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9 May 2023
WHAT IS CHATGPT, AND IS IT SAFE TO USE?
ChatGPT puts the power of artificial intelligence in our pockets, but how
exactly does it work, and can you trust what it tells you?
Michael Passingham
Andrew Laughlin
*
*
*
*
ChatGPT has stolen headlines since it was launched for public use in late 2022.
The tool, which is an Artificial Intelligence (AI)-powered chatbot, can
convincingly write almost anything based on a limited brief.
The impact on consumers in the future could be huge, with improved search
engines, customer service and even product recommendations just some of the
potential future uses of this nascent, yet remarkably advanced technology.
However, while its responses are convincing at first glance, the accuracy of its
‘confidently incorrect’ responses have highlighted significant concerns around
how this type of tool might be used and abused.
With the UK regulator, the CMA, announcing a review of the AI market, the pace
at which these tools are developing is clearly under scrutiny. Read on to find
out more about ChatGPT and similar tools, how they work, and whether you should
be concerned.
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WHAT IS CHATGPT?
ChatGPT was developed by AI firm OpenAI. OpenAI is partly owned by Microsoft as
well as several other investment firms.
It’s a chatbot that responds to almost any prompt, be it a question or command,
in convincingly legible prose. GPT stands for Generative Pre-trained
Transformer, which means it’s a tool that can generate responses based on what
it’s already learned. It is a paid-for tool but there is a free version that you
can use if the service isn’t too busy.
ChatGPT isn’t the only chatbot that works in this way, but it’s the one that’s
gained the most attention in recent months.
WHERE DOES CHATGPT GET ITS INFORMATION?
ChatGPT uses a collection of Large Language Models (LLMs) which are numbered
according to how advanced they are - the free web version is currently using
GPT-3.5. These are based on all sorts of sources including the web, books,
social media and more. The resulting language dataset comprises hundreds of
billions of words.
The free version of ChatGPT is based on data collection that finished in early
2022, so it does not 'know' anything about the world after that time. There’s
also a premium version called ChatGPT Plus (which costs $20 a month) that’s
furnished with more up-to-date information from GPT-4.
A ChatGPT-like tool is also available to people who use Microsoft’s Bing search
engine. The responses to your queries are based both on the pre-learned database
of GPT-4, but combined with more up-to-the-minute information about the world
right now, and includes clickable citations. Google has a similar chat-based
search tool called Bard but it’s only available to those with an invite.
Stay secure: Read our guide on how to protect your smart home from hackers
CAN I TRUST THE INFORMATION I GET FROM CHATGPT?
In short, no. But in the same way as you might use different sources to
kickstart a research project or better understand what people are saying about a
topic, ChatGPT and similar tools can be used in a way that can help get you
started and find information that you weren’t aware of. The main thing here is
to not use a chatbot as your primary source for information, but instead take
the answers it gives you and pursue them until you have found the real facts.
It’s important to understand how ChatGPT comes up with its answers. Crudely put,
ChatGPT is very good at placing one word after another. It can do this because
it’s 'learned' so much from the massive data gathering exercises that form the
basis of the model that powers it. As such, it does not 'know' anything at all;
all it can do is put words one after another that make sense.
It’s often accurate but equally it can write utter nonsense. Its responses have
been dubbed by many as ‘confidently wrong’ because the tone ChatGPT uses does
not leave any room for doubt, even if it’s talking rubbish. These tools also
have the tendency to 'hallucinate', where facts go completely out of the window
and it states facts that are patently false, such as the fact that the current
year is 2022 or that it loves the user.
It does not know how to communicate a level of confidence in what it has
written, and if you attempt to probe into how it knows what it’s told you – for
instance by asking for a list of citations – it will simply produce a list of
things that look like citations but may not actually be real references at all.
Also keep in mind that the sources of its language prediction includes social
media platforms, such as Reddit and Twitter. While these are fantastic resources
for getting to grips with how people speak to each other conversationally, a
portion of online content written by people is going to be false, misleading and
even harmful. Since some of what ChatGPT produces is based on what is on these
sites and other similar platforms, this should give you some idea of what level
of trust you should give it.
