality</option>
<option value="73787">The Role of Health Technology Assessment in Redesigning Chronic Disease Services</option>
<option value="157763">The Role of Plants and Microorganisms in Ecological Restoration</option>
<option value="165199">The Role of Science, Technology and Innovation in Ensuring Food Safety and Food Security</option>
<option value="75524">The Role of Surgical Systems in Promoting Public Health</option>
<option value="147166">The Social and Health Issues Facing HIV/AIDS Patients</option>
<option value="41173">The Social Cost and Public Health Impact of Gambling and Online Game Playing</option>
<option value="63459">The State of the Art of Health Data Science: Precision Medicine, Predictive Models and Clinical Decision Support Systems</option>
<option value="61750">Therapeutic Advances and Challenges in the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis</option>
<option value="121586">Thermal Comfort and Safety</option>
<option value="105301">TikTok and Public Health</option>
<option value="3422">Tobacco Control</option>
<option value="4586">Tobacco Control 2015</option>
<option value="6311">Tobacco Control and Priority Groups</option>
<option value="2044">Tobacco Control in Vulnerable Population Groups</option>
<option value="155459">Tobacco Control: Challenges, Policies and Interventions</option>
<option value="214">Tobacco Smoking and Public Health</option>
<option value="790">Tobacco Smoking: Public Health, Science and Policy</option>
<option value="25653">Tobacco Use and Treatment among Cancer Survivors</option>
<option value="142028">Tobacco Use Research in Youth and Young Adults</option>
<option value="27466">Tobacco-Related Diseases and Their Impact on Individual and Public Health Issues</option>
<option value="8758">Together in the Fight against Arthropod-Borne Diseases: A One Health Perspective</option>
<option value="140348">Topical Advisory Panel Members’ Collection Series: Environmental Science and Environmental Factors That Affect Health</option>
<option value="21564">Towards More Sustainable Food Systems</option>
<option value="23733">Toxicology of Xenobiotic Mixtures and Health</option>
<option value="6014">Toxicology, Exposure Assessment and Epidemiology of Primary and Secondary Ultrafine Particles</option>
<option value="72481">Traffic and Road Safety: Multifactorial Analysis of Driving and Walking Behavioral Style</option>
<option value="5956">Traffic Safety and Injury Prevention</option>
<option value="4176">Transport Impacts on Public Health</option>
<option value="1438">Trauma, Addiction and Criminality</option>
<option value="181985">Travel, Health, and Wellness of Older Adults</option>
<option value="4767">Treating Alcoholism between Harm Reduction and Immediate Abstinence</option>
<option value="2915">Ultrafine Particles and Potential Health Effects</option>
<option value="102267">Understanding the Transmission Dynamics, Control Strategies, and Epidemiological Characteristics of the COVID-19 Pandemic</option>
<option value="163285">Urban Air Environment and Air Pollution Control</option>
<option value="9585">Urban Geochemistry and Human Health</option>
<option value="160704">Urban Land Utilisation and Disaster Resilience</option>
<option value="6176">Urban Place and Health Equity</option>
<option value="131800">Using a Health Equity Framework in Research to Address Unmet Social Needs</option>
<option value="8133">Using Big Data to Advance Knowledge in Child Maltreatment</option>
<option value="73242">Using Fuzzy Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Methods for Improving the Performance of Public Emergency Departments during the COVID-19 Outbreak</option>
<option value="6164">UV-Radiation: From Physics to Impacts</option>
<option value="12805">Vaccination and Health Outcomes</option>
<option value="2535">Vaccine Safety and Public Health</option>
<option value="13440">Vitamin D and Public Health</option>
<option value="203058">Vulnerability and Resilience: A One Health Approach to Environmental and Climate Risks in the Mediterranean</option>
<option value="3280">Water Desalination</option>
<option value="4569">Water Microbial Pollution and Disinfection</option>
<option value="1350">WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. Are Countries Fully Implementing It?</option>
<option value="8784">WHO Noise and Health Evidence Reviews</option>
<option value="82092">Whole Systems Approaches to Process Improvement in Health Systems</option>
<option value="47887">Winter Sports Implications for Training, Environmental and Health</option>
<option value="126255">Women Living with HIV</option>
<option value="1985">Women's Health and the Environment</option>
<option value="21741">Women's Reproductive and Maternal Health</option>
<option value="36299">Work and Addictions: From Biology to Practice</option>
<option value="27877">Work Engagement and Job Crafting</option>
<option value="136169">Work Environment and Cardiovascular Diseases: From Evidences of Causal Associations to Workplace Interventions</option>
<option value="211820">Work Environment Effects on Health and Safety of Employees</option>
<option value="129320">Work-Related Safety and Health: Safeguard the Safety, Health, and Well-Being of the Workforce</option>
<option value="87434">Workplace Aggression</option>
<option value="24906">Workplace Interventions for the Prevention or Amelioration of Musculoskeletal Problems in the Working Population</option>
<option value="147377">Youth and Child Development and Health</option>
<option value="34449">Youth Sports, Young Athletes Evaluation, Implications for Performance and Health</option>
<option value="8516">Youth Violence as a Public Health Issue</option>
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<option value="jtaer">Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research</option>
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<option value="jox">Journal of Xenobiotics</option>
<option value="jzbg">Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens</option>
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<option value="magnetochemistry">Magnetochemistry</option>
<option value="marinedrugs">Marine Drugs</option>
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<option value="materproc">Materials Proceedings</option>
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<option value="medicines">Medicines</option>
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<option value="metals">Metals</option>
<option value="meteorology">Meteorology</option>
<option value="methane">Methane</option>
<option value="mps">Methods and Protocols</option>
<option value="metrics">Metrics</option>
<option value="metrology">Metrology</option>
<option value="micro">Micro</option>
<option value="microbiolres">Microbiology Research</option>
<option value="micromachines">Micromachines</option>
<option value="microorganisms">Microorganisms</option>
<option value="microplastics">Microplastics</option>
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<option value="nanomaterials">Nanomaterials</option>
<option value="ndt">NDT</option>
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<option value="neuroglia">Neuroglia</option>
<option value="neurolint">Neurology International</option>
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<option value="oral">Oral</option>
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Medicine</label></li>
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<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-258" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="kinasesphosphatases" title="Kinases and Phosphatases" id="ms-opt-258">Kinases and Phosphatases</label></li>
<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-259" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="knowledge" title="Knowledge" id="ms-opt-259">Knowledge</label></li>
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<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-261" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="laboratories" title="Laboratories" id="ms-opt-261">Laboratories</label></li>
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<li class=""><label for="ms-opt-404" style="padding-left: 23px;"><input type="checkbox" value="spectroscj" title="Spectroscopy Journal" id="ms-opt-404">Spectroscopy Journal</label></li>
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and Evaluation of New Tobacco Control InterventionsDevelopment, Implementation
and Evaluation of Gender-Specific, Community Based Health Promotion
InterventionsDiabetes Prevention: Challenges and OpportunitiesDiagnosis and
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EducationEffects of Environmental Factors on AutismEffects of Hyperoxic Training
on Acute Responses and Exercise PerformanceEffects of Parental Stress on Child
DevelopmentEffects of Physical Activity on Cognitive Function in Young
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of Life of Adults after Physical ExerciseEfficient Use of Acute Hospital
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HealthEpidemiology and Determinants of Dental Caries in ChildrenEpidemiology as
a Tool for Thinking Critically about the Cause of Disease and
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of Legionellosis: New Trends and PerspectivesEpidemiology, Prevention and
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the Gap between Research and Practice in Occupational Safety and HealthHuman
Health, Risk Analysis and Environmental HazardsHuman Microphysiology
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Periodontal Therapy around Teeth and Dental ImplantsImproving the Health of
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ServicesInequalities in HealthInfections in Nursing Homes: Evidence-Based
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Equity and Eye HealthLeptospirosis in the Animal—Human-Ecosystem
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ChallengesLeukemia Arising from Chemical Exposures and Chemotherapeutic
