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Security Bloggers Network
Home » Security Bloggers Network » ConfusedPilot: UT Austin & Symmetry Systems
Uncover Novel Attack on RAG-based AI Systems
CONFUSEDPILOT: UT AUSTIN & SYMMETRY SYSTEMS UNCOVER NOVEL ATTACK ON RAG-BASED AI
SYSTEMS
by Claude Mandy on October 13, 2024
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Researchers at the Spark Research Lab (University of Texas at Austin)1, under
the supervision of Symmetry CEO Professor Mohit Tiwari uncovered a novel attack
method, dubbed ConfusedPilot. This novel attack method targets widely used
Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) based AI systems, such as Microsoft 365
Copilot. This attack allows manipulation of AI responses simply by adding
malicious content to any documents the AI system might reference, potentially
leading to widespread misinformation and compromised decision-making processes
within the organization.. With 65% of Fortune 500 companies currently
implementing or planning to implement RAG-based AI systems, the potential impact
of these attacks cannot be overstated.
KEY FINDINGS
– Requires only basic access to manipulate responses by RAG based AI Systems.
– Affects all major RAG implementations
– Can persist even after malicious content is removed
– Bypasses current AI security measures
In this document, we provide a high-level overview of ConfusedPilot and its
implications for organizations using RAG-based AI systems. Given the widespread
and rapid adoption of AI Copilots and the potential sensitivity of this
vulnerability, we have chosen to withhold certain technical details and specific
exploit information at this time.
WHAT IS CONFUSED PILOT?
ConfusedPilot was discovered and researched by a team of cybersecurity experts
and computer scientists (Note 1) from the University of Texas at Austin, under
the supervision of Professor Mohit Tiwari, who directs the SPARK lab at UT
Austin and is also the CEO of Symmetry Systems.
In normal circumstances, a retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) based AI system
will use a retrieval mechanism to extract relevant keywords to search and match
with resources stored in a Vector database, using that embedded context to
create a new prompt containing the relevant information to reference.
The researchers demonstrated that due to the architecture used by Retrieval
Augmented Generation (RAG) to essentially leverage content as a prompt in
certain circumstances, an attacker could indirectly manipulate AI-generated
responses by adding content to any documents the AI system might reference,
potentially leading to widespread misinformation and compromised decision-making
processes within the organization.
THE ATTACK FLOW
An adversary attempting ConfusedPilot attack would likely follow these steps:
1. Data Environment Poisoning: An attacker introduces an innocuous document
that contains specifically crafted strings into the target’s environment.
This could be achieved by any identity with access to save documents or data
to an environment indexed by the AI copilot.
2. Document used in Query Response: When a user makes a relevant query, the RAG
system retrieves the document containing these strings.
3. AI Copilot interprets strings as user Instructions: The document contains
strings that could act as instructions to the AI system, including:
1. Content Suppression: The malicious instructions cause the AI to disregard
other relevant, legitimate content.
2. Misinformation Generation: The AI generates a response using only the
corrupted information.
3. False Attribution: The response may be falsely attributed to legitimate
sources, increasing its perceived credibility.
4. AI Copilot retains instructions: Even if the malicious document is later
removed, the corrupted information may persist in the system’s responses for
a period of time.
WHO CAN BE AFFECTED?
While these types of attack could be directed at any organization or individual
using RAG-based AI systems, they are especially relevant for large enterprises
and service providers that allow multiple users or departments to contribute to
the data pool used by these AI systems. Any environment that allows the input of
data from multiple sources or users – either internally or from external
partners – is at higher risk, given that this attack only requires data to be
indexed by the AI Copilots. Essentially the attack surface to introduce harmful
data, manipulate the AI’s responses, and potentially use this to target the
organization’s decision making tools is increased exponentially as demonstrated
by the below image.
The urgency with which you should take steps to defend against these forms of
attacks depends on your organization’s use of RAG-based AI systems, the level of
trust required and boundaries you place around the data sources used by these
systems.
