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Time Dilated Spacetime Energy Release or TDSER

The moment you started reading this was real. Everything real in our universe
was created 13.8 billion years ago in the big bang. So where has it been?

TDSER is a radical new theory of space and time, which answers this question. It
uses established physics to explain what time, dark energy and dark matter
really are.

Main article  At a glance 


TIME DILATED SPACETIME ENERGY RELEASE.... AN OVERVIEW


TIME DILATED SPACETIME ENERGY RELEASE

THE MOMENT IN TIME, WHEN YOU STARTED READING THIS WAS REAL. EVERYTHING REAL IN
OUR UNIVERSE WAS CREATED 13.8 BILLION YEARS AGO IN THE BIG BANG. SO WHERE HAS IT
BEEN?

Interesting question, but after some thought, a physicist might reject it
altogether and answer along the lines of: “No, the dimension of time was created
in the big bang and that moment was just the latest point, on this axis of
time.”

There is a problem however, that moment of time was something real, it had
consequences. It wasn’t just a number or coordinate on an infinite axis of time.
Real things exist in or move through dimensions and interact with other real
things. We do. That moment happened, then it was gone, so it to was dynamic. Its
fleeting presence allowed interaction, cause to move to effect, so therefore it
was something real. Besides, I know it was real, because I have physical
evidence - memories of that moment are now preserved in the neurons of your
brain.

Everything real was ultimately created in the big bang. The atoms in our body,
the radiation, energy and forces which make up everything. Everything real
exists at a moment we call now. It may have changed through innumerable
cause-and-effect interactions, as it travelled through the 3 spatial dimensions
and time to get there, but the big bang was its ultimate origin. We know of
nothing else capable of creating even a single moment of time since that event.
 We also have an almost unbroken breadcrumb trail of evidence. Evidence of
billions on billions of past moments of time, preserved in the light arriving
from early stars and galaxies.

Another common explanation is that time is just an inherent property of
spacetime, possibly caused by its expansion. But each moment of time is unique,
it existed and had unique consequences. Properties like attraction of oppositely
charged particles are universal, the always apply, they are consistent and
repeatable. That moment of time was unique. It will never happen again. It is
not simply a property. It interacted with the force of attraction and the 2
charged particles to allow them to move together, in the way they did, in that
instant. A unique event, a moment never to be repeated.

That moment was real and had travelled here like the photon of first light, that
joined the party when you started reading. A photon which travelled through
billions of years of other moments of time and through the vast spatial
dimensions of space and to get here, finally arriving at that precise moment. Or
the carbon atoms forged in a long-exploded star, in the neurons that changed
because of that moment. That moment of time was real, dynamic, discrete and
unique. It interacted with the things in our universe to allow cause to move to
effect. Without this interaction, nothing would have happened. Like everything
real, it was ultimately created in the big bang, where the spacetime framework
was established everywhere and yet that moment has only just arrived, travelling
along a temporal axis.

So, on that basis, the question still stands, where has it been? If the universe
was created everywhere, it didn’t have ‘far’ to travel, yet it only just arrived
and then left in an instant.

I ask you to keep an open mind. If you do, the answer to this question, leads
logically to a paradigm shift on spacetime thinking. One that offers a
compelling fit with the universe we observe around us. It doesn’t change the
nature or properties of spacetime and uses only established physics. Yet once
all the pieces fall into place, it explains where our moment has been, why time
is dynamic then disappears, why you can’t travel faster than the speed of light.
Why the universe expands without dilution of its properties. Why there was a
one-off hot big bang and provides a new constraint that forced the preferential
formation of matter over anti-matter.

TDSER (time dilated spacetime energy release) provides an answer to our
question. In a few lines, TDSER proposes that spacetime is a 4-dimensional
lattice of energy; the familiar 3 spatial dimensions, but that spacetime also
inflated in the 4th temporal dimension, creating infinite spacetime layers. Each
layer compressed by the extreme gravity of the early universe and released
continuously, as spacetime moments, in a time dilated manner (over billions of
years to us, observers in previously released spacetime) along the axis of time.
I’ll explain each of the key elements briefly and rather brutally below. For
readers less familiar with physics, the main article may be more suitable.

·       During the inflation phase of the big bang, the conventional big bang
theory inflates all spatial dimensions to infinity from a single infinitely tiny
and dense energetic point. Time exists as a dimension of the this expanded
spacetime, but is not itself inflated, after all, what would that even mean?
TDSER expands the spatial dimensions in the same way, but also into the 4th
temporal dimension. Why should that dimension be any different? Infinite layers
of spacetime are created.