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Spectrometry and Environmental AnalysisMaternal and Child HealthMaternal and
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PsychologyMental Health and Social Care and Social InterventionsMental Health
and Well-Being of Sexual and Gender Minority Groups: Risk and Protective
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EraMental Health CareMental Health in the Family: Marital Relationship,
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the COVID-19 PandemicMercury and Health: Current Perspectives and Future
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Exercise and Rehabilitation: From Lab to Clinical PracticeMycotoxins in the
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Reagents: An UpdateNanotechnology to the Benefit of Environment and Public
HealthNeglected Diseases: Public Health and Environmental StudiesNeuromuscular
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and Crucial Topics for 2030 Public HealthNew Challenges in Prehospital Emergency
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Influence of Psychographic Characteristics in the Context of Leisure, Outdoor
Recreation, Tourism and Public HealthNew Techniques, Technologies and Materials
for Dentistry and Maxillofacial SurgeryNew Trends in Intelligent Quantitative
Analysis on the Effects of Energy Consumption on Environment and Public
HealthNew Trends in Mental Health Intervention from the Scope of Psychology and
Psychiatry: Challenges for Research and PracticeNew Trends in Research on
Training, Performance, Conditioning, Coaching, Evaluation and Health in
Basketball (Second Edition)New Trends in Virtual World Addictions and
Problematic Internet UseNew Edition of Psychological Features, Music, and
Well-Being: Theories and ApplicationsNext Generation of Interoperability in
Health Care: Standards and ApplicationNicotine, Electronic Cigarettes, and
Alcohol Use and the COVID-19 PandemicNoise and Quality of LifeNoise Induced
Hearing Loss and Tinnitus, Public Health and Sustainability EffectsNoise
Pollution and HealthNon-cigarette Tobacco Product DependenceNovel Insights of
the Etiological Factors Involved in Oral Conditions of Children and
TeenagersNovel Methodologies in Drug Use and Drug Use Disorder
EpidemiologyNursing and Public HealthNursing Care and Clinical Management in the
Post-pandemic EraNursing Care of Older Adults and People with DisabilityNursing
ResearchNutrient Removal and RecoveryNutrition and Diabetes: A Health
IssueNutrition and Exercise in the Health SciencesNutrition and Health Equity:
Revisiting the Importance of Fruit and Vegetable Availability, Purchasing, and
ConsumptionNutrition and Physical Activity in Older Adults: Focus on
Cardiovascular HealthNutrition and Public HealthNutrition in the First 1000
DaysNutrition, Diets and Public HealthNutritional and Non-nutritional
Supplements in Sports: The Public Health ImpactNutritional Epidemiology and
Public HealthNutritional Recommendations for Cardiovascular RisksObesity and
Public HealthObesity Prevention: Systems change for healthy environments and
healthy peopleObstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome: From Symptoms to
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presentation, comorbidities, and responsible mechanismsObstructive Sleep
ApnoeaOccupational CancerOccupational HealthOccupational Health & Safety
Management—Risk Identification and AssessmentOccupational Health and Wellness:
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Well-BeingOccupational Risk Perception, Safety Training, and Injury Prevention
in the New Intelligent Yet Complex Work EnvironmentsOccupational Safety and
Related Impacts on Health and the EnvironmentOccupational Sedentary
BehaviourOccupational Stress in Planetary Health: Explaining Multilevel Systems
and Effects of Work, Time and PlaceOccupational Stress, Human Health and
WellbeingOccupational Therapies and Human Well-BeingOccupational Therapy:
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Its DeterminantsOpen Innovation in the Research and Industry about Natural
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Inform Programmatic Approaches to Management of Tuberculosis in
UzbekistanOperational Research to Tackle Antimicrobial Resistance in
GhanaOperations and Innovations for the EnvironmentOpioids: A Challenge to
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Diagnosis and TreatmentOral Health and Host Related Environmental Factors in
Periodontal StatusOral Health-Related Quality of Life and Periodontal Health
Status among Different Age GroupsOral Hygiene and Function: Lessons and
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Public HealthOutcomes of Joint-Preserving Surgery for Rheumatoid Forefoot
DeformityOverview of Maternal and Child Nutrition: A Cross-Disciplinary
UpdateOverweight and Obesity—Diagnosis and TreatmentPain Neuroscience Education,
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Mindset, Achievement and Well-BeingPassive Exposure to Conventional,
Heat-Not-Burn and Electronic Smoking Products and Related Health Effects: Second
EditionPatient and Consumer Engagement in Health Care and Wellbeing: Challenges
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Individual and Family Resilience—Psychological, Social and Health
IssuesPesticides and HealthPharmaceutical Policy and Practice
ResearchPhotocatalysis Assists Carbon NeutralityPhysical Activities in the Water
Environment: Drowning, Prevention and RescuePhysical Activity and Dietary
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Nutrition Among Border and Other Marginalized PopulationsPhysical Activity and
Psychosocial Health: A Two-Way Path to Improve Youth WellbeingPhysical Activity
and Public HealthPhysical Activity and Public Health-Physical Activity and
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EducationPhysical Activity, Sedentary Behavior and Sleep at Different Stages of
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Recovery during Exercise-Induced Muscle DamagePhysical Well-Being and Motor
Development over the Life SpanPhysiotherapy and Rehabilitation as Modern-Day
Medical Challenge in Older AdultsPollution and Remediation in Mining
AreasPositive Development in Neuropsychology for Young PopulationPost-COVID-19
Syndrome or Long COVID: Pathophysiology, Treatments, and OutcomesPoverty and
Child Well-BeingPreparedness and Emergency ResponsePrescription Medication
Addiction/Abuse and Public Health ConsequencesPrevent Obesity in the First 1000
DaysPreventing HIV/AIDS through Interventions That Address the Social
Determinants of HealthPrevention and Treatment of Cerebrovascular
DiseasesPrevention Better than Cure for Long Term Conditions?Prevention of
Mental Health Disorders in Children and AdolescentsPrevention, Treatment and
Rehabilitation of Musculoskeletal DisordersPreventive MedicinePrimary Care and
Health Behavior ChangeProceeding of 'Ecosystems and Human Well-Being in the
Transition towards Green Economy'Proceedings from 2014 Global Land Project (GLP)
Asia ConferenceProceedings from 9th International Conference on Managing
FatigueProceedings from the 11th International Symposium on Recent Advances in
Environmental Health ResearchProceedings from the 12th International Symposium
on Recent Advances in Environmental Health ResearchProceedings from the 13th
International Symposium on Recent Advances in Environmental Health
ResearchProceedings from the 2014 Minority Health & Health Disparities Grantees’
Conference (MHHDGC)Proceedings from the 3rd International Symposium on
Environment and HealthProceedings from the Eighth International Symposium on
Recent Advances in Environmental Health ResearchProceedings from the Fifth
International Symposium on Recent Advances in Environmental Health
ResearchProceedings from the Ninth International Symposium on Recent Advances in
Environmental Health ResearchProceedings from the Seventh International
Symposium on Recent Advances in Environmental Health ResearchProceedings from
the Sixth International Symposium on Recent Advances in Environmental Health
ResearchProceedings from the Tenth International Symposium on Recent Advances in
Environmental Health ResearchProceedings of 1st Latin American Congress of
Clinical and Laboratorial Toxicology (Toxi-Latin 2014)Proceedings of 2nd
International Symposium on Environment Science and HealthProceedings of ICOH
Occupational Health for Health Worker (OHHW2019) ConferenceProceedings of
Research Centers at Minority Institutions (RCMI) Translational Science 2017
ConferenceProceedings of the 2019 Research Centers in Minority Institutions
(RCMI) Program National ConferenceProceedings of the 2020 inVIVO Planetary
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Centers in Minority Institutions (RCMI) Consortium National
ConferenceProceedings of the 2024 Research Centers in Minority Institutions
(RCMI) Consortium National ConferenceProcess-Oriented Data Science for
Healthcare 2018 (PODS4H18)Processed Food: Nutrition, Safety and Public
HealthPromoting Health and Wellness: Implications for Physical TherapyPromotion
of Big Data and Intelligent Transportation to Traffic Safety and
EnvironmentPromotion of Healthy Active Habits in Children, Adolescents and
University StudentsPromotion of Healthy Foods: Effectiveness, Evaluation and
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IntakePromotion of Healthy WorkProviding Appropriate Health Care in Patients
with Myelodysplastic Syndromes and Clonal HematopoiesisPsychological Strategies
for the Development of Healthy Eating Habits and Self-CarePsychology of
Addictive BehaviorsPsychology of Eating: Understanding of Eating
BehavioursPsychology of Learning in Higher EducationPsychology, Behavior and
Health OutcomesPsychology, Education and Sport in ChildrenPsychosocial Aspects
and Quality of Life in Bariatric Surgery: An Update and Directions for Future
ResearchPsychosocial Care and Wellbeing for Oncology PatientsPsychosocial
Factors and Health at Work: Evaluation and InterventionPublic Health and Digital