A few illustrative examples:
* Enterprise knowledge management systems: If an attacker introduces a
malicious document into the company’s knowledge base copilot (as a result of
social engineering or intentional sabotage, for example), the attacker could
then manipulate AI-generated responses across the organization to spread
misinformation throughout the organization, potentially affecting critical
business decisions.
* AI-assisted decision support systems: In environments where AI systems are
used to analyze data and provide recommendations for strategic decisions, an
attacker could inject false information that persists even after the original
malicious content is removed. This could lead to a series of poor decisions
over time due to reliance on the use of AI, with the source of the problem
remaining elusive without thorough forensic investigation.
* Customer-facing AI services: For organizations providing AI-powered services
to customers, Confused Pilot becomes even more dangerous. An attacker could
potentially inject malicious data that affects the AI’s responses to multiple
customers, leading to widespread misinformation, loss of trust, and potential
legal liabilities.
* End Users Relying on AI-generated Content: Whether it’s employees, or
executives, any end user using AI assistants for daily tasks or synthesizing
AI-generated insights could make critically flawed decisions and unknowingly
spread misinformation throughout the organization.
INDUSTRY RESPONSE
The disclosure of ConfusedPilot at DEF CON’s AI Village sparked significant
industry attention, with Microsoft taking the lead in reaching out to the
research team. While the demonstration at DEF CON focused on Microsoft’s
Copilot, the researchers emphasized that the attack was possible on RAG
architectures broadly, prompting interest from various organizations planning or
implementing AI systems. The industry’s response has been notably positive,
particularly regarding the team’s approach to not just highlighting the problem
but providing practical mitigation strategies using existing tools.
MITIGATION: SECURING THE DATA+AI ECOSYSTEM
Given the deeply intertwined nature of data and AI copilot’s in RAG
architectures, protecting against ConfusedPilot requires a multi-faceted
approach that addresses the security of both the data inputs and the AI outputs.
Longer term, better architectural models will be required to try to separate the
data plan from the control plan in these models. Key current strategies for
mitigation include:
1. Data Access Controls: Limit and scrutinize who can upload, modify, or delete
data that RAG-based systems reference. Implementing strict data governance
policies is essential.
2. Data Integrity Audits: Regularly audit and verify the integrity of your data
repositories to detect unauthorized changes or the introduction of malicious
content early.
3. Data Segmentation: Where possible, keep sensitive data isolated from broader
data sets to prevent the spread of corrupted information across the AI
system. For example, the following image illustrates this leveraging
Symmetry DataGuard DSPM to remove unintended access.
4. AI-Specific Security Tools: Use specialized and research driven AI security
solutions throughout the LLM pipeline, such as Guard LLM’s, fact checkers on
grounding documents, Guard LLM’s and prompt shields, or anomaly detection
systems that monitor and compare responses over timeto detect irregularities
in AI outputs resulting from poisoned data.
5. Human Oversight: Maintain human oversight over critical AI-generated
content, especially in decision-making contexts, to validate the accuracy of
information before acting upon it.Train employees to critically evaluate
AI-generated content, raising awareness of the potential risks associated
with blindly trusting AI outputs.
KEY TAKEAWAYS
The emergence of ConfusedPilot has revealed the inseparable relationship between
data and AI security in RAG-based systems. This novel attack technique
demonstrates how data poisoning can effectively compromise AI outputs,
emphasizing the need to treat data as a core component of AI security
architecture. The performance and reliability of AI systems are intrinsically
linked to the quality and security of their training data, requiring a
fundamental shift in security approaches.
The insider threat vector is particularly significant in this context.
ConfusedPilot shows how individuals with even minimal data access can
potentially influence AI system outputs. This highlights the limitations of
current security models and underscores the need for comprehensive data security
posture management.
Addressing these challenges requires an integrated defense strategy centered on
robust data security posture management (DSPM) tools. These tools provide
critical capabilities such as continuous data discovery, classification, and
risk assessment across an organization’s entire data estate. When combined with
access controls and employee training, DSPM tools form the cornerstone of a
strong defense against data poisoning attacks. Organizations should prioritize
implementing DSPM solutions that can monitor data lineage, detect anomalous
changes, and ensure the integrity of data feeding into AI systems.