Other GPT-powered tools can be given different levels of credibility. For
example, Bing’s chat tool provides citations and links to the sources for the
facts it has presented. That’s not to say the sources themselves are accurate
and there is a potential for citations to be ‘hallucinated’ (see above)
entirely, as has been demonstrated by testing with Bing's system.
Stay safe online with our up-to-the-minute advice on scams
WHAT DOES CHATGPT DO WITH THE INFORMATION I ENTER INTO IT?
Ask ChatGPT this question and it tells you that no information about what you
enter into it is stored. This is indeed OpenAI’s policy, but the UK’s National
Cyber Security Council (NCSC) still points out that you should not enter
sensitive information (such as personal details or company intellectual
property) into chatbots, and not to perform queries that could be problematic if
made public (for example sharing your secrets and asking ChatGPT to solve a
personal dilemma).
As generative AI tools become more prevalent (see below) and are used by
companies for specific customer service purposes, the data you enter could be
stored under the T&Cs of the companies you’re communicating with. All well and
good, but when GPT-powered chatbots have the ability to misunderstand, there is
always a chance that the data held about you by these companies is incorrect,
which could be a breach of the General Data Protection Regulations.
HOW AND WHERE ARE CHATGPT AND OTHER GENERATIVE AI BEING USED?
Anyone can use ChatGPT for themselves - visit the website, sign up and start
experimenting. Just bear in mind the limitations given above on how it works and
can be used. ChatGPT is a language model, so it can’t generate art or images
like some AI engines. However, it can in theory process images and make
recommendations. For example, it could scan an image of what’s left in your
fridge and then recommend a recipe for dinner.
As covered above, the highest profile public use of ChatGPT so far is in
Microsoft’s Bing search engine and Edge browser. This follows Microsoft’s
multi-billion dollar investment in the technology. Bing Chat enables you to ask
questions and look up terms, just as you would with normal web search. It will -
in theory - give a more human and useful response.
Various companies are experimenting with how to use ChatGPT in their services -
for example, giving more personalised recommendations on retail websites. The
bulk of uses though are behind the scenes, often using the tool to process vast
amounts of data to do anything from improve efficiency to combat fraud.
There are practical ways you can use it, too. Something ChatGPT does very well
is explain things in clear and simple terms, so if you’re looking to get a
message across – for example a York student who had a parking fine overturned
after using ChatGPT to lay out the details – it can be a great way to do this.
You could also use it as a starting point for broaching a tricky issue, such as
a dispute with a neighbour. Just remember that the information ChatGPT generates
should be treated as ‘research’, or as a guide, and in most cases should still
be checked and validated before it is shared or used
On the negative side, there are various ways in which this technology can be
used to create convincing content that is either fake, misleading or even used
for scams. It’s still early days, but evidence has already been uncovered of
huge numbers of ‘content farms’ using entirely AI-generated content to lure
people to the site and gain as much revenue as possible from advertising.
Content farms have always existed, of course, but without real human
intervention it is now possible to produce convincing text on an enormous scale
at very low cost.
IS THERE ANY REGULATION FOR AI LIKE CHATGPT?
There is no specific regulation for generative AI tools like ChatGPT, but other
laws could well be applied to the responses it produces.
For example, if ChatGPT generates text that is largely similar to a copyrighted
source, it could be in breach of copyright law. In addition, there are already
examples of ChatGPT defaming individuals, stating they were involved in crimes
they did not commit. This could result in legal action for libel.
There are undoubtedly many untested cases of where a chatbot could be in breach
of the law. For example, if a retailer were to employ the services of a chatbot
to provide recommendations for a washing machine, and then that machine was not
fit for purpose, there could be a consumer law case to answer.
AI like chatGPT has to obey data protection rules on the use and storage of
personal data. Indeed, Italy’s data protection regulator was quick off the mark
to ban ChatGPT under data protection grounds to prevent personal data being
stored and then shared back to other users. The ban was subsequently lifted
after OpenAI “addressed or clarified” the issues that the regulator had raised.
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