·       Extreme time dilation, in accordance with general relativity, must apply
to the earliest moments of the big bang, where spacetime was created everywhere,
under conditions of massive energy density. The infinite layers or moments of
spacetime created along a temporal axis are almost infinitely compressed, as a
result.

·       The time dilated release of moments of spacetime, would to us (being
observers in already released spacetime), appear to be spun out over billions of
years, explaining where our moment has been all this time. The opposite effect
to spacetime drawn into a black hole, still travelling to its core, billions of
years have passed (to us observing from outside) since being swallowed.

·       New moments of spacetime are released continuously, at a predictable
rate across the entire universe, along a temporal axis. We know this happens,
every time I take a step, the earth spirals through spacetime at thousands of
miles an hour and takes position exactly where and when I need it to be, in
order to catch me.

·       Cause in one moment of spacetime released, can then lead to effect in
the next.

·       Once released, that moment of spacetime expands everywhere, remaining
partially compressed locally by the mass energy density of the universe, it is
released into. Once released and de-compressed, that moment of time has passed
forever and our universe has expanded. Expansion in this manner delivers
spacetime in a manner consistent with general relativity and does not dilute the
fabric of spacetime (we will return to this). This new spacetime also has an
attributable energy source. The big bang.

·       The continuous dynamic release and expansion of moments of spacetime is
what we experience as the passage of time. Its consistent predictable release
provides us with a universal clock.

·       The arrow of time points in the direction of spacetime release, along a
temporal axis. It therefore moves in one direction only; it cannot be reversed.

·       Light can only travel as fast as the speed at which spacetime is
released, into which it can travel. To move any faster, it would catch the
previous moment, effectively moving back in time. TDSER says that nothing can
travel faster than the release speed of spacetime into our universe – this is
why the speed of light is a fundamental property of our universe. It also
explains why each moment is so fleeting – it is passing us at the speed of
light.

·    The hot big bang was a one-off event, infinite expansion of spacetime
propelled by an infinite energy density gradient in the first moment, is
replaced by finite expansion into a universe, which now has a finite energy
density. The breaks are on. Violent deceleration buckles the fabric of space,
releasing free energy into our universe. Further moments are released into a
universe with a stabilised energy density. No deceleration, buckling or free
energy release.

·       TDSER says that the fabric of spacetime is composed of energy. At the
moment of creation there was literally nothing else. It passes all tests for
energy, storing energy in compressed spacetime as gravitational potential
energy, which can then be released into kinetic energy in Newton’s falling
apple. Each moment of spacetime is real, composed of energy which leave behind
it a residue of expanded spacetime. It is not destroyed.


·       Those moments of spacetime yet to arrive are effectively hidden from
view over an ‘advent horizon’, yet like matter, energy and spacetime drawn into
a black hole over the event horizon of a black hole, this energy must also
contribute to the mass energy density and hence gravity in our universe.
Together with the spacetime energy already compressed in halos around all
massive objects, spacetime energy is an ideal candidate for much of the missing
dark matter in our universe. It’s everywhere, interacts weakly with matter and
radiation (conveying its energy as waves) and it is dark, we can’t see it, no
matter how much it's compressed.

·       Special relativity now becomes intuitive, not just weird. The rate of
spacetime release, sets how an observer experiences the passage of time. Any
movement through spacetime, in any direction, will therefore distort the passage
of time they experience. As the speed of spacetime release, is very fast, the
speed of light, the effect is only significant when we approach it. A spaceship,
moving at near to the speed of light, moves at near the release speed of
spacetime. So, is caught up by fewer new moments of spacetime release, compared
to a stationary observer. The pilot therefore ages slower than a stationary
observer.

·       Continuous spacetime release explains universal expansion over the
millennia without dilution of its properties. Space is not empty; it can be
compressed and carry waves. The properties of fully cooled interstellar space,
which has been expanding over millennia would surely otherwise have broken down.
Galaxies would then look completely different in the past.

·       As spacetime once released, is compressed in proportion to the mass
energy density of the space into which it is released. The rate of expansion in
an expanding and therefore less dense universe will accelerate exponentially
once the effect reaches a tipping point, where gravitational attraction can no
longer slow its expansion. Accelerated expansion is explained, without the need
for dark energy.