Technologies during Pandemic: A Multidisciplinary PerspectivePublic Health
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How Safe Is Cardiac Imaging?Quality of Life and Its Relationship with Mental and
Physical ConditionQuality of Life and Mental Health of the Elderly in Nursing
HomesQuality of Life and Outcomes of Patients with Urological DiseasesQuality of
Life in Orthopedic DiseasesQuality of Life, Well-Being and Nurse-Patient
Interaction in Late LifeQuality of Life: The Interplay between Human Behaviour,
Technology and the EnvironmentQuantifying Atmospheric Ammonia and Its Impacts:
Measurements, Modeling and MitigationRadiation and Cancer RiskReal World Data
for Population-Based Pediatric StudiesReal-World Evidence for Resuscitation
ScienceReappraisal of Risk Factors for Cardiovascular DiseasesRecent Advances
and New Perspectives on the Multidisciplinary Management of COVID-19 and Long
COVID in the Life SpanRecent Advances in Environmental ResearchRecent Advances
in Orthodontics and Clear Aligner TherapyRecent Advances in Public HealthRecent
Advances in the Management of Chronic PainRecent Advances on Environmental and
Toxicologic PathologyRecent Research in Health PsychologyRecent Trends in Health
Literacy Research, Health Status of the Population and Disease
PreventionReducing Exposure to Second-Hand Tobacco SmokeRegional Scale
Industrial Contamination of Soils and Groundwater — From Risk Assessment to Risk
ManagementRegulation of Muscle Mass, Exercise, MetabolismRehabilitation and
Treatment Interventions in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Extrapyramidal Syndromes
and Alzheimer's DiseaseRehabilitation in the COVID-19 PandemicRemote Sensing,
Crowd Sensing, and Geospatial Technologies for Public HealthResearch on
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Healthcare DisparitiesResilience, Stress, and Risk Factors during the COVID-19
PandemicResilient Caregivers: Exploring Mental Health Challenges and Support
Systems for Families Caring for Individuals with Special NeedsResistance
Exercise/Training to Improve Physical Fitness and HealthResponsible Risk
Governance in Hazardous IndustriesRestorative EnvironmentsRetail Strategies to
Support Healthy EatingReview Papers in Children's HealthRisk Assessment and
Preventive Child Health Care during the First 1000 Days from Conception
OnwardsRisk Factors for Oral DiseaseRisk of Tuberculosis Infection in Health
CareRoad Safety: Public Health ChallengeRoad Traffic Risk Assessment: Control
and Prevention of CollisionsRoma HealthRoma Health DisadvantageRoutes to Improve
Health Literacy during the Life-CourseSalutogenesis and Coping: Ways to Overcome
Stress and ConflictsSalutogenic Cities for Chronic Diseases
PreventionSarcopenia, Exercise and Quality of LifeSARS-CoV-2 Variants, Where Is
the End?Second Edition of Active Commuting and Active TransportationSecond
Edition of COVID-19: A Public Health Approach for Health ProfessionalsSecond
Edition of Effects of Environmental Pollutants on Human Reproductive
HealthSecond Edition of International Perspectives on Mental Health Social
WorkSecond Edition of Recent Advances in Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Research: Occurrence, Fate, Analysis and Risk AssessmentSecond Edition of
Teenage Reproductive Health: Pregnancy, Contraception, Unsafe Abortion,
FertilitySecond Edition of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Europe: Response to
ChallengesSecond Edition of the Current Situation and Distribution of Rare
Diseases: Challenges, Prevention, Healthcare, and EffectsSecond Edition of the
Marathon: Environmental and Public Health AspectsSecond Edition of the Next
Frontier in Health Geography: Context and Implications for InterventionsSecond
Edition of the Nutrition Transition and Physical Inactivity and Health Outcomes
thereof in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: From Preconception to
AdulthoodSecond Edition of Urban Disaster Resilience and SustainabilitySecond
Edition: Diagnosis and Treatment of ADHD in AdolescentsSecond Edition: Muscle
Responses and Adaptation in Exercise, Sport and HealthSecond Edition: Obstetrics
and Gynecology in Public HealthSecond Edition: The Nutritional Management of
Pre- and Post-surgery Obesity PatientsSecond Edition of Influence of New
Technology in Dental Care: A Public Health PerspectiveSecond Edition: Low Back
Pain (LBP)Selected Paper from the 15th International Symposium on Recent
Advances in Environmental Health ResearchSelected Papers from the 1st
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Research and Public Health--Public Health Issues in the Context of the COVID-19
PandemicSelf-Control, Compliance and Adherence to Health
PrescriptionsSelf-Efficacy and Self-Management of Chronic DiseasesSepsis in a
Changing Environmental and Technological LandscapeSleep Apnea SyndromeSleep
HealthSleep Health: Circadian Alignment, Daylight, Light-at-Night (LAN), and
Public HealthSleep Medicine and HealthSleep Quality ResearchSmall Solutions for
Big Water-Related Problems—Innovative Microarrays and Small Sensors to Cope with
Water Quality and Food SecuritySmart Coach and Injuries Prevention in Young
AthletesSmoking and Tobacco ControlSmoking CessationSmoking Cessation in
PregnancySocial and Economical Determinants of HealthSocial and Emotional
Aspects of Working in the New NormalSocial and Environmental Determinants of
Oral HealthSocial and Health Care and Digital HealthSocial Determinants and
Geographic Disparities in Health and Health CareSocial Determinants, Behavioral
and Lifestyle Choices, and Health Disparities of Older AdultsSocial Inequality
and Health: Determinants, Mechanisms, and ConsequencesSocial Justice and
Administration and Public Health: Rights, Risks and ManagementSocial Marketing’s
Contribution to Public HealthSocial Network Analysis and Public HealthSocial
Network Interventions for Health BehavioursSocial Psychology in Human Behavior
in Stressful SituationsSocial Vulnerability and Frailty in Older PeopleSocietal
Side Effects: The Wider Impact of Pharmaceuticals on SocietySocioeconomic
Circumstances and Mental HealthSoil Pollution and Public HealthSoil Pollution
and RemediationSoil Pollution: Prevention and MitigationSound and Health related
Quality of LifeSpatial Dimensions of Public Health: Identifying and Monitoring
Vector-Borne Diseases and Their Geographic DiffusionSpatial EpidemiologySpatial
Modelling for Public Health ResearchSpatio-temporal Frameworks for Infectious
Disease EpidemiologySport-Exercise and Stress: A Winning CombinationSports
Medicine and Physical FitnessSports-Related Injuries in Children and
AdolescentsState-of-the-Art of Oral Health in Japan and Other Aging
CountriesStress and HealthStress and Training Load Effects on Recovery,
Well-Being and Sports PerformanceStress BiomarkersStress, Faith, Resiliency, and
Health among Black MenStroke: Athletes, Cardiac Risk, Physical Fitness, and
FatigueStudies and Advances to Evaluate the Impact of Epidemic Diseases in
Modern TimesStudies on Heavy Metals and HealthSubstance and Behavioral
Addictions: Co-Occurrence and SpecificitySubstance and Drug Abuse
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Open AccessArticle
THE ROLE OF COPING STRATEGIES IN POST-TRAUMATIC GROWTH AMONG SYRIAN REFUGEES: A
STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODEL
by
Busra Acar
Busra Acar
SciProfiles Scilit Preprints.org Google Scholar
1,2,
İbrahim H. Acar
İbrahim H. Acar
SciProfiles Scilit Preprints.org Google Scholar
2,
Omar A. Alhiraki
Omar A. Alhiraki
SciProfiles Scilit Preprints.org Google Scholar
3,
Ola Fahham
Ola Fahham
SciProfiles Scilit Preprints.org Google Scholar
3,
Yesim Erim
Yesim Erim
SciProfiles Scilit Preprints.org Google Scholar
4 and
Ceren Acarturk
Ceren Acarturk
SciProfiles Scilit Preprints.org Google Scholar
1,*
1
Department of Psychology, Koç University, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey
2
Department of Psychology, Ozyegin University, 34794 Istanbul, Turkey
3
Department of Surgery, Bab Al-Hawa Hospital, Idlib, Syria
4
Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of
Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054
Erlangen, Germany
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(16), 8829;
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168829
Submission received: 6 July 2021 / Revised: 13 August 2021 / Accepted: 18 August
2021 / Published: 21 August 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Refugee Mental Health and Wellbeing:
Innovations, Ethics and New Directions)
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ABSTRACT
The Syrian conflict has led to a mass migration of Syrians to other countries
and exposed them to many possible traumatic events and stressors in their
country of origin and in the resettlement process. The possibility of positive
psychological effects of adverse life events is less documented among Syrian
refugees. Thus, the current study aimed to develop preliminary evidence for the
identifying factors: traumatic experiences, post-migration stressors and coping
strategies that are associated with post-traumatic growth (PTG) of Syrian
refugees residing in Turkey. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used in the
current study to assess the associations among these factors. Data were obtained
from Syrian refugees residing in the governorates of Hatay and Mardin. A total
of 528 Syrians, aged between 18–77 years (M = 35.60, SD = 11.65) participated in
this cross-sectional study. Results from the SEM indicated that past traumatic
experiences and post-migration stressors were indirectly related to PTG. The
results from the current study provide support for that the association between
refugees’ traumatic experiences, post-migration stressors and PTG appear to be
explained through the presence of coping strategies which could be addressed in
the psychotherapies and psychosocial interventions for refugees to promote
positive psychological change. Future studies should address the effects of
post-migration stressors on PTG in detail.
