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FAQ 7.1 | HOW CAN INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE AND LOCAL KNOWLEDGE INFORM LAND-BASED
MITIGATION AND ADAPTATION OPTIONS?

Your search for indigenous found 56 results.

FAQ 7.1 HOW CAN INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE AND LOCAL KNOWLEDGE INFORM LAND-BASED
MITIGATION AND ADAPTATION OPTIONS?

How can indigenous knowledge and local knowledge inform land-based mitigation
and adaptation options?

View

CCB 13 INDIGENOUS AND LOCAL KNOWLEDGE (ILK)

… Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC 2014b, p. 26) states that
‘Indigenous, local, and traditional knowledge systems and practices, including
indigenous peoples’ holistic view of community and environment, are a major
resource for adapting to climate change, but these have not …

View

CHAPTER 5 : FOOD SECURITY5.7 ENABLING CONDITIONS AND KNOWLEDGE GAPS5.7.4
MOBILISING KNOWLEDGE

5.7.4.1INDIGENOUS AND LOCAL KNOWLEDGE

Recent discourse has a strong orientation towards scaling-up innovation and
adoption by local farmers. However, autonomous adaptation, indigenous knowledge
and local knowledge are both important for agricultural adaptation (Biggs et
al.2013)(Section5.3).These involve the promotion of farmer participation …

View in report

BOX 5.3 CLIMATE CHANGE AND INDIGENOUS FOOD SYSTEMS IN THE HINDU-KUSH HIMALAYAN
REGION

Climate change and indigenous food systems in the Hindu-Kush Himalayan Region

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CHAPTER 4 : LAND DEGRADATION4.8 ADDRESSING LAND DEGRADATION IN THE CONTEXT OF
CLIMATE CHANGE

4.8.2LOCAL AND INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE FOR ADDRESSING LAND DEGRADATION

Local and indigenous knowledge for addressing land degradation

View in report

CHAPTER 7 : RISK MANAGEMENT AND DECISION MAKING IN RELATION TO SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT7.6 GOVERNANCE: GOVERNING THE LAND–CLIMATE INTERFACE

7.6.5LAND TENURE

… difficult to assess properly due to poor reporting, lack of legal recognition,
and lack of access to reporting systems by indigenous and rural peoples (Rights
and Resources Initiative 2018a). Around 521 million ha of forest land is
estimated to be …

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CHAPTER 7 : RISK MANAGEMENT AND DECISION MAKING IN RELATION TO SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT7.6 GOVERNANCE: GOVERNING THE LAND–CLIMATE INTERFACE

7.6.4PARTICIPATION

… and Swanson (2017) found little evidence that framing impacted on the
perceived importance of climate change. Recognition and use of indigenous and
local knowledge (ILK) is an important element of participatory approaches of
various kinds. ILK can be used in decision-making …

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CHAPTER 7 : RISK MANAGEMENT AND DECISION MAKING IN RELATION TO SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT7.6 GOVERNANCE: GOVERNING THE LAND–CLIMATE INTERFACE

7.6.2INTEGRATION – LEVELS, MODES AND SCALE OF GOVERNANCE FOR SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT

… and protracted events of food insecurity might occur. There is a distinction
between ‘hunger months’ and longer-term food insecurity. Some indigenous
practices already incorporate hunger months whereas structural food deficits
have to be addressed differently (Bacon et al. 2014). Governance …

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CHAPTER 7 : RISK MANAGEMENT AND DECISION MAKING IN RELATION TO SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT7.6 GOVERNANCE: GOVERNING THE LAND–CLIMATE INTERFACE

7.6.1INSTITUTIONS BUILDING ADAPTIVE AND MITIGATIVE CAPACITY

… anticipatory planning by considering a longer-term time frame. Mechanisms to
do so include ecological stewardship, and rituals and beliefs of indigenous
societies that sustain ES. Institutions that decide on pathways to realise
system change through cultural, inter and intra organisational collaboration, …

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CHAPTER 7 : RISK MANAGEMENT AND DECISION MAKING IN RELATION TO SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT7.5 DECISION-MAKING FOR CLIMATE CHANGE AND LAND7.5.1 FORMAL AND
INFORMAL DECISION-MAKING

7.5.1.1FORMAL DECISION MAKING

… and interdisciplinary methods and approaches (Jones et al. 2014).
Consequently, this broader range of approaches may capture informal and
indigenous knowledge, improving the participation of

View in report

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   * Authors
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   * Headline Statements
   * Technical Summary
   * Cite Report
   * Frequently Asked Questions
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SPM
Chapter TS
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter A-I
Chapter A-II
Chapter A-III
Chapter A-IV
Chapter A-V