While AI continues to drive innovation, the discovery of ConfusedPilot marks a
turning point in how organizations must think about Data+AI security. The
integrity of AI systems is intrinsically tied to the integrity of the data they
reference. As AI adoption accelerates, ensuring that data is protected from
manipulation will be a cornerstone of securing the future of AI-driven business
operations.
1 UT AUSTIN Research TEAM
Ayush Roychowdhury (UT Austin) Ayush RoyChowdhury is a first year masters
student at the Chandra Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the
University of Texas Austin. His research interests include language model
security, data security, and explainable artificial intelligence for security.
Mulong Luo (UT Austin) Mulong Luo is currently a postdoctoral researcher at the
University of Texas at Austin. His research interests are in computer
architecture, side channel, and machine learning. He won best paper award at
CPS-SPC workshop. He got his Ph.D. from Cornell University in 2023. Prateek Sahu
(UT Austin) Prateek Sahu is currently a Ph.D. student at the University of Texas
at Austin. His research interests are microservices, service mesh, cloud
computing, function-as-a-service measurement. Sarbartha Banerjee (UT Austin)
Sarbartha Banerjee is currently a Ph.D. candidate at the University of Texas at
Austin. His research interests are secure accelerators, side channel defense,
machine learning security. Mohit Tiwari (Symmetry Systems / UT Austin) Mohit
Tiwari is an associate professor and he directs the SPARK lab at the University
of Texas at Austin. He is also the CEO of Symmetry Systems, Inc. His current
research focuses on building secure systems, all the way from hardware to system
software to applications that run on them. Prof. Tiwari received a PhD from UC
Santa Barbara (2011) and was a post-doctoral fellow at UC Berkeley (2011-13)
before joining UT.
The post ConfusedPilot: UT Austin & Symmetry Systems Uncover Novel Attack on
RAG-based AI Systems appeared first on Symmetry Systems.
*** This is a Security Bloggers Network syndicated blog from Symmetry Systems
authored by Claude Mandy. Read the original post at:
https://www.symmetry-systems.com/blog/confused-pilot-attack/
October 13, 2024October 13, 2024 Claude Mandy 0 Comments Blog
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USE LIMITED DATA TO SELECT CONTENT
Content presented to you on this service can be based on limited data, such as
the website or app you are using, your non-precise location, your device type,
or which content you are (or have been) interacting with (for example, to limit
the number of times a video or an article is presented to you).
View details
Consent (12 vendors)Legitimate interest (3 vendors)help_outline
ENSURE SECURITY, PREVENT AND DETECT FRAUD, AND FIX ERRORS
help_outline
Your data can be used to monitor for and prevent unusual and possibly fraudulent
activity (for example, regarding advertising, ad clicks by bots), and ensure
systems and processes work properly and securely. It can also be used to correct
any problems you, the publisher or the advertiser may encounter in the delivery
of content and ads and in your interaction with them.
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DELIVER AND PRESENT ADVERTISING AND CONTENT
help_outline
Certain information (like an IP address or device capabilities) is used to
ensure the technical compatibility of the content or advertising, and to
facilitate the transmission of the content or ad to your device.
View details
SAVE AND COMMUNICATE PRIVACY CHOICES
help_outline
The choices you make regarding the purposes and entities listed in this notice
are saved and made available to those entities in the form of digital signals
(such as a string of characters). This is necessary in order to enable both this
service and those entities to respect such choices.
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MATCH AND COMBINE DATA FROM OTHER DATA SOURCES
help_outline
Information about your activity on this service may be matched and combined with
other information relating to you and originating from various sources (for
instance your activity on a separate online service, your use of a loyalty card
in-store, or your answers to a survey), in support of the purposes explained in
this notice.
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LINK DIFFERENT DEVICES
help_outline
In support of the purposes explained in this notice, your device might be
considered as likely linked to other devices that belong to you or your
household (for instance because you are logged in to the same service on both
your phone and your computer, or because you may use the same Internet
connection on both devices).
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IDENTIFY DEVICES BASED ON INFORMATION TRANSMITTED AUTOMATICALLY
help_outline
Your device might be distinguished from other devices based on information it
automatically sends when accessing the Internet (for instance, the IP address of
your Internet connection or the type of browser you are using) in support of the
purposes exposed in this notice.