·       TDSER is fuelled by the near infinite energy of the big bang, additional
spacetime required for this expansion is formed under the only conditions known
to allow its formation. Dark energy in comparison has no attributable source or
comparable conditions.

·       Matter / anti-matter asymmetry in the hot big bang. Under controlled
conditions, with enough energy, matter and anti-matter form in equal pairs and
annihilate each other to release energy in the form of photons. In short, why do
we exist at all? The universe should just be a sea of photons. With TDSER the
hot big bang was a one-off event, infinite expansion of spacetime propelled by
an infinite energy density gradient in the first moment, is replaced by finite
expansion into a universe, which now has a finite energy density. The breaks are
on. Violent deceleration buckles the fabric of space, releasing free energy into
our universe. The spacetime which has so far been released, is super-saturated
with energy. This energy has to go somewhere. In the universe we know, it is
released as photons, but in the moments where the early universe decelerates and
buckles, the universe is supersaturated throughout all of the spacetime that has
been released. The formation of matter and anti-matter pairs is constrained,
blocked by an excess of the final products, the normal forward reaction can no
longer take place, as it does under ‘laboratory conditions.’ There must be at
some level, be an asymmetry in the properties of formation or decay of matter
and anti-matter. Possibly a side reaction preferential to one form over the
other. No matter how small, such differences will be exaggerated, the energy has
to go somewhere and the formation of one type of matter over another is
therefore inevitable. In our universe matter was favoured. It would be
interesting to repeat such experiments in an excess of photons.

·      ·      Gravity. The famous bowling ball analogy, where the ball distorts
an elastic sheet which represents the fabric of space holds true and with it all
Einstein’s equations. Except now, the fabric is the compressed spacetime, yet to
be released. A sub-space layer or ‘advent horizon’ over which spacetime moments
are released. The fabric of space is distorted along the axis of time. Hence
spacetime is also compressed in all spatial dimensions around the ball.
Spacetime is released across this fabrics surface, the ball is not actually in
contact with this surface, they can never meet. That moment has yet to come. It
floats on a layer of ‘fluidised’ spacetime, as it expands into space, at a rate
determined by the energy density of the local universe, i.e., the ball. Like a
localised pressure, which determines the rate of evaporation of a fluid. Now all
we have to do is bring Newton’s and Einstein’s gravity together. TDSER initially
indulges in a bit of speculation here in order to do just that and proposes that
in the first moment of creation there was a ‘big zero’. The closest thing to
nothing you can imagine. Positive energy and negative energy, in equal measures,
which would completely annihilate and sum to zero, in existence for an
infinitely small amount of time, the first moment of time of 4-dimensional
spacetime. The irreversible nature of time is the key, annihilation is no longer
possible and an infinitely dense concentration of positive energy catalyses a
chain reaction that splits open an infinite universe in 4-dimensions. The
negative energy or universe may mirror our dimensions or be something completely
different, existing with or without a dimension of time, but it will always have
an opposing ‘charge.’ There will always be a force of attraction, drawing
positive energy back towards it and towards a point or plane of annihilation. An
attractive force acts on the ball and our spacetime fabric. The ball distorts
the fabric of space, as it is pulled towards its opposite ‘charge’, as the ball
and fabric can never meet, there is essentially a balancing force from the
compression of spacetime along the 4th dimension. The net force acting on the
ball is therefore zero. Distorting the fabric of space means that positive
energy is brought together by the distortion of the fabric of space, we call
gravity. The greater the concentration of positive energy, the greater the
distortion of this fabric and the greater the compression of spacetime that is
released by TDSER. Newton’s gravitational force is actually the force of
attraction towards negative energy. It causes the distortion of spacetime,
allowing the ball to move in a straight line through curved spacetime, just as
Einstein predicted. The Newtonian force causes the curvature of space, hence
predictions in Newton’s and Einstein’s equations are very similar. There are
slight differences in the results of Newtons predictions, which are based solely
on mass and Einstein’s predictions based on all energy present, in which
Einstein included gravity. With TDSER the fabric of space is distorted by the
positive energy in the mass of the ball and the compressed spacetime energy
surrounding the ball. So, Einstein’s equations will be more accurate. The
difference is enough that Einstein’s equations correctly predict Mercury’s
orbit, but Newton’s do not. Newton’s equations successfully describe the motion
of objects in response to other forces,

HOW TO FIX THE UNIVERSE

This article is based on  the  authors  book "How to Fix the Universe" published
2023 as an e book or paperback on amazon. Follow the links below: 

UK US

MAIN ARTICLE


TIME  DILATED SPACETIME ENERGY RELEASE

Copyright: "How to fix the universe" by Malcolm McCoard on KDP amazon  2023
ASIN: B0BW2ZM4W2. This license allows users to distribute, remix, adapt, and
build upon the material in any medium or format for non-commercial purposes
only, and only so long as attribution is given to the creator. If you remix,
adapt, or build upon the material, you must license the modified material under
identical terms.

