redcanary.com Open in urlscan Pro
104.198.136.223  Public Scan

URL: https://redcanary.com/threat-detection-report/threats/ta551/
Submission: On December 15 via api from US — Scanned from DE

Form analysis 3 forms found in the DOM

GET https://redcanary.com/

<form method="get" class="search-form" action="https://redcanary.com/" __bizdiag="115" __biza="WJ__"> <svg width="20" height="19" viewBox="0 0 20 19" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
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          <option value="Albania">Albania</option>
          <option value="Algeria">Algeria</option>
          <option value="Andorra">Andorra</option>
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          <option value="Anguilla">Anguilla</option>
          <option value="Antarctica">Antarctica</option>
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          <option value="Bahamas">Bahamas</option>
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          <option value="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</option>
          <option value="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</option>
          <option value="Burundi">Burundi</option>
          <option value="Cambodia">Cambodia</option>
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          <option value="Canada">Canada</option>
          <option value="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</option>
          <option value="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</option>
          <option value="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</option>
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          <option value="Chile">Chile</option>
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          <option value="Chinese Taipei">Chinese Taipei</option>
          <option value="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</option>
          <option value="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</option>
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          <option value="Comoros">Comoros</option>
          <option value="Congo">Congo</option>
          <option value="Congo, the Democratic Republic of the">Congo, the Democratic Republic of the</option>
          <option value="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</option>
          <option value="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</option>
          <option value="Cote d'Ivoire">Cote d'Ivoire</option>
          <option value="Croatia">Croatia</option>
          <option value="Cuba">Cuba</option>
          <option value="Curaçao">Curaçao</option>
          <option value="Cyprus">Cyprus</option>
          <option value="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</option>
          <option value="Denmark">Denmark</option>
          <option value="Djibouti">Djibouti</option>
          <option value="Dominica">Dominica</option>
          <option value="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</option>
          <option value="Ecuador">Ecuador</option>
          <option value="Egypt">Egypt</option>
          <option value="El Salvador">El Salvador</option>
          <option value="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</option>
          <option value="Eritrea">Eritrea</option>
          <option value="Estonia">Estonia</option>
          <option value="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</option>
          <option value="Falkland Islands (Malvinas)">Falkland Islands (Malvinas)</option>
          <option value="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</option>
          <option value="Fiji">Fiji</option>
          <option value="Finland">Finland</option>
          <option value="France">France</option>
          <option value="French Guiana">French Guiana</option>
          <option value="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</option>
          <option value="French Southern Territories">French Southern Territories</option>
          <option value="Gabon">Gabon</option>
          <option value="Gambia">Gambia</option>
          <option value="Georgia">Georgia</option>
          <option value="Germany">Germany</option>
          <option value="Ghana">Ghana</option>
          <option value="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</option>
          <option value="Greece">Greece</option>
          <option value="Greenland">Greenland</option>
          <option value="Grenada">Grenada</option>
          <option value="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</option>
          <option value="Guatemala">Guatemala</option>
          <option value="Guernsey">Guernsey</option>
          <option value="Guinea">Guinea</option>
          <option value="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</option>
          <option value="Guyana">Guyana</option>
          <option value="Haiti">Haiti</option>
          <option value="Heard Island and McDonald Islands">Heard Island and McDonald Islands</option>
          <option value="Holy See (Vatican City State)">Holy See (Vatican City State)</option>
          <option value="Honduras">Honduras</option>
          <option value="Hungary">Hungary</option>
          <option value="Iceland">Iceland</option>
          <option value="India">India</option>
          <option value="Indonesia">Indonesia</option>
          <option value="Iran, Islamic Republic of">Iran, Islamic Republic of</option>
          <option value="Iraq">Iraq</option>
          <option value="Ireland">Ireland</option>
          <option value="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</option>
          <option value="Israel">Israel</option>
          <option value="Italy">Italy</option>
          <option value="Jamaica">Jamaica</option>
          <option value="Japan">Japan</option>
          <option value="Jersey">Jersey</option>
          <option value="Jordan">Jordan</option>
          <option value="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</option>
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          <option value="Korea, Democratic People's Republic of">Korea, Democratic People's Republic of</option>
          <option value="Korea, Republic of">Korea, Republic of</option>
          <option value="Kuwait">Kuwait</option>
          <option value="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</option>
          <option value="Lao People's Democratic Republic">Lao People's Democratic Republic</option>
          <option value="Latvia">Latvia</option>
          <option value="Lebanon">Lebanon</option>
          <option value="Lesotho">Lesotho</option>
          <option value="Liberia">Liberia</option>
          <option value="Libyan Arab Jamahiriya">Libyan Arab Jamahiriya</option>
          <option value="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</option>
          <option value="Lithuania">Lithuania</option>
          <option value="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</option>
          <option value="Macao">Macao</option>
          <option value="Macedonia, the former Yugoslav Republic of">Macedonia, the former Yugoslav Republic of</option>
          <option value="Madagascar">Madagascar</option>
          <option value="Malawi">Malawi</option>
          <option value="Malaysia">Malaysia</option>
          <option value="Maldives">Maldives</option>
          <option value="Mali">Mali</option>
          <option value="Malta">Malta</option>
          <option value="Martinique">Martinique</option>
          <option value="Mauritania">Mauritania</option>
          <option value="Mauritius">Mauritius</option>
          <option value="Mayotte">Mayotte</option>
          <option value="Mexico">Mexico</option>
          <option value="Moldova, Republic of">Moldova, Republic of</option>
          <option value="Monaco">Monaco</option>
          <option value="Mongolia">Mongolia</option>
          <option value="Montenegro">Montenegro</option>
          <option value="Montserrat">Montserrat</option>
          <option value="Morocco">Morocco</option>
          <option value="Mozambique">Mozambique</option>
          <option value="Myanmar">Myanmar</option>
          <option value="Namibia">Namibia</option>
          <option value="Nauru">Nauru</option>
          <option value="Nepal">Nepal</option>
          <option value="Netherlands">Netherlands</option>
          <option value="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</option>
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          <option value="Niue">Niue</option>
          <option value="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</option>
          <option value="Norway">Norway</option>
          <option value="Oman">Oman</option>
          <option value="Pakistan">Pakistan</option>
          <option value="Palestinian Territory, Occupied">Palestinian Territory, Occupied</option>
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          <option value="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</option>
          <option value="Paraguay">Paraguay</option>
          <option value="Peru">Peru</option>
          <option value="Philippines">Philippines</option>
          <option value="Pitcairn">Pitcairn</option>
          <option value="Poland">Poland</option>
          <option value="Portugal">Portugal</option>
          <option value="Qatar">Qatar</option>
          <option value="Reunion">Reunion</option>
          <option value="Romania">Romania</option>
          <option value="Russian Federation">Russian Federation</option>
          <option value="Rwanda">Rwanda</option>
          <option value="Saint Barthélemy">Saint Barthélemy</option>
          <option value="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</option>
          <option value="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</option>
          <option value="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</option>
          <option value="Saint Martin (French part)">Saint Martin (French part)</option>
          <option value="Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</option>
          <option value="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</option>
          <option value="Samoa">Samoa</option>
          <option value="San Marino">San Marino</option>
          <option value="Sao Tome and Principe">Sao Tome and Principe</option>
          <option value="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</option>
          <option value="Senegal">Senegal</option>
          <option value="Serbia">Serbia</option>
          <option value="Seychelles">Seychelles</option>
          <option value="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</option>
          <option value="Singapore">Singapore</option>
          <option value="Sint Maarten (Dutch part)">Sint Maarten (Dutch part)</option>
          <option value="Slovakia">Slovakia</option>
          <option value="Slovenia">Slovenia</option>
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          <option value="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</option>
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2021Threat Detection Report
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 * Techniques
 * Threats
 * Beats
 * Archive
 * Download Report