SUMMARY FOR POLICYMAKERS

View chapter
 * 
   1Introduction
 * 
   APeople, land and climate in a warming world
 * 
   BAdaptation and mitigation response options
 * 
   CEnabling response options
 * 
   DAction in the near-term
 * 
   +Acknowledgements
 * 
   +Citation
 * 
   +SPM in UN Languages

TECHNICAL SUMMARY

View chapter


FRAMING AND CONTEXT

View chapter
 * 
   ESExecutive Summary
 * 
   1.1Introduction and scope of the report
   * 
     1.1.1Objectives and scope of the assessment
   * 
     1.1.2Status and dynamics of the (global) land system
     * 
       1.1.2.11.1.2.1 Land ecosystems and climate change
     * 
       1.1.2.2Current patterns of land use and land cover
     * 
       1.1.2.3Past and ongoing trends
 * 
   1.2Key challenges related to land use change
   * 
     1.2.1Land system change, land degradation, desertification and food
     security
     * 
       1.2.1.1Future trends in the global land system
     * 
       1.2.1.2Land degradation
     * 
       1.2.1.3 Desertification
     * 
       1.2.1.4Food security, food systems and linkages to land-based ecosystems
     * 
       1.2.1.5Challenges arising from land governance
   * 
     1.2.2Progress in dealing with uncertainties in assessing land processes in
     the climate system
     * 
       1.2.2.1Concepts related to risk, uncertainty and confidence
     * 
       1.2.2.2Nature and scope of uncertainties related to land use
     * 
       1.2.2.3Uncertainties in decision-making
 * 
   1.3Response options to the key challenges
   * 
     1.3.1Targeted decarbonisation relying on large land-area need
   * 
     1.3.2Land management
     * 
       1.3.2.1Agricultural, forest and soil management
   * 
     1.3.3Value chain management
     * 
       1.3.3.1Supply management
     * 
       1.3.3.2Demand management
   * 
     1.3.4Risk management
   * 
     1.3.5Economics of land-based mitigation pathways: Costs versus benefits of
     early action under uncertainty
   * 
     1.3.6Adaptation measures and scope for co-benefits with mitigation
 * 
   1.4Enabling the response
   * 
     1.4.1Governance to enable the response
   * 
     1.4.2Gender agency as a critical factor in climate and land sustainability
     outcomes
   * 
     1.4.3Policy instruments
     * 
       1.4.3.1Legal and regulatory instruments
     * 
       1.4.3.2Economic and financial instruments
     * 
       1.4.3.3Rights-based instruments and customary norms
     * 
       1.4.3.4Social and cultural norms
 * 
   1.5The interdisciplinary nature of the SRCCL