INTRODUCTION

There's something very wrong with our universe or rather our understanding of
it. The space between our galaxies is expanding at such a rate, that they are
now observed to be flying apart, at faster than the speed of light. This
expansion, we’re told is driven by a huge, but as yet, completely unexplained
force; dark energy. Just to add to our discomfort, scientists modelling the
formation of galaxies and the earliest structures in the universe, find that 85%
of the required matter is also missing (1,3). In total 95% of the combined mass
energy of the universe is unaccounted for!

Perhaps it’s time for a paradigm shift? A new theory Time Dilated Spacetime
Energy Release or TDSER proposes an alternative. A hypothesis which uses only
established physics to explain our universe, without the need for unobserved
dark matter or unexplained dark energy. It also suggests a new definition for
the nature of time itself.

TIME DILATED SPACETIME ENERGY RELEASE OR TDSER

What do I mean by time-dilated spacetime? The universe exists within a
4-dimensional framework, which we call spacetime. Three familiar dimensions in
space and a fourth dimension of time. All are inextricably linked and compose
the ‘fabric’ of spacetime within which we exist and observe the universe around
us. 

Gravitational time dilation is an effect predicted by Einstein’s theory of
general relativity (2). Massive objects or huge concentrations of energy
compress spacetime. As a result, time runs slower around them. Time dilation is
expected to be so extreme in black holes, that their predicted demise, as
exploding black holes, is stretched out over billions of years (4). Einstein’s
theory of special relativity (5) also predicts similar velocity-based
time-dilation for the near light-speed expansion of the early universe. Extreme
time-dilation should therefore be expected at the beginning of the universe,
where everything was compressed into its earliest and densest form, then
expanded extremely rapidly to form our universe.

In the most widely accepted model of creation, the big bang theory,
super-compressed distorted spacetime enters a process of almost infinite and
instantaneous expansion, known as inflation (3, 4). At the end of inflation,
expansion decelerates and the resultant release of energy gives rise to
radiation and fundamental particles, which eventually cools and coalesces  to
form the universe we know. A universe of almost infinite size is created, but
still in a state of massive compression, compared to the present day.

We can picture the almost infinite expansion of spatial dimensions of length,
breadth and depth easily enough, but what about time? It’s always neglected,
being wrapped up conveniently within the fabric of spacetime, whereas all the
other dimensions expand almost infinitely. Can we really just ignore the
dimension of time in this way?

If not, what should we expect? Spacetime would also be inflated to near infinity
in the temporal dimension, but its release from a super-compressed state would
be massively dilated due to the early universe's incredible energy density and
rapid expansion. Not such that the end of time occurs instantaneously with its
birth and all the moments in between. Rather, that an infinite number of moments
of spacetime are created and released in a time dilated manner over billions, if
not trillions of years. across the entire universe. An initial big bang followed
by a much less violent but continuous time dilated spacetime release, (I will
explain later why the deceleration and energy release is a one-off event under
TDSER). Each moment of spacetime release building on the last, replacing and
displacing our reality forwards in time. Time then begins to flow, as we all
experience it. Go with me on this first assertion and the fit with how we
observe the universe now and throughout its evolution is compelling.

In the conventional big bang model, there is continued expansion after
inflation, as super-compressed spacetime of high energy is decompressed.
However, the continued rapid universal expansion we observe thereafter, requires
the generation of a lot more spacetime. Expansion of spacetime created in a
one-off big bang, would lead to almost infinite dilution of the fabric of
spacetime over billions of years. We do not experience this, fundamental
properties of spacetime, such as gravity and the speed of light are,  as far as
we know, unchanged throughout our universe’s evolution. With time-dilated
spacetime release, the ongoing undiluted expansion of the universe is explained.
New spacetime is being released all the time. Released from the only conditions
we know for certain gave rise to its generation. The energy and conditions of
the big bang. 