View details
USE PRECISE GEOLOCATION DATA
With your acceptance, your precise location (within a radius of less than 500
metres) may be used in support of the purposes explained in this notice.
View details
Consent
How this consent management platform (CMP) works:
CMP privacy choices
STORAGE, DURATION, AND USAGE DETAILS
The choices you make with this CMP regarding the purposes and entities will
affect how personalized advertising is presented to you. We need to store these
choices to respect them on future visits, and they are stored differently based
on the type of site or app you're using:
* For sites, your choices are saved in a cookie named “FCCDCF” for a maximum
duration of 390 days.
* For apps, your choices are saved in device storage prefixed by “IABTCF_”.
Your choices will be invalidated after 390 days and overwritten once you make
new privacy choices on this app.
* For accelerated mobile page (AMP) sites, your choices are saved in local
storage prefixed by “amp-store”. Your choices will be invalidated after 390
days and overwritten once you make new privacy choices on this site.
Vendor preferences
Accept all
Confirm choices
Vendor preferences
CONFIRM OUR VENDORS
Vendors can use your data to provide services. Declining a vendor can stop them
from using the data you shared.
TCF vendors
help_outline
EXPONENTIAL INTERACTIVE, INC D/B/A VDX.TV
Cookie duration: 90 (days).
Data collected and processed: Probabilistic identifiers, IP addresses, Browsing
and interaction data, Non-precise location data, Device identifiers, Users’
profiles, Privacy choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
ROQ.AD GMBH
Cookie duration: 365 (days).
Data collected and processed: Probabilistic identifiers, IP addresses, Browsing
and interaction data, Non-precise location data, Precise location data, Device
characteristics, Device identifiers, Authentication-derived identifiers, Privacy
choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
INDEX EXCHANGE INC.
Cookie duration: 395 (days).
Data collected and processed: IP addresses, Non-precise location data, Precise
location data, Device characteristics, Device identifiers, Privacy choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
QUANTCAST
Cookie duration: 396 (days).
Data collected and processed: User-provided data, Probabilistic identifiers, IP
addresses, Browsing and interaction data, Non-precise location data, Device
characteristics, Device identifiers, Users’ profiles, Authentication-derived
identifiers, Privacy choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline
BEESWAXIO CORPORATION
Cookie duration: 395 (days).
Data collected and processed: Probabilistic identifiers, IP addresses, Browsing
and interaction data, Non-precise location data, Precise location data, Device
characteristics, Device identifiers, Privacy choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
SOVRN, INC.
Cookie duration: 365 (days).
Data collected and processed: IP addresses, Browsing and interaction data,
Non-precise location data, Device characteristics, Device identifiers, Users’
profiles, Privacy choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
ADIKTEEV
Doesn't use cookies.
Data collected and processed: Probabilistic identifiers, IP addresses,
Non-precise location data, Device characteristics, Device identifiers, Users’
profiles, Authentication-derived identifiers
more
Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline
RTB HOUSE S.A.
Cookie duration: 365 (days).
Data collected and processed: IP addresses, Browsing and interaction data,
Non-precise location data, Device characteristics, Device identifiers, Users’
profiles, Privacy choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
THE UK TRADE DESK LTD
Cookie duration: 365 (days).
Data collected and processed: Probabilistic identifiers, IP addresses, Browsing
and interaction data, Non-precise location data, Precise location data, Device
characteristics, Device identifiers, Users’ profiles, Authentication-derived
identifiers, Privacy choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline
NEXXEN INC.
Cookie duration: 180 (days).
Data collected and processed: Probabilistic identifiers, IP addresses, Browsing
and interaction data, Non-precise location data, Device characteristics, Device
identifiers, Users’ profiles, Privacy choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline
EPSILON
Cookie duration: 184 (days).
Data collected and processed: User-provided data, Probabilistic identifiers, IP
addresses, Browsing and interaction data, Non-precise location data, Device
characteristics, Device identifiers, Users’ profiles, Authentication-derived
identifiers, Privacy choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
YAHOO EMEA LIMITED
Cookie duration: 397 (days).