LAND–CLIMATE INTERACTIONS

View chapter
 * 
   ESExecutive Summary
 * 
   2.1Introduction: Land–climate interactions
   * 
     2.1.1Recap of previous IPCC and other relevant reports as baselines
   * 
     2.1.2Introduction to the chapter structure
 * 
   2.2The effect of climate variability and change on land
   * 
     2.2.1Overview of climate impacts on land
     * 
       2.2.1.1Climate drivers of land form and function
     * 
       2.2.1.2Changes in global land surface air temperature
   * 
     2.2.2Climate-driven changes in aridity
   * 
     2.2.3The influence of climate change on food security
   * 
     2.2.4Climate-driven changes in terrestrial ecosystems
   * 
     2.2.5Climate extremes and their impact on land functioning
     * 
       2.2.5.1Changes in extreme temperatures, heatwaves and drought
     * 
       2.2.5.2Impacts of heat extremes and drought on land
     * 
       2.2.5.3Changes in heavy precipitation
     * 
       2.2.5.4Impacts of precipitation extremes on different land cover types
 * 
   2.3Greenhouse gas fluxes between land and atmosphere
   * 
     2.3.1Carbon dioxide
     * 
       2.3.1.1The total net flux of CO2 between land and atmosphere
     * 
       2.3.1.2 Separation of the total net land flux into AFOLU fluxes and the
       land sink
     * 
       2.3.1.3Gross emissions and removals contributing to AFOLU emissions
     * 
       2.3.1.4Gross emissions and removals contributing to the non-anthropogenic
       land sink
     * 
       2.3.1.5Potential impact of mitigation on atmospheric CO2 concentrations
   * 
     2.3.2Methane
     * 
       2.3.2.1Atmospheric trends
     * 
       2.3.2.2Land use effects
   * 
     2.3.3Nitrous oxide
     * 
       2.3.3.1Atmospheric trends
     * 
       2.3.3.2 Land use effects
 * 
   2.4Emissions and impacts of short-lived climate forcers (SLCF) from land
   * 
     2.4.1Mineral dust
     * 
       2.4.1.1Mineral dust as a short-lived climate forcer from land
     * 
       2.4.1.2Effects of past climate change on dust emissions and feedbacks
     * 
       2.4.1.3Future changes of dust emissions
   * 
     2.4.2Carbonaceous aerosols
     * 
       2.4.2.1Carbonaceous aerosol precursors of short-lived climate forcers
       from land
     * 
       2.4.2.2 Effects of past climate change on carbonaceous aerosols emissions
       and feedbacks
     * 
       2.4.2.3Future changes of carbonaceous aerosol emissions
   * 
     2.4.3Biogenic volatile organic compounds
     * 
       2.4.3.1BVOC precursors of short-lived climate forcers from land
     * 
       2.4.3.2Historical changes of BVOCs and contribution to climate change
     * 
       2.4.3.3Future changes of BVOCs
 * 
   2.5Land impacts on climate and weather through biophysical and GHG effects
   * 
     2.5.1Impacts of historical and future anthropogenic land cover changes
     * 
       2.5.1.1 Impacts of global historical land cover changes on climate
     * 
       2.5.1.2Impacts of future global land cover changes on climate
   * 
     2.5.2 Impacts of specific land use changes
     * 
       2.5.2.1Impacts of deforestation and forestation
     * 
       2.5.2.2Impacts of changes in land management
   * 
     2.5.3Amplifying/dampening climate changes via land responses
     * 
       2.5.3.1Effects of changes in land cover and productivity resulting from
       global warming
     * 
       2.5.3.2Feedbacks to climate from high-latitude land-surface changes
     * 
       2.5.3.3Feedbacks related to changes in soil moisture resulting from
       global warming
   * 
     2.5.4Non-local and downwind effects resulting from changes in land cover
 * 
   2.6 Climate consequences of response options
   * 
     2.6.1Climate impacts of individual response options
     * 
       2.6.1.1Land management in agriculture
     * 
       2.6.1.2Land management in forests
     * 
       2.6.1.3Land management of soils
     * 
       2.6.1.4Land management in other ecosystems
     * 
       2.6.1.5Bioenergy and bioenergy with carbon capture and storage
     * 
       2.6.1.6Enhanced weathering
     * 
       2.6.1.7Demand management in the food sector (diet change, waste
       reduction)
   * 
     2.6.2Integrated pathways for climate change mitigation
   * 
     2.6.3The contribution of response options to the Paris Agreement
 * 
   2.7Plant and soil processes underlying land–climate interactions
   * 
     2.7.1Temperature responses of plant and ecosystem production
   * 
     2.7.2Water transport through soil-plant-atmosphere continuum and drought
     mortality
   * 
     2.7.3Soil microbial effects on soil nutrient dynamics and plant responses
     to elevated CO2
   * 
     2.7.4Vertical distribution of soil organic carbon
   * 
     2.7.5Soil carbon responses to warming and changes in soil moisture
   * 
     2.7.6Soil carbon responses to changes in organic matter inputs by plants