Additional Research
 * Windows Admin Shares
 * Remote File Copy
 * Scripting
 * DLL Search Order Hijacking
 * Domain Trust Discovery



 * Disabling Security Tools
 * Credential Dumping
 * Windows Management Instrumentation
 * Spearphishing Attachment

Past Reports
 * 2020
 * 2019

 * Top 10 Threats
 * #1 TA551
 * #2 Cobalt Strike
 * #3 Qbot
 * #4 IcedID
 * #5 Mimikatz

 * 
   
 * #6 Shlayer
 * #7 Dridex
 * #8 Emotet
 * #9 TrickBot
 * #10 Gamarue

Other threats
 * Ransomware
 * Bazar
 * Blue Mockingbird
 * Yellow Cockatoo
 * Solorigate and beyond

 * Top 10 Techniques
 * #1 Command and Scripting Interpreter
 * #2 Signed Binary Proxy Execution
 * #3 Create or Modify System Process
 * #4 Scheduled Task/Job
 * #5 OS Credential Dumping

 * 
   
 * #6 Process Injection
 * #7 Obfuscated Files or Information
 * #8 Ingress Tool Transfer
 * #9 System Services
 * #10 Masquerading

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THREAT


TA551

TA551, also known as Shathak, is a threat group that uses large-scale phishing
campaigns to deliver additional malware payloads. IcedID and Valak were the
predominant payloads we observed with TA551 phishing campaigns in 2020.