Keywords:
post-traumatic growth; refugees; coping; post-migration stressors; Syrian
conflict
1. INTRODUCTION
According to United Nations High Commission on Refugees (UNCHR), there were 80
million forcibly displaced people worldwide in mid-2020, including 26.3 million
refugees. The majority of refugees under the UNCHR mandatory come from the
Syrian Arab Republic. Turkey hosts the largest number of registered refugees,
with currently 3.6 million Syrian people affected by war, persecution, and armed
conflicts [1].
The Syrian civil war exposed refugees to various possible traumatic events and
stressors in their countries of origin, during flight and resettlement. Previous
studies showed that most Syrian refugees have experienced several traumatic
events such as witnessing the death of family members or friends, torture, and
physical or sexual assaults in their country of origin [2,3]. During the flight,
refugees could have additional overwhelming experiences such as walking on
dangerous roads, traveling with unsafe boats, physical and sexual violence,
infectious diseases, insufficient medical help, food, and clean water, and/or
ending up in refugee camps [4,5,6,7]. Finally, the resettlement process has
various difficulties which could be examined in three main areas, such as
socio-economic, social/cultural, and refugee policies. Many struggles with
finding employment, meeting basic needs such as food, shelter, healthcare, and
education are often occurring during the resettlement process. Due to traumatic
experiences and post-displacement related difficulties, they suffered from
several psychological problems such as depression, anxiety, and trauma-related
stress symptoms [8,9,10,11,12]. Despite the negative consequences of traumatic
events, some refugees also report the subjective experience of positive
psychological changes in response to highly stressful events, referred to as
post-traumatic growth [3,13,14,15].
Post-traumatic growth (PTG) is defined as “positive psychological change
experienced as a result of the struggle with highly challenging life
circumstances” by Tedeschi and Calhoun [16] (p. 6). Positive changes can be
identified: (1) improved closeness in relationships, (2) awareness of new
possibilities in life (3) a sense of increasing personal strength, (4) positive
spiritual change, and (5) increased appreciation of life. These psychological
changes have been observed among several populations such as refugees and
immigrants [17,18,19,20], civilians exposed to terrorism [21], survivors of
interpersonal violence, and war veterans [22,23]. Limited literature has
investigated PTG among Syrian refugees [14,24,25], and even less research has
focused on the pathways of experiencing positive changes among them.
According to the PTG model of Tedeschi and Calhoun [16], a traumatic event that
severely challenges and shatters the individual’s assumptions and beliefs about
the world does not directly cause growth, but the emotional struggle following
trauma is crucial for PTG to be experienced [16]. The association between trauma
types and psychological growth was unexplained by this model. On the other hand,
previous studies reported that trauma characteristics such as trauma types,
number of traumatic events, and severity affect the level of PTG [26,27,28]. For
instance, interpersonal negative events such as rape and torture were related to
less growth [2] compared with non-interpersonal events such as natural disasters
and accidents [29]. However, several studies showed that regardless of trauma
characteristics, people might experience a similar level of PTG [30,31]. In
addition to trauma type, previous studies indicated that people with multiple
trauma exposure across their lifespan have reported more PTG [32,33]. As the
abovementioned studies stated that refugees have encountered multiple traumatic
events across their life span, it might be concluded that multiple trauma
experiences were positively associated with PTG among refugees [18,34,35]. These
findings might be explained by the severity of trauma that influences the
emotional struggle to facilitate PTG. Previous studies reported that there was a
positive correlation between PTG and the severity of exposure to past traumatic
experiences [17,18,32,33]. Further, a study by Hussain and Bhushan [18] revealed
that higher exposure to past traumatic experiences was positively associated
with PTG among Tibetan refugees. In this regard, the dose–response relationship
which posits an association between event magnitude and the clinical outcome
could explain to which extent individuals experience growth following different
and multiple traumas.
Post-migration difficulties could be seen as another type of trauma that leads
to multiple social and emotional loss [36]. Despite being closely related, there
is a growing consensus that post-migration difficulties and past traumatic
experiences are conceptually distinct constructs [12,37] such that
post-migration difficulties refer to the potential stressors subjectively
experienced by refugees during the resettlement process [37]. On that ground,
researchers have utilized these two constructs as separate entities in their
models (e.g., [12,38,39]). Aligned with this conceptualization, we also used
these two constructs as distinct variables. Limited studies have focused on the
association between post-migration stressors such as acculturation problems,
unemployment, social isolation, discrimination, and post-traumatic growth.
Teoderescu et al. [3] reported that there was a moderate negative association
between post-migration stressors and the level of PTG. On the other hand, in
line with the dose–response relationship hypothesis, post-migration stressors
might lead to accumulating stress level and, thereby, the high severity of
trauma with cumulative nature might be positively associated with PTG among
refugees [22,31]. Therefore, the resettlement process might have an effect on
positive psychological change and growth. The controversial association between
post-migration stressors and PTG could be explained by psychosocial factors such
as coping strategies [40,41]. However, there has been a paucity of research
focusing on growth among refugees who have been exposed to post-migration
difficulties. As Lindencrone and colleagues [3] stated, comprehensive models
that aim to identify potential risk and protective factors for refugees’ mental
health must account for the post-migration difficulties. Therefore, in this
current study, we will examine whether post-migration stressors positively or
negatively contribute to growth via coping strategies.
Coping has been described as cognitive and behavioral efforts to handle external
and/or internal demands that are deemed to be taxing or exceeding the person’s
resources [42] (p. 141). Various classifications of people’s ways of coping
exists in the literature, and they have been organized into higher-order
categories (e.g., primary vs. secondary) [42]. In this sense, a widely used and
accepted categorization of coping styles are problem-focused coping (dealing
directly with stressor to remove it, e.g., planning), emotion-focused coping
(dealing with the associated feeling distress by stressor, e.g., acceptance),
and maladaptive coping styles (less useful, e.g., denial, substance abuse) [43].
Although problem-focused and emotion-focused coping strategies seem to have a
similar vein in terms of adaptive ways of coping, previous studies showed that
these two coping strategies have different functional ways and underlying
mechanisms to handle stress [41,42]. Problem-focused coping focuses on actively
addressing the problem itself, whereas the emotion-focused coping focuses on
responses to emotions associated with the problem [44]. Further, researchers in
coping literature posit that problem-focused coping strategies are more adaptive
for the controllable situation, while emotion-focused coping strategies are more
adaptive in uncontrollable situations [45,46]. On that ground, researchers have
utilized these two constructs as separate entities in their models (e.g.,
[47,48]). Aligned with this conceptualization, we also used these two constructs
as distinct variables. Adaptive and maladaptive coping strategies could be
triggered by stressful life experiences and lead to how an event is perceived
and responded to; thereby, these strategies might mediate the association
between traumatic events and their outcomes [49]. In a similar vein, trauma and
coping are considered to be related, and several studies indicated that trauma
might diminish the capacity to cope with stressful life events [37] and increase
the use of maladaptive coping strategies [50]; thereby, those coping strategies
might be indirectly associated with trauma outcomes [18]. Furthermore, one of
the previous studies reported that there is a negative correlation between past
traumatic experiences and maladaptive and also adaptive coping strategies such
as those that are problem-focused and emotion-focused [47]. Contrary to this
finding, some studies indicated that traumatic experiences were positively
associated with the use of emotion and problem-focused coping strategies
[18,51]. Therefore, it is possible to conclude that the literature about the
relationship between different coping strategies and past traumatic experiences
is in part controversial.