DESERTIFICATION

View chapter
 * 
   ESExecutive Summary
 * 
   3.1The nature of desertification
   * 
     3.1.1Introduction
   * 
     3.1.2Desertification in previous IPCC and related reports
   * 
     3.1.3Dryland populations: Vulnerability and resilience
   * 
     3.1.4Processes and drivers of desertification under climate change
     * 
       3.1.4.1Processes of desertification and their climatic drivers
     * 
       3.1.4.2Anthropogenic drivers of desertification under climate change
     * 
       3.1.4.3Interaction of drivers: Desertification syndrome versus drylands
       development paradigm
 * 
   3.2Observations of desertification
   * 
     3.2.1Status and trends of desertification
     * 
       3.2.1.1Global scale
     * 
       3.2.1.2Regional scale
   * 
     3.2.2Attribution of desertification
 * 
   3.3Desertification feedbacks to climate
   * 
     3.3.1Sand and dust aerosols
     * 
       3.3.1.1Off-site feedbacks
   * 
     3.3.2Changes in surface albedo
   * 
     3.3.3Changes in vegetation and greenhouse gas fluxes
 * 
   3.4Desertification impacts on natural and socio-economic systems under
   climate change
   * 
     3.4.1Impacts on natural and managed ecosystems
     * 
       3.4.1.1Impacts on ecosystems and their services in drylands
     * 
       3.4.1.2Impacts on biodiversity: Plant and wildlife
   * 
     3.4.2Impacts on socio-economic systems
     * 
       3.4.2.1Impacts on poverty
     * 
       3.4.2.2Impacts on food and nutritional insecurity
     * 
       3.4.2.3Impacts on human health through dust storms
     * 
       3.4.2.4Impacts on gender equality
     * 
       3.4.2.5Impacts on water scarcity and use
     * 
       3.4.2.6Impacts on energy infrastructure through dust storms
     * 
       3.4.2.7Impacts on transport infrastructure through dust storms and sand
       movement
     * 
       3.4.2.8Impacts on conflicts
     * 
       3.4.2.9Impacts on migration
     * 
       3.4.2.10Impacts on pastoral communities
 * 
   3.5Future projections
   * 
     3.5.1Future projections of desertification
     * 
       3.5.1.1Future vulnerability and risk of desertification
   * 
     3.5.2Future projections of impacts
 * 
   3.6Responses to desertification under climate change
   * 
     3.6.1SLM technologies and practices: On-the-ground actions
     * 
       3.6.1.1Integrated crop–soil–water management
     * 
       3.6.1.2Grazing and fire management in drylands
     * 
       3.6.1.3Clearance of bush encroachment
     * 
       3.6.1.4Combating sand and dust storms through sand dune stabilisation
     * 
       3.6.1.5Use of halophytes for the re-vegetation of saline lands
   * 
     3.6.2Socio-economic responses
     * 
       3.6.2.1Socio-economic responses for combating desertification under
       climate change
     * 
       3.6.2.2Socio-economic responses for economic diversification
   * 
     3.6.3Policy responses
     * 
       3.6.3.1Policy responses towards combating desertification under climate
       change
     * 
       3.6.3.2Policy responses supporting economic diversification
   * 
     3.6.4Limits to adaptation, maladaptation, and barriers for mitigation
 * 
   3.7Hotspots and case studies
   * 
     3.7.1Climate change and soil erosion
     * 
       3.7.1.1Soil erosion under changing climate in drylands
     * 
       3.7.1.2No-till practices for reducing soil erosion in central Chile
     * 
       3.7.1.3Combating wind erosion and deflation in Turkey: The greening
       desert of Karapınar
     * 
       3.7.1.4Soil erosion in Central Asia under changing climate
   * 
     3.7.2Green walls and green dams
     * 
       3.7.2.1The experiences of combating desertification in China
     * 
       3.7.2.2The Green Dam in Algeria
     * 
       3.7.2.3The Great Green Wall of the Sahara and the Sahel Initiative
   * 
     3.7.3Invasive plant species
     * 
       3.7.3.1Introduction
     * 
       3.7.3.2Ethiopia
     * 
       3.7.3.3Mexico
     * 
       3.7.3.4United States of America
     * 
       3.7.3.5Pakistan
   * 
     3.7.4Oases in hyper-arid areas in the Arabian Peninsula and northern Africa
   * 
     3.7.5Integrated watershed management
     * 
       3.7.5.1Jordan
     * 
       3.7.5.2India
     * 
       3.7.5.3Limpopo River Basin
 * 
   3.8Knowledge gaps and key uncertainties