What then is the nature of time? We experience time, as we move from one moment
to the next. Each moment we observe in spacetime, is instantaneously replaced by
another. We move ever forward, from one moment of time-dilated spacetime release
to the next. Cause in one moment, leads to effect in the following. We exist as
a consequence of every cause-and-effect interaction, since the dawn of time
itself. The dynamic nature of time is caused by the regular continuous release
and decompression of spacetime along the axis of time.  Each moments
decompression we call now. Once fully decompressed that moment has gone, we no
longer feel its effect again, but it was real and has expanded the universe in
all spatial dimensions by a finite amount.

The arrow of time moves in the direction of spacetime release, along the axis of
time; from the first to the current moment of this spacetime release. We receive
new light from events in the past, but can never gaze into future spacetime,
which has still to be released. Light can then travel at the speed of spacetime
release, but no faster.

The properties of spacetime are unchanged, as new moments of spacetime are
released, they wash over massive objects, spacetime is compressed and time runs
slower. Compress it completely, in a black hole, then there is no room for cause
and effect, so time itself stops.

The strange and counter-intuitive effects of special relativity (4) where the
passage of time is relative to an object’s speed, now become intuitive. The rate
of spacetime release, sets how we experience the passage of time. Any movement
through spacetime, in any direction, will therefore distort the passage of time
we experience. As the speed of spacetime release, is very fast, the speed of
light, the effect is only significant when we approach it. A spaceship, moving
at near to the speed of light, moves at near the release speed of spacetime. So,
is caught up by fewer new moments of spacetime release, compared to a stationary
observer. The pilot therefore ages slower than a stationary observer.

The second core assertion of this theory concerns spacetime being another form
of energy. Dilute, very likely with components outside our conventional
4-dimensions (6), but energy nonetheless. In the first instants of creation,
there was only energy. Logically therefore, spacetime can only have been made
from this energy. There was literally nothing else!

Spacetime also behaves as other forms of energy do; being stored due to
spacetime compression in Newton’s apple, as gravitational potential energy above
the earth, then converted into equal amounts of motion energy, whenever the
apple drops.

As time-dilated spacetime release is ongoing, created from the seemingly
infinite energy of the big bang, expansion of the universe through the creation
of spacetime now has both an energy source and the right conditions for its
creation. Dark energy so far has neither!

If spacetime is a form of energy, then there is another logical conclusion. This
energy must also contribute to the total mass energy of the universe. In the
early universe matter coalesces under gravity to form early structure and
eventually stars and galaxies, but there isn’t nearly enough of it. Dark matter,
as yet undiscovered, must be widely distributed, have been present from the
beginning, not interact strongly with mass or electromagnetic waves and yet
still contribute to gravity.

However, such calculations exclude the energy of spacetime itself and in
particular the energy of all the spacetime moments yet to be released which is
part of this fabric under TDSER. Spacetime is widely distributed, interacts
weakly with mass and energy (matter and light pass right through it), it’s
compressed in halos around all massive objects. It’s always been there and
there’s lots of it. Like a water-filled balloon, its weight contributes to its
own compression. The energy of spacetime therefore contributes to gravitational
attraction and explains at least a significant part of the missing mass energy,
known as dark matter. With a bit of room for the discovery of a few new weird
and wonderful particles and cosmic phenomena, I presume.

 Based on Hubble’s law and confirmed by observations, galaxies are now
accelerating away from each other at rates greater than the speed of light.
Nothing travels that fast, therefore, new spacetime is being created between
galaxies. The currently accepted ‘explanation’ for this, is as yet completely
unexplained dark energy.

Time-dilated spacetime release explains continued expansion, but acceleration
requires additional spacetime to be being created now, compared to the past,
how? At the moment of creation, spacetime was generated under conditions where
massive concentrations of energy were present and interfacing with a region,
where neither space nor time exists. Let’s call it the ‘big zero.’ It is
reasonable to expect new spacetime to be generated in a similar manner.

We therefore have two known candidates:

(i) The Big Bang

One explanation, given our earlier supposition of the time dilated release of
spacetime, could be simply that we are now entering a phase of time dilated big
bang, where additional energy is being released. There is nothing to say it
should be linear. It might also be that with continued expansion, the universe
has reached a tipping point, where the energy density of the universe has
reduced to the point where less and less dense spacetime energy is being
released into the universe. A tipping point, whereby the slowing effects of
gravitational attraction and expanding dimensions are matched by the increased
rate of TDSER as spacetime is released into a less dense universe.