In the Tedeschi and Calhoun model of PTG, coping is important to manage
overwhelming emotions that arise from exposure to traumatic experiences, and it
was found to be an important predictor of PTG [16]. Previous studies showed that
problem-focused coping is positively correlated with PTG [27,41], as it can
trigger rebuilding of assumptions of self, relations, and spiritual beliefs, and
reflect the effort of reducing distress. Even though emotion-focused coping
strategies could lead to focus on the negative side of traumatic experiences
[52,53], emotional processing could facilitate meaning-making after negative
life events [53]. Studies have shown that emotion-focused coping might enhance
people’s understanding of the event; in turn, people might experience more
growth [54]. On the other hand, avoidant coping (avoidance from related
stressors or emotions) might be maladaptive in the long term and could be an
obstacle for healing [55], but some studies have revealed that avoidant coping
is positively related to PTG [56]. Thus, avoidant coping might play a role in
the illusory coping process in PTG [57]. Further, acceptance coping was found to
be positively correlated with PTG [58] while some studies reported no
association between acceptance and PTG [53]. Although different coping
strategies are significantly related to PTG, controversy remains about which
coping style is more conducive to PTG. Researchers have emphasized that coping
might be flexible across situations, and thereby ineffective strategies could
change in response to particular life events [59]. Therefore, which coping
strategies are used may depend on trauma characteristics and having a
determinative role on the degree of PTG development.
Among different groups of refugees, past traumatic experiences and
post-migration stressors might influence the use of coping strategies which, in
turn, might have an effect on PTG [18,60]. A study by Hussain and Bhushan [18]
found that cognitive coping strategies including positive refocusing, refocus on
planning, putting into perspective, and catastrophizing partially mediated the
relationship between past traumatic experiences and PTG among Tibetan refugees.
Nevertheless, there are few studies linking coping and PTG among Syrian refugees
after exposure to traumatic experiences. For instance, a study by Ersahin [24]
found that problem-focused coping enhanced PTG, but maladaptive coping such as
denial and behavioral disengagement negatively predicted PTG in Syrian refugees.
To our knowledge, there has been no study examining the mediator role of coping
strategies in the association between past traumatic experiences, post-migration
stressors, and PTG among Syrian refugees.
So far, most of the research on PTG among the refugee population has focused on
whether positive change occurs or not, rather than the pathways of PTG. There
was contradictory evidence regarding the association between multiple trauma
exposure and PTG and how this association could be explained by third variables
such as coping strategies. Therefore, more empirical evidence in the refugee
population is highly demanded to identify certain coping styles to enhance PTG.
To address these gaps in the literature and provide preliminary evidence for the
pathways of PTG, in this current study we aimed to assess the relationship
between multiple trauma exposure and post-migration stressors and PTG among
Syrian refugees in Turkey through the possible mediating role of coping
strategies. In line with our aim, we proposed the following hypotheses:
* Post-traumatic growth would be positively associated with past traumatic
experiences, but negatively associated with post-migration stressors.
* Coping strategies would mediate the association between multiple past
traumatic experiences and PTG such that past traumatic experiences would be
associated with higher use of problem-focused and emotion-focused coping
strategies which would predict higher PTG and higher use of maladaptive
coping strategies which would predict lower PTG.
* Coping strategies would mediate the association between post-migration
stressors and PTG such that post-migration stressors would be associated with
lower use of problem-focused and emotion-focused and higher use of
maladaptive coping strategies which would predict lower PTG.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1. PARTICIPANTS AND PROCEDURE
The participants in this study were 528 Syrian refugees, of whom 249 were male
(47.2%) and 275 were female (52.1%) with an age range from 18 to 77 years (M =
35.60, SD = 11.65). Data were collected from Hatay and Mardin, the two main
Turkish governorates in which Syrian refugees are densely settled near the
Turkish Syrian border. Refugees who were under the age of 18, nonnative Arabic
speakers and those currently having severe mental disabilities were excluded
from the study. We conducted a cross-sectional study which was approved by the
ethical committee of Istanbul Sehir University (Institutional Review Board
Protocol 25/09). The data collection process took place between December 2019
and February 2020. We used snowballing or chain referral sampling techniques,
which are recommended for difficult-to-reach populations [61]. Participants were
recruited through a network of Syrian volunteers working at refugee health
centers (e.g., doctors and interpreters) and their friends in the cities of
Hatay and Mardin. Researchers asked potential participants about their
availability for the interviews which took place in the private rooms of a
physic and primary health center. Interviews were carried out by native
Arabic-speaking interviewers who were informed about the procedures of the
study, privacy and safety of participants and also measurement tools by
researchers who are experienced in the Clinical Psychology domain. The purpose
of the study and its procedure were explained verbally to the participants, and
prior to participating they provided their verbal and written consent. After
providing informed consent, refugees were interviewed in the Syrian dialects of
Arabic for 25–30 min. Refugees did not receive any incentives for their
participation in this study.
2.2. MEASUREMENTS
2.2.1. PAST TRAUMATIC EXPERIENCES
Potential past traumatic experiences were assessed with the Life Event Check
List for DSM-5 (LEC-5) [62]. This questionnaire is a self-report 17 item list
which uses five answer categories, ranging from “It happened to me” to “not
relevant”. Other studies found that LEC has acceptable reliability and
variability [63]. There was no standardized scoring for LEC-5, since this
questionnaire is aimed at screening potential traumatic events in the whole
lifespan. In Sezgin and Punamaki’s [64] article, they decided the scoring as 4 =
happening to me, 3 = witnessing, 2 = learning, and 1 = not relevant, in order to
assess trauma severity. We averaged items to create target subscales where
higher scores displayed greater severity of trauma exposure. As a result of the
Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), there were three subtypes of traumatic
experiences, which are Natural disasters and accident, Interpersonal violence,
and Life-threatening events and war. In this study, we decided to use this
specific scoring system and subscales in order to assess the severity of
different types of traumatic experiences. Since the Arabic adaptation of the
LEC-5 was unavailable, we translated it into Arabic and then back-translation
was conducted. We utilized the Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) to test the
originally structured three dimensions of past traumatic experiences—Natural
disaster and accident, Interpersonal violence, and Life-threatening Events and
War—with the current sample. The model fit the data well, χ2 (106) = 351.366 p <
0.001 CFI = 0.92, RMSEA = 0.06 (90% CI = 0.059 ~ 0.075). All the items were
significantly loaded to the latent factors. Standardized loadings ranged from
0.34 to 0.71, indicating acceptable loading values. We allowed two item
residuals covary in the CFA model as it was conceptually meaningful (conveyed
similar meanings) and statistically improved the model fit. We used this
higher-order latent factor in the structural equation model. Internal
consistency (Cronbach’s Alpha) values were 0.79 for natural disasters and
accidents, 0.82 for interpersonal violence, and 0.71 for life-threatening and
war, in this current study.
2.2.2. POST-TRAUMATIC GROWTH
The Arabic version of the Post-Traumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI) [65] was used
to measure positive changes resulting from traumatic events. The 21-item
self-report questionnaire consists of four subscales which are the sense of
change and appreciation of life, new opportunities, self-reliance, and ability
to express emotion scoring on a 6 point Likert ranging from 0 = “I did not
experience this change as a result of my crisis” to 5 = “I experienced this
change to a very great degree as a result of my crisis”. We averaged items to
create target subscales where higher scores showed higher levels of PTG. Arabic
version of the PTGI scale had acceptable internal consistency with Cronbach
alpha of 0.94. Recent studies indicated some inconsistency about factor
structure as opposed to the five-factor solution found in the original version
of the scale. In this sense, some studies suggested that three-factor solutions
are more suitable for the conflict-affected population [66]. Therefore, we
utilized three-factor structures which were: relating to others, spiritual
change, and changes in self. Internal consistency (Cronbach’s Alpha) values were
0.84 for relating to others, 0.90 for changes in self, and 0.78 for spiritual
change, in this current study.