LAND DEGRADATION

View chapter
 * 
   ESExecutive Summary
 * 
   4.1Introduction
   * 
     4.1.1Scope of the chapter
   * 
     4.1.2Perspectives of land degradation
   * 
     4.1.3Definition of land degradation
   * 
     4.1.4Land degradation in previous IPCC reports
   * 
     4.1.5Sustainable land management (SLM) and sustainable forest management
     (SFM)
   * 
     4.1.6The human dimension of land degradation and forest degradation
 * 
   4.2Land degradation in the context of climate change
   * 
     4.2.1Processes of land degradation
     * 
       4.2.1.1Types of land degradation processes
     * 
       4.2.1.2Land degradation processes and climate change
   * 
     4.2.2Drivers of land degradation
   * 
     4.2.3Attribution in the case of land degradation
     * 
       4.2.3.1Direct linkages with climate change
     * 
       4.2.3.2Indirect and complex linkages with climate change
   * 
     4.2.4Approaches to assessing land degradation
 * 
   4.3Status and current trends of land degradation
   * 
     4.3.1Land degradation
   * 
     4.3.2Forest degradation
 * 
   4.4Projections of land degradation in a changing climate
   * 
     4.4.1Direct impacts on land degradation
     * 
       4.4.1.1Changes in water erosion risk due to precipitation changes
     * 
       4.4.1.2Climate-induced vegetation changes, implications for land
       degradation
     * 
       4.4.1.3Coastal erosion
   * 
     4.4.2Indirect impacts on land degradation
 * 
   4.5Impacts of bioenergy and technologies for CO2 removal (CDR) on land
   degradation
   * 
     4.5.1Potential scale of bioenergy and land-based CDR
   * 
     4.5.2Risks of land degradation from expansion of bioenergy and land-based
     CDR
   * 
     4.5.3Potential contributions of land-based CDR to reducing and reversing
     land degradation
   * 
     4.5.4Traditional biomass provision and land degradation
 * 
   4.6Impacts of land degradation on climate
   * 
     4.6.1Impact on greenhouse gases (GHGs)
   * 
     4.6.2Physical impacts
 * 
   4.7Impacts of climate-related land degradation on poverty and livelihoods
   * 
     4.7.1Relationships between land degradation, climate change and poverty
   * 
     4.7.2Impacts of climate-related land degradation on food security
   * 
     4.7.3Impacts of climate-related land degradation on migration and conflict
 * 
   4.84.8 Addressing land degradation in the context of climate change
   * 
     4.8.14.8.1 Actions on the ground to address land degradation
     * 
       4.8.1.14.8.1.1 Agronomic and soil management measures
     * 
       4.8.1.2Mechanical soil and water conservation
     * 
       4.8.1.3Agroforestry
     * 
       4.8.1.4Crop–livestock interaction as an approach to managing land
       degradation
   * 
     4.8.2Local and indigenous knowledge for addressing land degradation
   * 
     4.8.3Reducing deforestation and forest degradation and increasing
     afforestation
   * 
     4.8.4Sustainable forest management (SFM) and CO2 removal (CDR) technologies
   * 
     4.8.5Policy responses to land degradation
     * 
       4.8.5.1Limits to adaptation
   * 
     4.8.6Resilience and thresholds
   * 
     4.8.7Barriers to implementation of sustainable land management (SLM)
 * 
   4.9Case studies
   * 
     4.9.1Urban green infrastructure
   * 
     4.9.2Perennial grains and soil organic carbon (SOC)
   * 
     4.9.3Reversing land degradation through reforestation
     * 
       4.9.3.1South Korea case study on reforestation success
     * 
       4.9.3.2China case study on reforestation success
   * 
     4.9.4Degradation and management of peat soils
   * 
     4.9.5Biochar
     * 
       4.9.5.1Role of biochar in climate change mitigation
     * 
       4.9.5.2Role of biochar in management of land degradation
   * 
     4.9.6Management of land degradation induced by tropical cyclones
     * 
       4.9.6.1Management of coastal wetlands
   * 
     4.9.7Saltwater intrusion
   * 
     4.9.8Avoiding coastal maladaptation
 * 
   4.10Knowledge gaps and key uncertainties

