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104.79.31.209  Public Scan

Form analysis
3 forms found in the DOM

<form class="main-menu-search" aria-label="Search Trend Micro">
  <div class="main-menu-search__field-wrapper" id="cludo-search-form">
    <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="gsc-search-box" style="width:100%">
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        <tr>
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            <input type="text" size="10" class="gsc-input" name="search" title="search" placeholder="Search Trend Micro" autocomplete="off">
          </td>
        </tr>
      </tbody>
    </table>
  </div>
</form>

<form class="main-menu-search" aria-label="Search Trend Micro">
  <div class="main-menu-search__field-wrapper" id="cludo-search-form-mobile">
    <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="gsc-search-box" style="width:100%">
      <tbody>
        <tr>
          <td class="gsc-input">
            <input type="text" size="10" class="gsc-input" name="search" title="search" placeholder="Search Trend Micro" autocomplete="off">
          </td>
          <td class="gsc-search-close collapsed" style="width:1%;" data-target="#search-mobile-wrapper" data-toggle="collapse">
            <span class="icon-close"></span>
          </td>
        </tr>
      </tbody>
    </table>
  </div>
</form>

POST #

<form class="acsb-form" data-acsb-search="form" enctype="multipart/form-data" action="#" method="POST"> <input type="text" tabindex="0" name="acsb_search" autocomplete="off" placeholder="Unclear content? Search in dictionary..."
    aria-label="Unclear content? Search in dictionary..."> <i class="acsbi-search"></i> <i class="acsbi-chevron_down"></i> </form>

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Malware
Emotet Returns, Now Adopts Binary Padding for Evasion

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Malware


EMOTET RETURNS, NOW ADOPTS BINARY PADDING FOR EVASION

Following a three-month hiatus, Emotet spam activities resumed in March 2023,
when a botnet known as Epoch 4 began delivering malicious documents embedded in
Zip files that were attached to the emails.

By: Ian Kenefick March 13, 2023 Read time: 4 min (1000 words)

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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------


OVERVIEW

Following a three-month hiatus, Emotet spam activities resumed in March 2023,
when a botnet known as Epoch 4 began delivering malicious documents embedded in
Zip files that were attached to the emails.

We have been tracking the threat actor’s efforts to deploy new
command-and-control (C&C) infrastructure, where we detected activity spikes in
January and February.

Date (2023) Count January 25 2 January 26 9 January 27 10 February 6 6 February
7 24 February 28 1 March 1 37 March 6 6 March 7 9

TABLE 1. EMOTET C&C SERVER INFRASTRUCTURE DEPLOYMENTS DURING THE EARLY PARTS OF
2023

Infection chain

Figure 1. Sample infection chain

The threat actors behind Emotet continue to use malicious documents containing
macros to deliver the malicious payload. Note that while Microsoft disabled
macros from the internet by default in 2022, the document template employs
social engineering techniques to trick users into enabling macros to allow the
attack to proceed as intended.

The threat actors behind these emails have adopted the use of binary padding as
an evasion technique, where both the dropper document and the Emotet DLL files
are inflated to 500+ megabytes to avoid security solutions. Other similar
defense evasion techniques have previously been observed being used by other
malicious actors.

Figure 2. Malicious document prompting the user to enable macros
Figure 3. Malicious document with a file size of approximately 500MB

Once a user enables macros for the malicious document, it will download a ZIP
file will from one of seven hardcoded and obfuscated URLs (which will be
iterated through until the file is successfully retrieved):

 * hxxps://midcoastsupplies.com[.]au/configNQS/Es2oE4GEH7fbZ/
 * hxxp://mtp.evotek[.]vn/wp-content/L/
 * hxxp://www.189dom[.]com/xue80/C0aJr5tfI5Pvi8m/
 * hxxps://esentai-gourmet[.]kz/404/EDt0f/
 * hxxp://139.219.4[.]166/wp-includes/XXrRaJtiutdHn7N13/
 * hxxps://www.snaptikt[.]com/wp-includes/aM4Cz6wp2K4sfQ/
 * hxxps://diasgallery[.]com:443/about/R/
    

The macro will then check if the response is 200 (indicating a success retrieval
of the file). If so, it will then check if that file is either a PE File or a
Zip file, suggesting that the threat actors may adopt alternative file formats
to Zip files containing binary padded PE files.