2.2.3. COPING STRATEGIES
The 53-item Arabic version of the Coping Scale (COPE) [48] was used to assess
responses of participants to stressful life events on a four-point scale ranging
from 1 (I usually do not do this at all) to 4 (I usually do this a lot). The
original COPE scale [43] included 14 subscales consisting of only two items
each. However, the Arabic version of the COPE included three-factor solutions
which were problem-focused coping (namely active coping, planning, suppression
of competing activities, restraint coping, seeking of instrumental social
support), emotion-focused coping (namely seeking of emotional social support,
positive reinterpretation, acceptance, turning to religion) and maladaptive
coping (namely denial, behavioral and mental disengagement, disengagement by
using alcohol or drugs). We averaged items to create target subscales where
higher scores indicated higher levels of construct. Arabic version of the COPE
had an acceptable internal consistency value with 0.85 for problem-focused
coping, 0.82 for emotion-focused coping, and 0.72 for maladaptive coping. In the
current study, we found that internal consistency (Cronbach’s Alpha) values were
0.93 for problem-focused coping, 0.88 for emotion-focused coping, and 0.87 for
maladaptive coping.
2.2.4. POST-MIGRATION STRESSORS
The Arabic version of the Post-migration Living Difficulties Scale (PMLD) [12]
was used to assess the extent to which post-migration challenges had been a
problem for the refugees over the past 12 months. This 17-item scale is rated on
a 5-point scale (0 = not a problem to 4 = very serious problem). We averaged
items to create a target subscale where higher scores indicated a higher
severity of post-migration difficulties. The Arabic version of PMLD included
only one subscale, which was integration difficulties consisting of 11
indicators. Those indicators encapsulated the communication difficulties,
difficulties with work, worries about not receiving medical treatment, economic
problems, difficulties finding housing, social isolation, and discrimination
[67]. Cronbach’s alpha value was 0.72 for this subscale in the original study.
In the current study, we found that the internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha)
value was 0.76 for integration problems.
2.3. STATISTICAL ANALYSES
Analyses were conducted by using the SPSS 23.0 program (IBM SPSS Statistics for
Windows, version 23.0; IBM: Armonk, NY, USA, 2015) [68] and the Mplus 8.4,
(Muthén & Muthén M plus program for Windows, version 8.4; Muthén & Muthén: Los
Angeles, CA, USA, 2019) [69] program. We tested normality assumptions for each
construct by using skewness (|3|) and kurtosis (|8|) criteria [70]. Little’s
test of missing completely at random (MCAR), χ2 (24101) = 26,572, p < 0.001.,
suggested that data were missing not completely at random. We accounted for
missing data by using a full information maximum likelihood estimation with
robust standard errors (FIML) to prevent sample size reduction and subsequent
loss of statistical power [71]. We presented standardized coefficients in the
structural equation models to report effects sizes [72]. We also tested
multivariate outliers by calculating a Mahalanobis distance value χ2 (128) =
183,186 p < 0.001, which led removal of 12 participants, the remaining 528
participants were used in further analyses.
We followed a two-step approach in our analyses: first, we tested a measurement
model to create predetermined latent variables of post-traumatic growth,
post-migration stressors, and traumatic experiences. Coping strategies have
predetermined three observed variables: problem-focused, emotion-focused and
maladaptive. Although post-migration distress consisted of a single observed
indicator, we employed an external measurement reliability approach to account
for measurement error for the structured variable in the model [73,74]. We used
the reliability coefficient to specify error variance in the factor loading
(i.e., θε = Var (1-ρ_(y)) = 0.796 (1–0.72) = 0.23, [73]). Second, we tested the
structural model. We utilized top-down model building where we included all
possible covariates in the model and then removed the non-significant ones as
one at a time by considering the model fit improvement [73]. In each model, age,
sex, and length of stay in Turkey were considered as covariates since previous
studies concluded that those variables might have an effect on an individual’s
experience of traumatic events [47], post-migration stressors [75], and also PTG
[76]. In the mediation models, we tested the significance of the indirect
effects by using the bootstrapping technique (1000 resampling) with 95%
confidence intervals [77]. Following this, model fit indices were used to test
model accuracy: comparative fit index (CFI) > 0.90, root mean square error of
approximation (RMSEA) < 0.08, and standardized root mean square residual (SRMR)
< 0.08 [70,78].
3. RESULTS
3.1. PRELIMINARY ANALYSES
As shown in Table 1, results from the bivariate correlation analyses (Pearson’s
Correlation) showed participant’s age weakly negatively associated with PTG in
self (r = −0.13) and relation (r = −0.08) but showed no association with other
demographic variables. PTG in all domains, which are change in self, spiritual,
and relation, were found to be significantly–moderately positively correlated
with both problem-solving (r = 0.46; 0.46; 0.41) and emotion-focused coping
style (r = 0.36; 0.35; 0.42), respectively. Maladaptive coping styles were
positively associated with integration problems (r = 0.23). Additionally,
integration problems were significantly positively correlated with PTG such as
change in self (r = 0.08), relation with others (r = 0.21), and spiritual change
(r = 0.12). While natural disasters and accidents were positively correlated
with PTG in all domains, war exposure and life-threatening events were only
significantly correlated with PTG in self and spirituality. Interpersonal
violence was also significantly and positively related with only PTG in
relation. See Table S1 (Supplementary Material) for complete descriptive
statistics and bivariate correlations among study variables.
Table 1. Descriptive statistics and bivariate correlations among study
variables.
3.2. DIRECT AND INDIRECT ASSOCIATIONS
Results from the measurement model showed an acceptable fit to the data, χ2 (12,
n = 528) = 66,522 p < 0.05, RMSEA = 0.093, CFI = 0.96, SRMR = 0.03. Standardized
loading values across latent factors ranged from 0.70 to 0.94, indicating
acceptable loadings. Overall, results from the measurement model indicated that
the theoretically predetermined latent factors could be used for a further
structural model.
The final structural model fit the data well, χ2 (43, n = 510) = 213.231, p <
0.001), CFI = 0.92, RMSEA = 0.08 (90% CI: 0.07–0.10), SRMR = 0.05. As shown in
Figure 1, there was a direct effect from traumatic experiences to
problem-focused coping (ƴ = 0.23, p < 0.001) and emotion-focused coping (ƴ=
0.17, p < 0.001). In addition, there was the only a significant direct effect
from post migration difficulties to maladaptive coping (ƴ = 0.26, p < 0.001).
Furthermore, there was a direct effect from problem-focused coping (β= 0.39, p <
0.001), emotion-focused coping (β= 0.16, p < 0.001) and maladaptive coping (β=
−0.12, p < 0.001) to PTG. We found a direct effect of post-migration
difficulties (ƴ = 0.17), but no direct effect of past traumatic experiences on
PTG. The predictors (traumatic experiences, post-migration stressors, and coping
strategies) explained 31% of the variance in PTG. The predictors (traumatic
experiences, post-migration stressors) explained 5% of the variance in
problem-focused, 3% of the variance in emotion focused and 8% of the variance in
the maladaptive coping strategies.
Figure 1. Structural equation model of PTG. Standardized coefficients are
presented. Non-significant paths were shown with dotted lines. Natural_dis =
Natural disaster and accident, Int_Violence = Interpersonal violence,
War_LifeThreat = Life-threatening Events-War, Integration_Prob = Integration
problems, Problemfocus= Problem-focused coping, Emotionfocus= Emotion-focused
coping, Maladaptive= Maladaptive coping, PTG = Post-traumatic growth.
We tested the mediating role of coping strategies in the associations between
past traumatic experiences, post-migration difficulties, and PTG. Mediation
results have shown that the association between past traumatic experiences and
PTG was significantly mediated by problem-focused coping (β = 0.12, (95% CI:
0.06–0.20)), and emotion-coping strategies (β = 0.03, (95% CI: 0.01–0.08)).
Higher traumatic experiences predicted a higher use of problem-focused and
emotion-focused coping strategies, and, in turn, higher use of problem-focused,
and emotion-focused coping strategies associated with a higher level of PTG.