Pairs with this song


#1

OVERALL RANK


15.5%

CUSTOMERS AFFECTED

 * Analysis
 * Detection Opportunities

 

THREAT SOUNDS






ANALYSIS

TA551 was the most prevalent threat Red Canary encountered in 2020 by a wide
margin. Its pervasiveness was revealed not only in the volume of detections, but
in the number of organizations affected across multiple industries and company
sizes. The preeminence of TA551 is due in part to our depth of detection
coverage for it: throughout 2020, 55 distinct detection analytics triggered on
activity that we’ve associated with TA551.

TA551 also took the top spot due to our ability to detect it in the earliest
stages of initial access through patterns in malicious attachments.
Approximately two-thirds of TA551 detections we observed didn’t progress beyond
opening the malicious attachment. To understand how an organization can be part
of the two-thirds that didn’t get infected with the next stage of malware, let’s
take a look at the progression of a TA551 attack.

INITIAL ACCESS

TA551 gains initial access via macro-laden Microsoft Word documents delivered
within a password-protected ZIP archive attached to a phishing email. Wrapping
malicious attachments within password-protected archives enables these messages
to bypass many mail protection filters by preventing direct analysis of the
malicious files. This technique has become more common in recent years, as it
increases the likelihood that the phishing message will make it to a user’s
inbox. While TA551 varies the filenames for these ZIP archives, including
targeted names tailored to the recipient’s organization, in many cases the name
was either request.zip or info.zip.

THE DROP

After opening the archive using a password provided within the email body, the
recipient is presented with a Word document containing malicious macros. This is
the dropper, designed to download additional malware from an
adversary-controlled site. This is a crucial point for organizations with a
defense-in-depth strategy; many of our TA551 detections progressed no further
than the opening of this malicious document. Why? Because organizations that
have implemented a restrictive macro policy disrupt this attack by preventing
the execution of malicious code. Such a policy is the primary distinction
between the two-thirds of detections that stopped here and the one-third that
progressed to the more impactful stages of the attack.

THE MACRO FACTOR

For a variety of reasons, many organizations and users do allow macros to run.
In these cases, the macro will result in a network connection to attempt to
download the next stage of the malware. Herein lies another example of a
defense-in-depth strategy that may disrupt the attack: a web proxy that inspects
network traffic may block access to the domain hosting the malicious payload. In
some cases, we observed a network connection and creation of an empty file as a
result of the attempted download, but because the malicious content was
prevented from being downloaded, the attack chain ended there.

DLL INSTALLATION

If a macro policy doesn’t prevent the code from running and a web proxy doesn’t
prevent the next payload from being downloaded, a new malware family will likely
execute. TA551 typically transitions from the initial access phase to malware
execution via a DLL installer. There have been several variations in how the DLL
installer payload was downloaded (see T1105: Ingress Tool Transfer). In some
cases, Microsoft Word downloaded the file directly. Other cases leveraged
renamed system utilities certutil.exe or mshta.exe to further distance the
payload from the dropper. The downloaded DLL file typically masqueraded as well,
using a variety of different non-DLL extensions to attempt to blend in—we’ve
seen .dat, .jpg, .pdf, .txt, and even .theme file extensions.

Despite these attempts to masquerade (and sometimes because of them), our
detection analytics repeatedly triggered when the payload was executed. For most
of 2020, this execution was done via regsvr32.exe; however, near the end of the
year this was replaced with the use of rundll32.exe. While far from the only
threat to use these T1218: Signed Binary Proxy Execution sub-techniques, it is
no coincidence that T1218 was the second-most prevalent technique we observed in
2020.

PAYLOAD

Once the DLL installer runs, the next stage of malware begins. TA551 has
delivered various payloads over the years:

 * In 2019 and early 2020, Ursnif and Zloader were common payloads
 * In mid-2020, TA551 favored delivering Valak as a first-stage and IcedId as a
   second-stage payload for a few months
 * By mid-July 2020, TA551 stopped using Valak and exclusively delivered IcedID
   (our fourth most prevalent threat) as its first-stage payload through the end
   of the year
 * In January 2021, after a brief holiday hiatus, TA551 campaigns returned with
   a new notable payload: Qbot (our third most prevalent threat)

Our understanding of this threat is still evolving, as is the relationship
between TA551’s initial access and the post-exploitation goals of the
later-stage malware. For another perspective on TA551, check out this post from
Unit 42 and follow Brad Duncan on Twitter, who has helped us better understand
this threat.