Data collected and processed: Probabilistic identifiers, IP addresses, Browsing
and interaction data, Non-precise location data, Precise location data, Device
characteristics, Device identifiers, Users’ profiles, Privacy choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
ADVENTORI SAS
Cookie duration: 90 (days).
Data collected and processed: User-provided data, Probabilistic identifiers, IP
addresses, Browsing and interaction data, Non-precise location data, Device
identifiers, Privacy choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
TRIPLE LIFT, INC.
Cookie duration: 90 (days).
Data collected and processed: IP addresses, Browsing and interaction data,
Non-precise location data, Precise location data, Device characteristics, Device
identifiers, Users’ profiles, Authentication-derived identifiers, Privacy
choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline
XANDR, INC.
Cookie duration: 90 (days).
Data collected and processed: IP addresses, Browsing and interaction data,
Non-precise location data, Precise location data, Device characteristics, Device
identifiers, Users’ profiles, Authentication-derived identifiers, Privacy
choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline
NEORY GMBH
Cookie duration: 90 (days).
Data collected and processed: User-provided data, Probabilistic identifiers, IP
addresses, Browsing and interaction data, Non-precise location data, Device
characteristics, Device identifiers, Users’ profiles, Authentication-derived
identifiers, Privacy choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session.
View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
NEXXEN GROUP LLC
Cookie duration: 365 (days).
Data collected and processed: Probabilistic identifiers, IP addresses,
Non-precise location data, Device characteristics, Device identifiers, Users’
profiles, Privacy choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline
NEURAL.ONE
Cookie duration: 365 (days).
Data collected and processed: Probabilistic identifiers, IP addresses, Browsing
and interaction data, Non-precise location data, Device characteristics, Privacy
choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
ADITION (VIRTUAL MINDS GMBH)
Cookie duration: 90 (days).
Data collected and processed: User-provided data, Probabilistic identifiers, IP
addresses, Browsing and interaction data, Non-precise location data, Precise
location data, Device characteristics, Device identifiers, Users’ profiles,
Privacy choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
ACTIVE AGENT (VIRTUAL MINDS GMBH)
Cookie duration: 90 (days).
Data collected and processed: User-provided data, Probabilistic identifiers, IP
addresses, Browsing and interaction data, Non-precise location data, Precise
location data, Device characteristics, Device identifiers, Users’ profiles,
Privacy choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
TABOOLA EUROPE LIMITED
Cookie duration: 366 (days).
Data collected and processed: Probabilistic identifiers, IP addresses, Browsing
and interaction data, Non-precise location data, Device characteristics, Device
identifiers, Users’ profiles, Privacy choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
EQUATIV
Cookie duration: 396 (days).
Data collected and processed: Probabilistic identifiers, IP addresses, Browsing
and interaction data, Non-precise location data, Precise location data, Device
characteristics, Device identifiers, Users’ profiles, Authentication-derived
identifiers, Privacy choices
more
Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
ADFORM A/S
Cookie duration: 3650 (days).
Data collected and processed: User-provided data, Probabilistic identifiers, IP
addresses, Browsing and interaction data, Non-precise location data, Device
characteristics, Device identifiers, Users’ profiles, Authentication-derived
identifiers, Privacy choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline
MAGNITE, INC.
Cookie duration: 365 (days).
Data collected and processed: Probabilistic identifiers, IP addresses, Browsing
and interaction data, Non-precise location data, Precise location data, Device
characteristics, Device identifiers, Privacy choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline
RATEGAIN ADARA INC
Cookie duration: 730 (days).
Data collected and processed: User-provided data, IP addresses, Browsing and
interaction data, Non-precise location data, Device characteristics, Device
identifiers, Users’ profiles, Authentication-derived identifiers, Privacy
choices
more
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
SIFT MEDIA, INC
Doesn't use cookies.
Data collected and processed: IP addresses, Non-precise location data, Precise
location data, Device characteristics, Device identifiers
more
View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
RAKUTEN MARKETING LLC
Cookie duration: 730 (days).