The macro uses a function that checks the file type of the downloaded payload by
examining the first two bytes of the file. It first checks if the first two
bytes are equal to the ASCII values of "M" and "Z" (77 and 90, respectively). If
so, it returns a value of 1, indicating that the file is a PE file. On the other
hand, if the first two bytes are not equal to "M" and "Z," the function checks
if they are equal to the ASCII values of "P" and "K" (80 and 75, respectively).
If so, it returns a value of 2, indicating that the file is a Zip file.

The CopyHere() method of the Shell32.FolderItems object is then used to extract
the contents of the Zip file to the destination folder, after which the macro
deletes the temporary folder files.

Finally, regsvr32.exe is invoked and the DLL is loaded with the /s switch to
silently execute the Emotet payload to infect the endpoint.


STEALER AND SPAM ROUTINES

For its stealer and spam routines, Emotet will make a copy of certutil.exe (a
legitimate command-line tool) in the temporary directory that starts in a
suspended state and then hollowed out.

The malware will then load one of several modules such as NirSoft's Web Browser
PassView and Mail PassView tools, an Outlook stealer, and a spam module before
resuming execution. Note that we have not observed any second stage payloads
outside of Emotet’s stealer and the spam modules. However, it is possible that
payloads (such as backdoors and/or other information stealers) might be dropped
in the future to enable access for other threat actors.


EVASION TECHNIQUES

Binary padding is used to inflate file sizes so that they exceed the size
limitations imposed by anti-malware solutions such as sandboxes and scan
engines. In this example, the Emotet DLL is padded with 00 bytes in the overlay,
inflating the PE file from 616KB to 548.1MB.

For Emotet, both the dropper document and the PE files use the 00-byte padding
technique to inflate the file size. Malicious actors use Zip compression to
transport the relatively small files via email and HTTP, before decompression is
used to inflate the files to evade security solutions.

Finally, reconnaissance activities are performed either via IP configs or
through the affected machine’s system information.


CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Emotet has been a prolific and resilient threat, even surviving a takedown of
its infrastructure in 2021. Given what we’ve seen of Emotet over the years, it
would not be surprising to see it evolve further in future attacks, employing
alternative malware delivery methods, adopting new evasion techniques, and
integrating additional second and even third-stage payloads into its routines.

To avoid getting infected by malicious spam emails, users should be cautious of
emails from unknown senders or with suspicious subject lines. These types of
emails are often paired with social engineering techniques that are designed to
get recipients to click on a link or download an attachment containing malware.
Users should also ensure that macros are disabled in Microsoft Office
applications and avoid enabling them even when even prompted. Using spam filters
can also help automatically filter out suspicious or unwanted emails before they
reach the user’s inbox. By following these precautions, both individual users
and organizations can greatly reduce the risk of getting infected by malicious
spam emails.

Endpoint solutions like Trend Micro's Smart Protection Suites and Worry-Free
Business Security solutions offer protection for both users and businesses
against threats like Emotet. These solutions come equipped with
behavior-monitoring capabilities that enable them to detect malicious files,
scripts, and messages. They can also block all related malicious URLs.
Additionally, the Trend Micro™ Deep Discovery™ solution includes an email
inspection layer that can identify and protect enterprises from malicious
attachments and URLs. By leveraging these powerful tools, users and businesses
can effectively defend themselves against the damaging effects of Emotet and
other similar threats.


INDICATORS OF COMPROMISE

The indicators of compromise for this entry can be found here.

Tags
Malware | Endpoints | Research | Articles, News, Reports


AUTHORS

 * Ian Kenefick
   
   Adversary Hunter

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developing and adopting new technologies. All this is meant to reach the optimal
level of accessibility following technological advancements. If you wish to
contact the website’s owner, please use the website's form

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