FOOD SECURITY

View chapter
 * 
   ESExecutive Summary
 * 
   5.1Framing and context
   * 
     5.1.1Food security and insecurity, the food system and climate change
     * 
       5.1.1.1Food security as an outcome of the food system
     * 
       5.1.1.2Effects of climate change on food security
   * 
     5.1.2Status of the food system, food insecurity and malnourishment
     * 
       5.1.2.1Trends in the global food system
     * 
       5.1.2.2Food insecurity status and trends
   * 
     5.1.3Climate change, gender and equity
   * 
     5.1.4Food systems in AR5, SR15, and the Paris Agreement
     * 
       5.1.4.1Food systems in AR5 and SR15
     * 
       5.1.4.2Food systems and the Paris Agreement
     * 
       5.1.4.3Charting the future of food security
 * 
   5.2Impacts of climate change on food systems
   * 
     5.2.1Climate drivers important to food security
     * 
       5.2.1.1Short-lived climate pollutants
   * 
     5.2.2Climate change impacts on food availability
     * 
       5.2.2.1Impacts on crop production
     * 
       5.2.2.2Impacts on livestock production systems
     * 
       5.2.2.3Impacts on pests and diseases
     * 
       5.2.2.4Impacts on pollinators
     * 
       5.2.2.5Impacts on aquaculture
     * 
       5.2.2.6Impacts on smallholder farming systems
   * 
     5.2.3Climate change impacts on access
     * 
       5.2.3.1Impacts on prices and risk of hunger
     * 
       5.2.3.2Impacts on land use
   * 
     5.2.4Climate change impacts on food utilisation
     * 
       5.2.4.1Impacts on food safety and human health
     * 
       5.2.4.2Impacts on food quality
   * 
     5.2.5Climate change impacts on food stability
     * 
       5.2.5.1Impacts of extreme events
     * 
       5.2.5.2Food aid
 * 
   5.3Adaptation options, challenges and opportunities
   * 
     5.3.1Challenges and opportunities
   * 
     5.3.2Adaptation framing and key concepts
     * 
       5.3.2.1Autonomous, incremental, and transformational adaptation
     * 
       5.3.2.2Risk management
     * 
       5.3.2.3Role of agroecology and diversification
     * 
       5.3.2.4Role of cultural values
   * 
     5.3.3Supply-side adaptation
     * 
       5.3.3.1Crop production
     * 
       5.3.3.2Livestock production systems
     * 
       5.3.3.3Aquaculture, fisheries, and agriculture interactions
     * 
       5.3.3.4Transport and storage
     * 
       5.3.3.5Trade and processing
   * 
     5.3.4Demand-side adaptation
   * 
     5.3.5Institutional measures
     * 
       5.3.5.1Global initiatives
     * 
       5.3.5.2National policies
     * 
       5.3.5.3Community-based adaptation
   * 
     5.3.6Tools and finance
     * 
       5.3.6.1Early warning systems
     * 
       5.3.6.2Financial resources
 * 
   5.4Impacts of food systems on climate change
   * 
     5.4.1Greenhouse gas emissions from food systems
   * 
     5.4.2Greenhouse gas emissions from croplands and soils
   * 
     5.4.3Greenhouse gas emissions from livestock
   * 
     5.4.4Greenhouse gas emissions from aquaculture
   * 
     5.4.55.4.5 Greenhouse gas emissions from inputs, processing, storage and
     transport
   * 
     5.4.6Greenhouse gas emissions associated with different diets
 * 
   5.5Mitigation options, challenges and opportunities
   * 
     5.5.1Supply-side mitigation options
     * 
       5.5.1.1Greenhouse gas mitigation in croplands and soils
     * 
       5.5.1.2Greenhouse gas mitigation in livestock systems
     * 
       5.5.1.3Greenhouse gas mitigation in agroforestry
     * 
       5.5.1.4Integrated approaches to crop and livestock mitigation
     * 
       5.5.1.5Greenhouse gas mitigation in aquaculture
     * 
       5.5.1.6Cellular agriculture
   * 
     5.5.2Demand-side mitigation options
     * 
       5.5.2.1Mitigation potential of different diets
     * 
       5.5.2.2Role of dietary preferences
     * 
       5.5.2.3Uncertainties in demand-side mitigation potential
     * 
       5.5.2.4Insect-based diets
     * 
       5.5.2.5Food loss and waste, food security, and land use
     * 
       5.5.2.6Shortening supply chains
 * 
   5.6Mitigation, adaptation, food security and land use: Synergies, trade-offs
   and co-benefits
   * 
     5.6.1Land-based carbon dioxide removal (CDR) and bioenergy
   * 
     5.6.2Mitigation, food prices, and food security
   * 
     5.6.3Environmental and health effects of adopting healthy and sustainable
     diets
     * 
       5.6.3.1Can dietary shifts provide significant benefits?
   * 
     5.6.4Sustainable integrated agricultural systems
     * 
       5.6.4.1Agroecology
     * 
       5.6.4.2Climate-smart agriculture
     * 
       5.6.4.3Conservation agriculture
     * 
       5.6.4.4Sustainable intensification
   * 
     5.6.5Role of urban agriculture
   * 
     5.6.6Links to the Sustainable Development Goals
 * 
   5.7Enabling conditions and knowledge gaps
   * 
     5.7.1Enabling policy environments
     * 
       5.7.1.1Agriculture and trade policy
     * 
       5.7.1.2Scope for expanded policies
     * 
       5.7.1.3Health-related policies and cost savings
     * 
       5.7.1.4Multiple policy pathways
   * 
     5.7.2Enablers for changing markets and trade
     * 
       5.7.2.1Capital markets
     * 
       5.7.2.2Insurance and re-insurance
   * 
     5.7.3Just Transitions to sustainability
   * 
     5.7.4Mobilising knowledge
     * 
       5.7.4.1Indigenous and local knowledge
     * 
       5.7.4.2 Citizen science
     * 
       5.7.4.3Capacity building and education
   * 
     5.7.5Knowledge gaps and key research areas
     * 
       5.7.5.1Impacts and adaptation
     * 
       5.7.5.2Emissions and mitigation
     * 
       5.7.5.3Synergies and trade-offs
 * 
   5.8Future challenges to food security
   * 
     5.8.1Food price spikes
   * 
     5.8.2Migration and conflict
     * 
       5.8.2.1Migration
     * 
       5.8.2.2Conflict
 * 
   SMSupplementary Material

INTERLINKAGES BETWEEN DESERTIFICATION, LAND DEGRADATION, FOOD SECURITY AND GHG
FLUXES: SYNERGIES, TRADE-OFFS AND INTEGRATED RESPONSE OPTIONS