Data collected and processed: User-provided data, Probabilistic identifiers, IP
addresses, Browsing and interaction data, Non-precise location data, Device
characteristics, Device identifiers, Users’ profiles, Authentication-derived
identifiers, Privacy choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline
LUMEN RESEARCH LIMITED
Doesn't use cookies.
Data collected and processed: IP addresses, Browsing and interaction data,
Non-precise location data, Device characteristics
more
View details | Privacy policylaunch
Legitimate interesthelp_outline
AMAZON AD SERVER
Cookie duration: 396 (days).
Data collected and processed: IP addresses, Browsing and interaction data,
Non-precise location data, Device characteristics, Device identifiers, Users’
profiles, Authentication-derived identifiers, Privacy choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline
OPENX
Cookie duration: 365 (days).
Data collected and processed: IP addresses, Browsing and interaction data,
Non-precise location data, Device characteristics, Device identifiers, Privacy
choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
YIELDLAB (VIRTUAL MINDS GMBH)
Cookie duration: 90 (days).
Data collected and processed: User-provided data, Probabilistic identifiers, IP
addresses, Browsing and interaction data, Non-precise location data, Precise
location data, Device characteristics, Device identifiers, Users’ profiles,
Privacy choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
ROKU ADVERTISING SERVICES
Cookie duration: 396 (days).
Data collected and processed: User-provided data, Probabilistic identifiers, IP
addresses, Browsing and interaction data, Non-precise location data, Precise
location data, Device characteristics, Device identifiers, Users’ profiles,
Authentication-derived identifiers, Privacy choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline
NANO INTERACTIVE GROUP LTD.
Doesn't use cookies.
Data collected and processed: Browsing and interaction data, Non-precise
location data, Device characteristics
more
View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
SIMPLIFI HOLDINGS LLC
Cookie duration: 366 (days).
Data collected and processed: IP addresses, Precise location data, Device
identifiers
more
Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
PUBMATIC, INC
Cookie duration: 365 (days).
Data collected and processed: User-provided data, Probabilistic identifiers, IP
addresses, Browsing and interaction data, Non-precise location data, Precise
location data, Device characteristics, Device identifiers, Users’ profiles,
Authentication-derived identifiers, Privacy choices
more
Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline
COMSCORE B.V.
Cookie duration: 720 (days).
Data collected and processed: User-provided data, Probabilistic identifiers, IP
addresses, Browsing and interaction data, Device characteristics, Device
identifiers, Authentication-derived identifiers, Privacy choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
FLASHTALKING
Cookie duration: 730 (days).
Data collected and processed: Probabilistic identifiers, IP addresses, Browsing
and interaction data, Non-precise location data, Device characteristics, Device
identifiers, Users’ profiles, Authentication-derived identifiers, Privacy
choices
more
View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
PULSEPOINT, INC.
Cookie duration: 365 (days).
Data collected and processed: IP addresses, Device characteristics, Device
identifiers
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
SMAATO, INC.
Cookie duration: 21 (days).
Data collected and processed: User-provided data, IP addresses, Browsing and
interaction data, Non-precise location data, Precise location data, Device
characteristics, Device identifiers, Users’ profiles, Authentication-derived
identifiers, Privacy choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline
SEMASIO GMBH
Cookie duration: 366 (days).
Data collected and processed: IP addresses, Browsing and interaction data,
Device identifiers, Privacy choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
CRIMTAN HOLDINGS LIMITED
Cookie duration: 365 (days).
Data collected and processed: User-provided data, Probabilistic identifiers, IP
addresses, Browsing and interaction data, Non-precise location data, Precise
location data, Device characteristics, Device identifiers, Users’ profiles,
Authentication-derived identifiers, Privacy choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session.
View details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline
GENIUS SPORTS UK LIMITED
Cookie duration: 365 (days).
Data collected and processed: Probabilistic identifiers, IP addresses, Browsing
and interaction data, Non-precise location data, Device characteristics, Device
identifiers, Users’ profiles, Authentication-derived identifiers, Privacy
choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
CRITEO SA
Cookie duration: 390 (days).