As the universe expands, less unreleased spacetime or dark matter is left and
this will also contribute to universal expansion.

(ii)  I am however drawn to a more speculative second alternative. Coincident
with the start of accelerated expansion, some 7.5 billion years ago, the first
supernovas were observed. Supernovae are cataclysmic explosions, the deaths of
massive stars, which create black holes at their imploding centres. Spacetime is
compressed to such an extent that light cannot escape and time too is believed
to stop. We have reached conditions where the energy density of this tiny 
region out of spacetime approaches infinity, We have been here before, at the
dawn of time. We do not have the physics to describe it, but based on the big
bang  we know that spacetime inflation will occur which can escape even such an
infinitely dense region of spacetime.

I risk losing half my audience here,  Many will object that it’s been proven
that the big bang was not a black hole. The uniform heat signature of the
earliest big bang precludes it being an exploding black hole.  I’m not
suggesting it was. Even if you accept that, it does not follow that a black hole
cannot be a source of spacetime generation in our universe. The conditions for
spacetime creation may still be there. We simply don't have the physics yet to
describe what happens inside.

Black holes are regions within which no space and time exist. They are
surrounded by huge concentrations of energy and dense compressed spacetime.
Their similarity to the conditions, I earlier christened the big zero, is
striking. Conditions we know, resulted in spacetime generation, during the
creation of the universe. There are differences though. The amount of energy in
a black hole is finite, based on the number of stars consumed, and it would
release spacetime into an existing universe, one with an essentially stable
energy density. Therefore. there would be no period of inflation, no
deceleration and massive release of matter and radiation, only the time dilated
release of spacetime energy, indistinguishable from that created from the big
bang (The early evolution of the universe, inflation, deflation and matter
creation are described using TDSER in greater detail in the next section). We
know from the creation event that spacetime energy can escape a region of
infinite energy density. So, it can also escape from a black hole.



Either way, TDSER replaces the need for dark energy to describe accelerated
universal expansion. Time-dilated spacetime energy washes over galaxies,
interacting with their matter so weakly, that gravity (aided by additional
gravitational attraction of compressed spacetime  holds them together. The voids
between galaxies therefore expand. The older the universe, the greater the
number and size of black holes; generation of spacetime becomes exponential and
galaxies accelerate away from each other at beyond light-speed.

On the next  gallery page, the second diagram shows how TDSER  can explain the 
early massive expansion of the universe, known as expansion. It is an expected
consequence of TDSER,  rather than  'an unexplained fix' applied to rationalise
the uniformity of the observed cosmic microwave background.










TDSER, Inflation, Deceleration and Resolution of the Matter / Anti-matter
Mystery

The graph, (second image in the gallery gallery  below - scroll right),
illustrates the evolution of the universe according to TDSER. It tracks the
energy density of the universe over time. The rate of TDSER  and hence the rate
of expansion of the universe will be dependent on the energy density of the
universe into which it expands. So, the slope of the graph shows the rate of
expansion of the universe.

TDSER proposes that at the first moment of creation, we have near zero
dimensions in space and time. At this moment we have energy present in an
infinitely small space. The energy density is therefore essentially infinite.

TDSER indulges in a bit of speculation at this point, but bear with me on this,
as the reason will become apparent. It proposes that if a ‘bubble’ of positive
energy is created, it must be matched by an equal quantity of negative energy. A
fluctuation in the ‘Big Zero’ where infinite concentrations of energy might
create new dimensions in which to store such energy. Say our spacetime universe
is created from positive energy, whereas the balancing negative energy forms a
different ‘universe’ potentially in completely different dimensions. Our
universe, has a dimension of time, released from this moment of creation,
removing it from potential annihilation with its negative counterpart (which
might forever attract it back to the point of annihilation, as a force we call
gravity).

Whatever the reality of this moment of creation, a ‘bubble’ of spacetime of
positive energy was created. This bubble would have an infinite energy density,
potentially causing infinite dimensional expansion or catalysing a limitless
chain reaction of similar events to create an almost infinite universe.
Spacetime is created everywhere, by the expansion of the spatial dimensions, but
the dimension of time is almost infinitely compressed. Its release dilated by
extreme gravitational time dilation, as a consequence of the near infinite
energy density of the universe. Ok so far, that fits with the rapid expansion
phase of the big bang, where a period of expansion known as inflation creates
our universe.