View chapter
 * 
   ESExecutive Summary
 * 
   6.1Introduction
   * 
     6.1.1Context of this chapter
   * 
     6.1.2Framing social challenges and acknowledging enabling factors
     * 
       6.1.2.1Enabling conditions
   * 
     6.1.3Challenges and response options in current and historical
     interventions
   * 
     6.1.4Challenges represented in future scenarios
 * 
   6.2Response options, co-benefits and adverse side effects across the land
   challenges
   * 
     6.2.1Integrated response options based on land management
     * 
       6.2.1.1Integrated response options based on land management in
       agriculture
     * 
       6.2.1.2Integrated response options based on land management in forests
     * 
       6.2.1.3Integrated response options based on land management of soils
     * 
       6.2.1.4Integrated response options based on land management of all/other
       ecosystems
     * 
       6.2.1.5Integrated response options based on land management specifically
       for carbon dioxide removal (CDR)
   * 
     6.2.2Integrated response options based on value chain management
     * 
       6.2.2.1Integrated response options based on value chain management
       through demand management
     * 
       6.2.2.2Integrated response options based on value chain management
       through supply management
   * 
     6.2.3Integrated response options based on risk management
     * 
       6.2.3.1Risk management options
 * 
   6.3Potentials for addressing the land challenges
   * 
     6.3.1Potential of the integrated response options for delivering mitigation
     * 
       6.3.1.1Integrated response options based on land management
     * 
       6.3.1.2Integrated response options based on value chain management
     * 
       6.3.1.3Integrated response options based on risk management
   * 
     6.3.2Potential of the integrated response options for delivering adaptation
     * 
       6.3.2.1Integrated response options based on land management
     * 
       6.3.2.2Integrated response options based on value chain management
     * 
       6.3.2.3Integrated response options based on risk management
   * 
     6.3.3Potential of the integrated response options for addressing
     desertification
     * 
       6.3.3.1Integrated response options based on land management
     * 
       6.3.3.2Integrated response options based on value chain management
     * 
       6.3.3.3Integrated response options based on risk management
   * 
     6.3.4Potential of the integrated response options for addressing land
     degradation
     * 
       6.3.4.1Integrated response options based on land management
     * 
       6.3.4.2Integrated response options based on value chain management
     * 
       6.3.4.3Integrated response options based on risk management
   * 
     6.3.5Potential of the integrated response options for addressing food
     security
     * 
       6.3.5.1Integrated response options based on land management
     * 
       6.3.5.2Integrated response options based on value chain management
     * 
       6.3.5.3Integrated response options based on risk management
   * 
     6.3.6Summarising the potential of the integrated response options across
     mitigation, adaptation, desertification land degradation and food security
 * 
   6.4 Managing interactions and interlinkages
   * 
     6.4.1Feasibility of the integrated response options with respect to costs,
     barriers, saturation and reversibility
   * 
     6.4.2Sensitivity of the integrated response options to climate change
     impacts
   * 
     6.4.3Impacts of integrated response options on Nature’s Contributions to
     People (NCP) and the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
     * 
       6.4.3.2Impacts of integrated response options on the UNSDGs
     * 
       6.4.3.1Impacts of integrated response options on NCP
   * 
     6.4.4Opportunities for implementing integrated response options
     * 
       6.4.4.1Where can the response options be applied?
     * 
       6.4.4.2Interlinkages and response options in future scenarios
     * 
       6.4.4.3Resolving challenges in response option implementation
   * 
     6.4.5Potential consequences of delayed action
 * 
   SMSupplementary Material