Data collected and processed: Probabilistic identifiers, IP addresses, Browsing
and interaction data, Non-precise location data, Device characteristics, Device
identifiers, Users’ profiles, Authentication-derived identifiers, Privacy
choices
more
Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
ADLOOX SA
Doesn't use cookies.
Data collected and processed: Probabilistic identifiers, IP addresses, Browsing
and interaction data, Non-precise location data, Device characteristics, Device
identifiers
more
Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline
BLIS GLOBAL LIMITED
Cookie duration: 400 (days).
Data collected and processed: User-provided data, Probabilistic identifiers, IP
addresses, Browsing and interaction data, Non-precise location data, Precise
location data, Device characteristics, Device identifiers, Users’ profiles,
Authentication-derived identifiers, Privacy choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
LOTAME SOLUTIONS, INC
Cookie duration: 274 (days).
Data collected and processed: User-provided data, Probabilistic identifiers, IP
addresses, Browsing and interaction data, Device characteristics, Device
identifiers, Users’ profiles, Authentication-derived identifiers, Privacy
choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
LIVERAMP
Cookie duration: 365 (days).
Data collected and processed: IP addresses, Browsing and interaction data,
Non-precise location data, Device characteristics, Device identifiers,
Authentication-derived identifiers, Privacy choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
GROUPM UK LIMITED
Cookie duration: 395 (days).
Data collected and processed: Probabilistic identifiers, IP addresses, Browsing
and interaction data, Non-precise location data, Precise location data, Device
characteristics, Device identifiers, Authentication-derived identifiers, Privacy
choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline
LOOPME LIMITED
Cookie duration: 90 (days).
Data collected and processed: User-provided data, Probabilistic identifiers, IP
addresses, Browsing and interaction data, Non-precise location data, Precise
location data, Device characteristics, Device identifiers, Users’ profiles,
Privacy choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
DYNATA LLC
Cookie duration: 365 (days).
Data collected and processed: User-provided data, IP addresses, Browsing and
interaction data, Non-precise location data, Device characteristics, Device
identifiers, Users’ profiles, Authentication-derived identifiers, Privacy
choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
ASK LOCALA
Doesn't use cookies.
Data collected and processed: IP addresses, Non-precise location data, Precise
location data, Device characteristics, Device identifiers, Privacy choices
more
Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
AZIRA
Doesn't use cookies.
Data collected and processed: IP addresses, Browsing and interaction data,
Non-precise location data, Precise location data, Device characteristics, Device
identifiers, Users’ profiles, Privacy choices
more
Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline
DOUBLEVERIFY INC.
Doesn't use cookies.
Data collected and processed: Probabilistic identifiers, IP addresses, Browsing
and interaction data, Non-precise location data, Device characteristics, Privacy
choices
more
View details | Privacy policylaunch
Legitimate interesthelp_outline
BIDSWITCH GMBH
Cookie duration: 365 (days).
Data collected and processed: Probabilistic identifiers, IP addresses, Browsing
and interaction data, Non-precise location data, Precise location data, Device
characteristics, Device identifiers, Authentication-derived identifiers, Privacy
choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
IPONWEB GMBH
Cookie duration: 365 (days).
Data collected and processed: User-provided data, IP addresses, Browsing and
interaction data, Non-precise location data, Device characteristics, Device
identifiers, Authentication-derived identifiers, Privacy choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
NEXTROLL, INC.
Cookie duration: 183 (days).
Data collected and processed: User-provided data, IP addresses, Browsing and
interaction data, Non-precise location data, Device characteristics, Device
identifiers, Users’ profiles, Privacy choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session.
View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
TEADS FRANCE SAS
Cookie duration: 365 (days).
Data collected and processed: IP addresses, Browsing and interaction data,
Non-precise location data, Device characteristics, Device identifiers, Users’
profiles, Privacy choices
more
Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline
STRÖER SSP GMBH (SSP)
Cookie duration: 365 (days).