DETECTION OPPORTUNITIES


DETECTION OPPORTUNITY 1

Winword spawning regsvr32.exe
ATT&CK technique(s): T1218.010 Signed Binary Proxy Execution: Regsvr32
ATT&CK tactic(s): Defense Evasion, Initial Access

Details: TA551 transitions from initial access to execution via a defense
evasion tactic leveraging the Microsoft-signed binary regsvr32.exe. While the
use of a signed binary may try to blend in with typical running processes, the
unusual parent-child relationship between winword.exe and regsvr32.exe provides
a detection opportunity from an endpoint perspective. It is extremely unusual to
see Word executing regsvr32.exe; this is almost always indicative of a malicious
macro. In the example below, 84925290.dat is actually a DLL file masquerading as
a data (DAT) file. More on that in Detection opportunity 3 below.


DETECTION OPPORTUNITY 2

Renamed Windows system binary mshta.exe spawned from WMI and making external
network connections
ATT&CK technique(s): T1218.005 Signed Binary Proxy Execution: Mshta, T1036.003
Masquerading: Rename System Utilities
ATT&CK tactic(s): Defense Evasion, Execution

Details: TA551 changed its macro execution during 2020, evading the first
detection opportunity by leveraging Windows Management Instrumentation (WMI) to
break the parent-child process lineage from winword.exe. Instead of downloading
the installer DLL directly via the macro, TA551 leveraged a Microsoft HTML
Application (HTA) file to retrieve the malicious payload. Not only that, the
adversaries took the extra step to rename mshta.exe in an attempt to masquerade
this activity.

Despite these efforts at evasion, this activity actually represents three
detection opportunities in one! Evaluating process hashes and/or internal binary
metadata is a must when masquerading is in play. When a legitimate file has been
renamed, identifying a mismatch between the expected filename and the observed
filename often leads to high-fidelity detection. In this case, once we’ve
unmasked mshta.exe, two more detection opportunities arise from an understanding
of typical behavior for this binary. The relationship of wmiprvse.exe as the
parent process to mshta.exe is also highly unusual, and a high-fidelity
detection opportunity. Similarly, an external network connection from mshta.exe
is unusual behavior that may draw attention to this process execution.

For those of you detecting at home, note that none of this would have been
possible if our detection coverage relied solely on the filename of mshta.exe to
be accurate.


DETECTION OPPORTUNITY 3

Regsvr32 attempting to register a file without a .dll extension
ATT&CK technique(s): T1218.010 Signed Binary Proxy Execution: Regsvr32,
T1036.003 Masquerading
ATT&CK tactic(s): Defense Evasion

Details: While the first two detection opportunities focused on how TA551
delivered the malicious installer DLL, our third detection opportunity focuses
on how that payload is executed. Continuing with the masquerading theme, TA551
prefers to disguise its malicious code as a more benign file type such as a JPG
or PDF. While this might foil a defender looking for executable file extensions
to analyze, this masquerading trick again results in a detection opportunity
with endpoint monitoring due to abnormal process behavior. It is highly unusual
for regsvr32, a tool designed to register and unregister object linking and
embedding controls on Windows systems, to register files with these extensions.
While there are some legitimate exceptions you may need to tune out in your
environment, regsvr32 typically acts upon files with a .dll extension.

DETECTION STRATEGIST

 

JEFF FELLING

PRINCIPAL INTELLIGENCE ANALYST

Jeff Felling is a puzzle solver who currently contemplates the conundrums
confounding corporate computer custodians, aka a threat hunter. After nearly a
dozen years analyzing anomalies, foraging for forensic artifacts, and mulling
over malware for the DoD, Jeff returned home to Indiana in 2016 where he helped
create Anthem, Inc.’s threat hunting program, ORION, prior to joining Red Canary
in April 2019. Jeff holds degrees in mathematics from Johns Hopkins University
(MS) and Purdue University (BS), and is certified in security, incident
handling, and forensic analysis through SANS.
Jeff Felling is a puzzle solver who currently contemplates the conundrums
confounding corporate computer custodians, aka a threat hunter. After nearly a
dozen years analyzing anomalies, foraging for forensic artifacts, and mulling
over malware for the DoD, Jeff returned home to Indiana in 2016 where he helped
create Anthem, Inc.’s threat hunting program, ORION, prior to joining Red Canary
in April 2019. Jeff holds degrees in mathematics from Johns Hopkins University
(MS) and Purdue University (BS), and is certified in security, incident
handling, and forensic analysis through SANS.
Top Threats
#2 Cobalt Strike

RELATED RESOURCES

 

February 9, 2021
Catch me if you code: how to detect process masquerading
 

October 28, 2020
Testing adversary technique variations with AtomicTestHarnesses
 


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