With TDSER, as the next moments of spacetime are released, they are released
across this new universe, a universe which is now massively expanded compared to
the first moment. As a consequence, the energy density of this universe is
massively reduced, so time release is much less dilated. The universe expands
much less in this next moment, due to reduced energy density and time is
released quicker than previously. The expansion rate of the universe must
therefore slow rapidly. The brakes are on and there is a massive excess of free
energy everywhere. Energy which previously had been converted into spacetime,
now must find a new home. The universe is supersaturated with energy and forms
particles of matter and anti-matter. We now have a reason for the end of
inflation and matter generation.

Once the excess energy from this massive deceleration is released, radiation and
particles with a new property, mass, the energy density of the universe
stabilises. The rate of energy addition matches and indeed causes an equal rate
of expansion of the universe, so its energy density becomes stable. Time dilated
release of spacetime energy moves to an essentially constant rate. The expansion
of the universe continues as new spacetime energy is released, building on the
last and time moves forward with it, as each new moment is released.

There is a problem though, under lab conditions we can create matter from energy
in particle accelerators. Equal quantities of matter and anti-matter are formed,
each has the same mass, but they have opposing charges. When matter /
anti-matter pairs are formed, they rapidly combine to annihilate each other
releasing energy once more. So, one of the greatest mysteries of modern physics
is why are we here at all? Why is there only matter, not anti-matter in the
observable universe.  Why has it all not destroyed itself leaving only a sea of
photons?

TDSER answers this by asserting that both matter and anti-matter are both
positive forms of energy (consistent with the recent confirmation that
anti-matter falls in the same direction as matter in a gravitational field).
Let’s say in the first moments 100 rather large units of energy are released, as
spacetime energy. Rapid deceleration causes  5 units to be released as free
energy (keeping with the 5% of known matter and energy in the observable
universe).

The spacetime so far released, is saturated with energy. This energy has to go
somewhere – in our universe it forms both matter and anti-matter, but it cannot
form an equal number. The formation, annihilation and decay of matter and
anti-matter is constrained and must form an excess of 5 units worth of one form
or the other or the sums don’t add up. Unlike under lab conditions, where free
energy can escape as photons or radiation, when matter / anti-matter pairs are
formed and annihilate each other, space is super-saturated with energy in every
direction and the spacetime that this energy needs to move into, has yet to be
released. There must be at some level an asymmetry in the properties of
formation or decay of matter and anti-matter. No matter how small, such
differences will be exaggerated and the formation of one type of matter over
another is inevitable. Le Chatellier's principle in chemistry is a good analogy
here. If the main reaction is not available, then less favoured routes to matter
formation must be found.

I think the reason TDSER may have been overlooked until now, is because there is
an understandable assumption that the big bang cannot be going on at present. It
seems obvious, otherwise the cataclysmic release of energy in the above manner
would be going on continuously and the universe would just be a soup of
fundamental particles. However, with TDSER this sudden contraction is a one-off
event, followed by continuous spacetime energy release at an essentially
constant rate. No more free energy release from the fabric of spacetime is
required.  It is a one-off event.

The rate of expansion of our universe is not however constant. It is now
expanding at an accelerating rate. The reasons for this were given earlier. 

I offer time-dilated spacetime energy release as a hypothesis. One to add to the
dark matter, dark energy discussion. It is a considerable paradigm shift and I
can offer no proof nor have I derived any new fundamental equations to support
the theory, but its fit with observation, basis in simple accepted physics and
its potential to return us to a universe where 95% of everything we know is
observable and not completely unexplained, I believe makes it worthy of a wider
audience for consideration. I hope you agree and will help spread the word.

Gravity and TDSER

Newton's law of universal gravitation says that every object in the universe
attracts every other object with a force called gravity. This force depends on
their masses and the distance between them. The force of gravity acts between
planets in the same way forces act on mass in any other context. Newton’s
equations also successfully describe the motion of objects in response to other
forces.

Einstein refined Newton’s gravity in his theory of general relativity, where he
described gravity with equations describing 4-dimensional geometry of space and
time. In particular, he described the curvature of spacetime as being directly
related to the energy and momentum of any object moving through it. The famous
analogy of a bowling ball moving and distorting an elastic sheet of spacetime is
often used to depict this.

With TDSER, the famous bowling ball analogy holds true and with it all
Einstein’s equations. Except now, the fabric is the compressed spacetime, yet to
be released. A sub-space layer or ‘advent horizon’ over which spacetime moments
are released. The fabric of space is distorted along the axis of time. Hence
spacetime is also compressed in all spatial dimensions around the ball.