Furthermore, maladaptive coping strategies significantly mediated the
association between post-migration difficulties and PTG (β = −0.03, (95% CI:
−0.07–0.01)). Higher post-migration difficulties predicted a higher level of
maladaptive coping strategies, and, in turn, higher levels of maladaptive coping
strategies associated with a lower level of PTG. See Figure S1 (Supplementary
Material) for significant paths in the tested model.
4. DISCUSSION
This current study proposed to provide preliminary evidence for the model of
PTG, which includes past traumatic experiences, post-migration stressors, and
coping strategies among Syrian refugees in Turkey. We assumed that past
traumatic experiences and post-migration difficulties would be associated with
post-traumatic growth. The relationship between conflict and post-migration
related experiences and post-traumatic growth would be mediated by coping
strategies. We further postulated that past traumatic experiences would be
associated with a higher use of problem and emotion-focused and lower use of
maladaptive coping strategies, which would predict higher PTG. Furthermore,
post-migration stressors would be associated with a lower use of problem and
emotion-focused and higher use of maladaptive coping strategies which would
predict lower PTG.
4.1. TRAUMATIC EXPERIENCES, POST-MIGRATION STRESSORS AND POST-TRAUMATIC GROWTH
Our results partially confirm the hypothesis concerning the relationship of
trauma experiences as well as post-migratory stress and post-traumatic growth.
Even though we found that PTG was significantly correlated with different
traumatic experiences, in contrast to our expectation and prior literature, we
did not find a significant direct effect of past traumatic experiences on PTG
regarding the dose–response relationship in our model. These findings might be
related to the severity of traumatic experiences due to the fact that the Syrian
refugees in our sample were found to be exposed to low levels of past traumatic
experiences. Since, as Tedeschi and Calhoun [16] stated, a significant level of
trauma is necessary to trigger individual schemas and assumptions which in turn
results in positive change. In addition, previous research has reported that
refugees who have experienced higher levels of conflict-related traumatic events
have reported higher PTG levels [17,18,32,33]. Contrary to our expectations and
the literature, post-migration stressors were shown to be positively associated
with PTG. Therefore, these findings illustrate that post-migration difficulties
might lead to cumulative stress in refugees and, thus, higher stress levels
might be related to higher PTG among refugees due to the dose–response
relationship [22,31]. Further, discrepancies between the current findings and
previous research could be in part due to differences in the nature of samples;
therefore, further research is warranted to explore these discrepancies.
In our sample, the mean PTG score was 2.83, which could be considered as a
moderate level of PTG [3,14]. Studies with Syrian refugees living in Turkey
reported similar levels of PTG [24,25]. This finding is in line with literature
indicating that Syrian refugees report some level of the subjective experience
of positive psychological changes as a result of highly stressful life events.
As the abovementioned studies stated that trauma characteristics are an
important predictor of PTG, interestingly our findings showed different results
regarding the association between trauma characteristics and PTG. In line with
previous studies, our findings indicated the positive association between
natural disaster trauma and PTG in all domains [2]. On the other hand, war
exposure and life-threatening events were only significantly associated with PTG
in self and spirituality. A study by Kira and colleagues [31] reported that
while war and life-threatening events were positively associated with internal
self-growth and spiritual growth, there was no association between interpersonal
traumas and PTG. However, the current study reported that interpersonal violence
was also significantly and positively related to only the relation domain of
PTG. In this sense, other studies indicated that people who had experienced
exposure to sexual abuse and violence reported a positive change in their
interpersonal relationships [79,80]. These findings might be related to
individual’s increased awareness of who they can build a safe and emotionally
close relationship with after traumatic events [81] (p. 12). Even though we did
not have any postulation regarding trauma characteristics, our results have
revealed that multiply traumatized individuals might have either an impediment
or benefit effect for PTG. Therefore, a better understanding of trauma profiles
can help to design specific targeted interventions with the identification of
potential post-traumatic strengths among refugees [31].
Although we did not have any postulation regarding antecedents of trauma
severity among Syrian refugees, we found that the mean of trauma severity ranged
1.62 to 1.97, which could be considered a relatively modest level of trauma
among Syrian refugees living in Turkey. However, previous studies reported high
rates of traumatic experiences among Syrian refugees [47,82]. These findings
might be explained due to the length of stay in the host country, because time
elapsed since displacement might undermine the level of trauma exposure with the
decay of the stress response [11]. In our study, the average length of stay in
Turkey was 5.5 years, which was a relatively longer duration compared to
previous studies with Syrian refugees [83]. In addition, we found a negative
correlation between traumatic experiences and the duration of stay in Turkey.
Further, our sampling method might be another reason to recruit refugees who
were exposed to relatively modest trauma. Since we did not test the relationship
between trauma severity and other variables, we only speculate possible reasons
to explain our sample’s modest level of trauma exposure.
The current study went further to investigate indirect relationships between
past traumatic experiences, post-migration stressors, and PTG. Since traumatic
experiences themselves do not result in growth, it is important to identify
underlying mechanisms that indirectly link past traumatic experiences and
post-migration stressors to positive change.
4.2. COPING STRATEGIES AS A MEDIATOR BETWEEN TRAUMATIC EXPERIENCES,
POST-MIGRATION STRESSORS AND, POST-TRAUMATIC GROWTH
Current results partially supported the hypothesis regarding the mediator role
of coping strategies between traumatic experiences and PTG among Syrian
refugees. Consistent with other studies, both multiple traumatic experiences and
coping were involved directly or indirectly in positive psychological change
[18,30]. It is possible to conclude that multiple traumatic experiences might
trigger an individual’s certain coping strategies, which determine how an event
is perceived and consequently mediates the relationship between trauma and its
outcomes [18,59]. In this study, refugees who were exposed to past traumatic
experiences were more likely to use higher problem-focused and emotion focused
coping strategies and this, in turn, predicts high levels of PTG. In line with
the abovementioned studies, past traumatic experiences might catalyze the use of
emotion-focused and problem-focused coping strategies [18,51]. Further, these
catalyzed emotion-focused, and problem-focused coping strategies may promote
PTG. Moreover, these findings are consistent with other studies which have
reported problem-focused and emotion-focused coping strategies are more
conductive for PTG [18,27,41,60]. It is possible that active coping, focusing on
the problem, and managing distress after exposure to traumatic events could
promote the experience of post-traumatic growth. Interestingly, we did not find
a mediator role of maladaptive coping strategy (i.e., avoidance, denial) in the
relationship between past traumatic experiences and PTG. However, a study by
Brooks and colleagues [30] revealed that the relationship between multiple
traumatic experiences and PTG is explained by avoidance coping among refugees.
From that point, the Transactional Model by Lazarus et al. [42,84] could explain
the possible reasons for inconsistent findings among refugee studies. According
to this model, coping strategies might change based on the demands of specific
stressful events in the course of time and thereby, the distinction of adaptive
and maladaptive nature of coping strategies might differ due to conflict-related
experiences. Moreover, culture is an important factor to determine coping
strategies as adaptive or maladaptive [85]. Even though we have conceptualized
avoidance and denial coping strategies as maladaptive coping strategies, in our
sample, those strategies might have been adaptive considering the effect of
culture.
Our hypotheses regarding the role of coping strategies in the relationship
between post-migration stressors and PTG were partially supported. We found that
post-migration stressors have positively predicted the use of maladaptive coping
strategies among Syrian refugees and this, in turn, predicted low levels of PTG.
In this sense, social adaptation problems, discrimination, and unemployment
might lead to higher cumulative stress, which later depletes adaptive coping
resources and triggered maladaptive coping strategies in refugees [47,67,86].
Further, these triggered maladaptive coping strategies may undermine PTG. In
line with prior findings, maladaptive coping strategies such as denial and
avoidance might have a negative effect on PTG in the refugee sample [76]. On the
other hand, we could not find the mediating roles of problem-focused and
emotion-focused coping in the relationship between post-migration stressors and
PTG. This finding might be explained with the higher level of stressors which
might deplete refugee’s effective coping resources such as problem-focused and
emotion-focused coping strategies [87]. Furthermore, as we have mentioned above,
the beneficial effects of coping strategies are moderated by culture [85] and
problem and emotion-focused coping strategies might be less effective in the
post-migratory situation of Syrian refugees with resettlement difficulties.