Data collected and processed: Probabilistic identifiers, IP addresses, Browsing
and interaction data, Non-precise location data, Device characteristics, Device
identifiers, Users’ profiles, Privacy choices
more
Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline
OS DATA SOLUTIONS GMBH
Cookie duration: 90 (days).
Data collected and processed: User-provided data, Probabilistic identifiers, IP
addresses, Browsing and interaction data, Non-precise location data, Device
characteristics, Device identifiers, Users’ profiles, Privacy choices
more
Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline
PERMODO GMBH
Doesn't use cookies.
Data collected and processed: IP addresses, Browsing and interaction data,
Non-precise location data, Device characteristics, Device identifiers, Users’
profiles, Privacy choices
more
Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
PLATFORM161 B.V.
Cookie duration: 396 (days).
Data collected and processed: Probabilistic identifiers, IP addresses, Browsing
and interaction data, Non-precise location data, Precise location data, Device
characteristics, Device identifiers, Users’ profiles, Privacy choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
BASIS GLOBAL TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
Cookie duration: 365 (days).
Data collected and processed: IP addresses, Browsing and interaction data,
Non-precise location data, Precise location data, Device characteristics, Device
identifiers, Users’ profiles, Authentication-derived identifiers, Privacy
choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session.
View details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline
SMADEX, S.L.U.
Cookie duration: 365 (days).
Data collected and processed: User-provided data, Probabilistic identifiers, IP
addresses, Non-precise location data, Device characteristics, Device
identifiers, Users’ profiles, Privacy choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
BOMBORA INC.
Cookie duration: 365 (days).
Data collected and processed: IP addresses, Browsing and interaction data,
Non-precise location data, Device characteristics, Device identifiers, Users’
profiles, Authentication-derived identifiers
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline
EASYMEDIA GMBH
Cookie duration: 365 (days).
Data collected and processed: Probabilistic identifiers, IP addresses, Browsing
and interaction data, Non-precise location data, Precise location data, Device
characteristics, Device identifiers, Users’ profiles, Privacy choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
REMERGE GMBH
Doesn't use cookies.
Data collected and processed: IP addresses, Browsing and interaction data,
Non-precise location data, Device characteristics, Device identifiers
more
Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline
ADVANCED STORE GMBH
Cookie duration: 365 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device identifiers
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline
MAGNITE CTV, INC.
Cookie duration: 366 (days).
Data collected and processed: Probabilistic identifiers, IP addresses, Browsing
and interaction data, Non-precise location data, Precise location data, Device
characteristics, Device identifiers, Privacy choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline
DELTA PROJECTS AB
Cookie duration: 365 (days).
Data collected and processed: User-provided data, Probabilistic identifiers, IP
addresses, Browsing and interaction data, Non-precise location data, Precise
location data, Device characteristics, Device identifiers, Users’ profiles,
Authentication-derived identifiers, Privacy choices
more
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline
USEMAX ADVERTISEMENT (EMEGO GMBH)
Cookie duration: 365 (days).
Data collected and processed: IP addresses, Users’ profiles
more
Cookie duration resets each session.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
EMETRIQ GMBH
Cookie duration: 365 (days).
Data collected and processed: User-provided data, Probabilistic identifiers, IP
addresses, Browsing and interaction data, Non-precise location data, Device
characteristics, Device identifiers, Users’ profiles, Authentication-derived
identifiers, Privacy choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
PUBLICIS MEDIA GMBH
Cookie duration: 1825 (days).
Data collected and processed: User-provided data, Probabilistic identifiers, IP
addresses, Browsing and interaction data, Non-precise location data, Device
characteristics, Device identifiers, Users’ profiles, Authentication-derived
identifiers, Privacy choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
M.D. PRIMIS TECHNOLOGIES LTD.
Cookie duration: 25 (days).
Data collected and processed: User-provided data, Probabilistic identifiers, IP
addresses, Browsing and interaction data, Non-precise location data, Device
characteristics, Device identifiers, Privacy choices
more
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline
ONETAG LIMITED
Cookie duration: 396 (days).
Data collected and processed: IP addresses, Browsing and interaction data,
Non-precise location data, Device characteristics, Device identifiers, Privacy
choices
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
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