Spacetime is released across this fabrics surface, the ball is not actually in
contact with this surface, they can never meet. That moment has yet to come. It
floats on a layer of ‘fluidised’ spacetime, as it expands into space, at a rate
determined by the energy density of the local universe, i.e., the ball. Like a
localised pressure, which determines the rate of evaporation of a fluid. Now all
we have to do is bring Newton’s and Einstein’s gravity together.

TDSER initially indulges in a bit of speculation here in order to do just that
and proposes that in the first moment of creation there was a ‘big zero’. The
closest thing to nothing you can imagine. Positive energy and negative energy,
in equal measures, which would completely annihilate and sum to zero, in
existence for an infinitely small amount of time, the first moment of time of
4-dimensional spacetime. The irreversible nature of time is the key,
annihilation is no longer possible and an infinitely dense concentration of
positive energy catalyses a chain reaction that splits open an infinite universe
in 4-dimensions.

The negative energy or universe may mirror our dimensions or be something
completely different, existing with or without a dimension of time, but it will
always have an opposing ‘charge.’ There will always be a force of attraction,
drawing positive energy back towards it and towards a point or plane of
annihilation. An attractive force acts on the ball and our spacetime fabric. The
ball distorts the fabric of space, as it is pulled towards its opposite
‘charge’, as the ball and fabric can never meet, there is essentially a
balancing force from the compression of spacetime along the 4th dimension. The
net force acting on the ball is therefore zero.

Distorting the fabric of space means that positive energy is brought together by
the distortion of the fabric of space, we call gravity. The greater the
concentration of positive energy, the greater the distortion of this fabric and
the greater the compression of spacetime that is released by TDSER.

Newton’s gravitational force is actually the force of attraction towards
negative energy. It causes the distortion of spacetime, allowing the ball to
move in a straight line through curved spacetime, just as Einstein predicted.
The Newtonian force causes the curvature of space, hence the predictions of
Newton’s and Einstein’s equations are very similar.

There are slight differences in the results of Newtons predictions, which are
based solely on mass and Einstein’s predictions based on all energy present, in
which Einstein included gravity. With TDSER the fabric of space is distorted by
the positive energy in the mass of the ball and the compressed spacetime energy
surrounding the ball. So, Einstein’s equations will be more accurate. The
difference is enough that Einstein’s equations correctly predict Mercury’s
orbit, but Newton’s do not. Newton’s equations successfully describe the motion
of objects in response to other forces.

WHAT THEN IS THE FATE OF THE UNIVERSE?

If we accept time-dilated energy release, what then is the fate of our universe.
Eventually, the energy of the time-dilated big bang and/or black holes run out
of fuel. Therefore, the release of spacetime energy stops too. From our new
definition of time; the time-dilated evolution of spacetime; time itself stops.
The dimension of time and hence all spacetime collapses. As it would if we
collapsed any of the other spatial dimensions. The universe then reverts to a
region of zero time. Is that it then, the end?

I don’t believe so; back at the moment of creation, there was no time, so
creation must have been instantaneous under those conditions. It happened, the
very instant those conditions arose, so it can be argued that it is actually
inevitable. So finally, when the universe reverts to the conditions of zero
space and time, we are back at the Big Zero. The Big Zero, with all the
potential energy of an entire universe and a probability of 1, that another is
created. The whole evolution of our universe according to this alternate
hypothesis is summarised in the first gallery diagram below.

 The above article is a summary of some of the key points from a new book title:
How to Fix the Universe  by Malcolm McCoard and is available on amazon. Links on
pages above. The book also tackles spacetime generation, quantum entanglement,
wave particle duality and the definition of infinity within a TDSER framework.

References

1. Ade PAR et al. (Planck Collaboration). Planck 2013 results. I Overview of
products and scientific results. Astronomy and Astrophysics. 2014;571: A1, 48pp

2. Einstein A. The basics of general relativity theory. Annals of Physics. 1916;
49:769-822

3. UK Essays. (November 2018). Standard Model of Cosmology: Overview and
Analysis.

4. Hawking, Stephen (1988). A Brief History of Time. Bantam
Books. ISBN 978-0-553-38016-3.

5.  "The Theory of Relativity", 1911; Manuscript on the Special Theory of
Relativity, 1912

6. “How to fix the universe,” self-published by Malcolm McCoard on KDP amazon,
ASIN: ‎ B0BX285M3N, February 26, 2023 

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