Thus, studies regarding PTG, and coping should take into account cultural
factors. To our knowledge, there is no study that examines the mediator role of
coping in the relationship between post-migration stressors and PTG in the
literature. Therefore, further studies are needed to understand this
relationship.
Considering the cross-sectional nature of the current study, correlational
results could be interpreted the other way around too, which is that refugees’
traumatic experiences and post-migration difficulties may evoke conflictual
relationships with their coping strategies. Consistent with Stress Generation
Theory [88], previous research showed that coping strategy might also influence
risk for subsequent trauma [89], such that adaptive coping strategies predicted
a decrease in subsequent trauma exposure [90] whereas maladaptive coping
strategies may render people more vulnerable to trauma exposure [91]. Within the
refugee population, it is possible to conclude that refugee’s pre-coping
strategies might have a determinative role on subsequent trauma exposure. From
this perspective, although the current study did not have different time points
to investigate concurrent and longitudinal associations between past traumatic
experiences, post-migration difficulties, and coping strategies, one could
consider that past traumatic experiences, post-migration difficulties and coping
strategies may have a bidirectional relationship. Further, post-traumatic growth
and coping strategies may have a bidirectional relationship too. Previous
studies indicated that post-traumatic growth might promote individuals to learn
and adapt to new and more adaptive ways of coping in order to meet the
psychological demands of traumatic experiences [90].
4.3. LIMITATIONS
While the findings of the current study provide us with further underlying
mechanisms of PTG in refugee populations, it has several limitations. First, the
cross-sectional nature of the study is prohibiting causal interpretations.
Thereby, longitudinal studies warrant distinguishing the course and
bidirectional nature of PTG [92]. We used a non-random sampling approach to
reach people and our sample included only Syrian refugees with temporary
protection status living in Hatay and Mardin. Consequently, our findings are not
generalizable to those living in different regions and without temporary
protection status. Furthermore, our sample was exposed to a low level of
traumatic experiences, and we did not utilize any screening tool for the anxiety
and depression of the participants. Our purpose was to understand our findings
from the perspectives of the general community of refugees; thus, we may also
yield different results for refugee samples who have higher stress and poorer
mental health. Our measure of traumatic experiences is the LEC questionnaire
that has not been adapted and validated among the Syrian refugee population.
Finally, self-report measures were implemented in the assessment of PTG, which
may be limited in measuring growth without potential errors such as self-report
biases, cognitive biases, and recollection distortions due to the retrospective
nature of PTG [3]. Further, cognitive indicators of PTG such as rumination and
perceived control were unmeasured. Those indicators are important determinants
in the theoretical model of PTG [26] and also in previous studies [30,93].
Therefore, further studies may include the cognitive processes to complete a
clear picture of PTG in Syrian refugees.
5. CONCLUSIONS
This study investigated how refugees’ past traumatic experiences and current
resettlement related stressors are associated with PTG and identified the
mediation of coping strategies in PTG. Findings showed that coping strategies
had a determinative role on PTG in Syrian refugees and, thereby, it is essential
to develop psychosocial and psychotherapy interventions to enhance coping
resources for refugees after conflict-related traumatic events. Based on our
findings, those interventions should be aimed to promote problem-focused and
emotion-focused coping resources and to diminish the use of maladaptive coping
among Syrian refugees. In addition, novel approaches dealing with coping such as
neuroeducation/neurodidactics [94] might help refugees to learn the adaptive
ways of coping to handle multiple stressors, especially for the increased stress
of the COVID-19 pandemic and confinement [95]. Therefore, future studies should
be taken into account for the aspect of the COVID-19 pandemic and novel
approaches for the coping strategies in refugee mental health. Further,
post-migration stressors were found to be important indicators of refugee mental
health. Thus, future studies should explore the role of post-migration stressors
on PTG in refugees.
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS
The following are available online at
https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/ijerph18168829/s1, Figure S1: Structural
equation model of PTG., Table S1: Descriptive statistics and bivariate
correlations among study variables.
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
Conceptualization, B.A., C.A., Y.E. and İ.H.A.; methodology, B.A., İ.H.A. and
Y.E.; software, B.A., İ.H.A.; validation, B.A., İ.H.A.; formal analysis, B.A.
and İ.H.A.; investigation, B.A., O.A.A. and O.F.; resources, B.A., O.F.; data
curation, B.A., İ.H.A.; writing—original draft preparation, B.A.; writing—review
and editing, B.A., İ.H.A., O.A.A., O.F., Y.E. and C.A.; visualization, B.A.;
supervision, C.A.; project administration, C.A. and B.A. All authors have read
and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
FUNDING
This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the
public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
INSTITUTIONAL REVIEW BOARD STATEMENT
The study was approved by the ethical review board of the Istanbul Sehir
University (protocol n. 25/09, 25 September 2019).
INFORMED CONSENT STATEMENT
Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.
DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are
available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This study was partially supported by the Ozyegin University through funding
provided to the first author. The authors wish to thank data collectors for
their assistance in data collection. We also thank Zeynep Busra Yumuk for her
contribution in data entry.
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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Figure 1. Structural equation model of PTG. Standardized coefficients are
presented. Non-significant paths were shown with dotted lines. Natural_dis =
Natural disaster and accident, Int_Violence = Interpersonal violence,
War_LifeThreat = Life-threatening Events-War, Integration_Prob = Integration
problems, Problemfocus= Problem-focused coping, Emotionfocus= Emotion-focused
coping, Maladaptive= Maladaptive coping, PTG = Post-traumatic growth.
Table 1. Descriptive statistics and bivariate correlations among study
variables.
Variable123456789101112131. PTG-self- 2. PTG-spiritual0.84 **- 3.
PTG-relation0.66 **0.62 **- 4. Natural_dis0.14 **0.19 **0.13 **- 5.
Int_Violence0.020.040.12 **0.62 **- 6. War_lifethreat0.13 **0.19 **0.080.71
**0.57 **- 7. Integration prob0.08 *0.21 **0.12 **0.22 **0.19 **0.17 **- 8.
Problemfocus0.46 **0.46 **0.41 **0.21 **0.16 **0.22 **0.04- 9. Emotionfocus0.36
**0.35 **0.42 **0.17 **0.12 **0.15 **0.030.70 **- 10. Maladaptive0.010.020.20
**0.16 **0.19 **0.050.23 **0.17 **0.27 **- 11. Age−0.13 **−0.08
*0.020.020.060.020.04−0.010.06−0.04- 12. LOS 0.01−0.080.07−0.14 **−0.03−0.15
**−0.040.00.020.00.08 *- 13. Sex (1:F 2:M) 0.070.00.12 **−0.12 **−0.17
**−0.080.00.00.01−0.04−0.20 **−0.09 *-n528528528528528528528528528528525515
M3.053.052.391.971.621.931.782.973.012.1935.665.98
SD1.141.111.160.680.670.750.890.610.50.6411.6524.04
Range0–50–50–51–41–41–40–41–41–41–418–772–144
Skewness0.02−0.47−0.430.511.120.440.16−0.47−0.580.070.83−0.154
Kurtosis−0.66−0.23−0.47−0.240.98−0.77−0.440.110.69−0.760.27−0.118
Note. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.001. PTG = Post-traumatic growth, Natural_dis =
Natural disaster and accident, Int_Violence = Interpersonal violence,
War_LifeThreat = Life-threatening Events-War, Integration Prob = Integration
problems, Problemfocus= Problem-focused coping, Emotionfocus= Emotion-focused
coping, Maladaptive= Maladaptive coping, LOS = Length of stay, F= Female, M=
Male.
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Acar, B.; Acar, İ.H.; Alhiraki, O.A.; Fahham, O.; Erim, Y.; Acarturk, C. The
Role of Coping Strategies in Post-Traumatic Growth among Syrian Refugees: A
Structural Equation Model. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 8829.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168829
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Acar B, Acar İH, Alhiraki OA, Fahham O, Erim Y, Acarturk C. The Role of Coping
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Acar, B.; Acar, İ.H.; Alhiraki, O.A.; Fahham, O.; Erim, Y.; Acarturk, C. The
Role of Coping Strategies in Post-Traumatic Growth among Syrian Refugees: A
Structural Equation Model. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 8829.
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Acar B, Acar İH, Alhiraki OA, Fahham O, Erim Y, Acarturk C. The Role of Coping
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18(16):8829. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168829
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