RISK MANAGEMENT AND DECISION MAKING IN RELATION TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

View chapter
 * 
   ESExecutive summary
 * 
   7.1Introduction and relation to other chapters
   * 
     7.1.1Findings of previous IPCC assessments and reports
   * 
     7.1.2Treatment of key terms in the chapter
   * 
     7.1.3Roadmap to the chapter
 * 
   7.2Climate-related risks for land-based human systems and ecosystems
   * 
     7.2.1Assessing risk
   * 
     7.2.2Risks to land systems arising from climate change
     * 
       7.2.2.1Crop yield in low latitudes
     * 
       7.2.2.2Food supply instability
     * 
       7.2.2.3Soil erosion
     * 
       7.2.2.4Dryland water scarcity
     * 
       7.2.2.5Vegetation degradation
     * 
       7.2.2.6Fire damage
     * 
       7.2.2.7Permafrost
     * 
       7.2.2.8Risks of desertification, land degradation and food insecurity
       under different Future Development Pathways
   * 
     7.2.3Risks arising from responses to climate change
     * 
       7.2.3.1Risk associated with land-based adaptation
     * 
       7.2.3.2Risk associated with land-based mitigation
   * 
     7.2.4Risks arising from hazard, exposure and vulnerability
 * 
   7.3Consequences of climate – land change for human well-being and sustainable
   development
   * 
     7.3.1What is at stake for food security?
   * 
     7.3.2Risks to where and how people live: Livelihood systems and migration
   * 
     7.3.3Risks to humans from disrupted ecosystems and species
   * 
     7.3.4Risks to communities and infrastructure
     * 
       7.3.4.1Windows of opportunity
 * 
   7.4Policy instruments for land and climate
   * 
     7.4.1Multi-level policy instruments
   * 
     7.4.2Policies for food security and social protection
     * 
       7.4.2.1Policies to ensure availability, access, utilisation and stability
       of food
     * 
       7.4.2.2Policies to secure social protection
   * 
     7.4.3Policies responding to climate-related extremes
     * 
       7.4.3.1Risk management instruments
     * 
       7.4.3.2Drought-related risk minimising instruments
     * 
       7.4.3.3 Fire-related risk minimising instruments
     * 
       7.4.3.4Flood-related risk minimising instruments
   * 
     7.4.4Policies responding to greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes
     * 
       7.4.4.1GHG fluxes and climate change mitigation
     * 
       7.4.4.2Mitigation instruments
     * 
       7.4.4.3Market-based instruments
     * 
       7.4.4.4Technology transfer and land-use sectors
     * 
       7.4.4.5International cooperation under the Paris Agreement
   * 
     7.4.5Policies responding to desertification and degradation – Land
     Degradation Neutrality (LDN)
   * 
     7.4.6Policies responding to land degradation
     * 
       7.4.6.1Land-use zoning
     * 
       7.4.6.2Conserving biodiversity and ecosystem services (ES)
     * 
       7.4.6.3Standards and certification for sustainability of biomass and
       land-use sectors
     * 
       7.4.6.4Energy access and biomass use
   * 
     7.4.7Economic and financial instruments for adaptation, mitigation, and
     land
     * 
       7.4.7.1Financing mechanisms for land mitigation and adaptation
     * 
       7.4.7.2Instruments to manage the financial impacts of climate and land
       change disruption
     * 
       7.4.7.3 Innovative financing approaches for transition to low-carbon
       economies
   * 
     7.4.8Enabling effective policy instruments – policy portfolio coherence
   * 
     7.4.9Barriers to implementing policy responses
     * 
       7.4.9.1Barriers to adaptation
     * 
       7.4.9.2Barriers to land-based climate mitigation
     * 
       7.4.9.3Inequality
     * 
       7.4.9.4Corruption and elite capture
     * 
       7.4.9.5Overcoming barriers
 * 
   7.5 Decision-making for climate change and land
   * 
     7.5.1Formal and informal decision-making
     * 
       7.5.1.1Formal Decision Making
     * 
       7.5.1.2Informal decision-making
   * 
     7.5.2 Decision-making, timing, risk, and uncertainty
     * 
       7.5.2.1Problem structuring
     * 
       7.5.2.2Decision-making tools
     * 
       7.5.2.3Cost and timing of action
   * 
     7.5.3Best practices of decision-making toward sustainable land management
     (SLM)
   * 
     7.5.4Adaptive management
   * 
     7.5.5Performance indicators
   * 
     7.5.6Maximising synergies and minimising trade-offs
     * 
       7.5.6.1Trade-offs and synergies between ecosystem services (ES)
     * 
       7.5.6.2Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): Synergies and trade-offs
     * 
       7.5.6.3Forests and agriculture
     * 
       7.5.6.4Water, food and aquatic ecosystem services (ES)
     * 
       7.5.6.5Considering synergies and trade-offs to avoid maladaptation
 * 
   7.6Governance: Governing the land–climate interface
   * 
     7.6.1Institutions building adaptive and mitigative capacity
   * 
     7.6.2Integration – Levels, modes and scale of governance for sustainable
     development
   * 
     7.6.3Adaptive climate governance responding to uncertainty
   * 
     7.6.4Participation
   * 
     7.6.5Land tenure
   * 
     7.6.6Institutional dimensions of adaptive governance
   * 
     7.6.7Inclusive governance for sustainable development
 * 
   7.7 Key uncertainties and knowledge gaps
 * 
   SMSupplementary Material

ANNEX-I GLOSSARY

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ANNEX-II ACRONYMS

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ANNEX-III CONTRIBUTORS

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ANNEX-IV REVIEWERS

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ANNEX-V INDEX

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