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2013 Cost of Data Breach Study: Global Analysis Benchmark research sponsored by
Symantec Independently Conducted by Ponemon Institute LLC May 2013 Ponemon
Institute© Research Report
2013 COST OF DATA BREACH STUDY - GLOBAL ANALYSIS
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Résultats d’une étude sur le coût de la cybercriminalité dans le monde
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Page 1
2013 Cost of Data Breach Study: Global Analysis
Benchmark research sponsored by Symantec Independently Conducted by Ponemon
Institute LLC May 2013
Ponemon Institute© Research Report
Page 2
Ponemon Institute© Research Report Page 1
20131 Cost of Data Breach Study: Global Analysis Ponemon Institute, May 2013
Part 1. Executive Summary Symantec Corporation and Ponemon Institute are pleased
to present the 2013 Cost of Data Breach: Global Analysis, our eighth annual
benchmark study concerning the cost of data breach incidents for companies
located nine countries. Since 2009, we have provided a consolidated report of
the benchmark findings from all countries represented in the research. In this
report, we present both the consolidated findings and country differences. The
number of global organizations represented this year has grown to 277 in nine
countries. More than 1,400 individuals were interviewed for this study during a
ten-month period. In last year’s report, 199 organizations from eight countries
participated in this benchmark research. As the findings reveal, the average per
capita cost of data breach (compiled for nine countries and converted to US
dollars) differs widely among the countries. Many of these cost differences can
be attributed to the types of attacks and threats organizations face as well as
the data protection regulations and laws in their respective countries. In this
year’s global study, the average consolidated data breach increased from $130 to
$136. However, German and US organizations on average experienced much higher
costs at $199 and $188, respectively. Ponemon Institute conducted its first Cost
of Data Breach study in the United States eight years ago. Since then, we have
expanded the study to include the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Australia,
India, Italy, Japan and, for the first time this year, Brazil. To date, 965
business and government (public sector) organizations have participated in the
benchmarking process since the inception of this research series. As mentioned
above, this year’s study examines the costs incurred by 277 companies in 16
industry sectors after those companies experienced the loss or theft of
protected personal data. It is important to note the costs presented in this
research are not hypothetical but are from actual data loss incidents. They are
based upon cost estimates provided by the individuals we interviewed over a
ten-month period in the companies that are represented in this research. The
number of breached records per incident this year ranged from 2,300 records to
more than 99,000 records. This year the average number of breached records was
23,647. We do not include organizations that had data breaches in excess of
100,000 because they are not representative of most data breaches and to include
them in the study would skew the results. The detailed cost data for the 277
data breach cases can be found as Appendix 1 in the nine separate country
reports. The report examines a wide range of business costs, including expense
outlays for detection, escalation, notification, and after-the-fact (ex-post)
response. We also analyze the economic impact of lost or diminished customer
trust and confidence as measured by customer turnover or churn. The following
are the most salient country differences measured in US dollars: The most and
least expensive breaches. German and US companies had the most costly
data breaches ($199 and $188 per record, respectively). These countries also
experienced the highest total cost (US at $5.4 million and Germany at $4.8
million). The least costly breaches occurred in Brazil and India ($58 and $42,
respectively). In Brazil total cost was $1.3 million and in India it was $1.1
million.
1The Cost of Data Breach report is dated as a 2013 publication. Please note that
all data breach incidents studied in this year’s report happened in the 2012
calendar year. Thus, all figures reflect the 2012 data breach incidents.
Page 3
Ponemon Institute© Research Report Page 2
Size of data breaches. On average, Australian and US companies had data breaches
that resulted in the greatest number of exposed or compromised records (34,249
and 28,765 records, respectively). On average, Italian and Japanese companies
had the smallest number of breached records (18,285 and 18,237 records,
respectively).
Causes of data breaches differ among countries. German companies were most
likely to
experience a malicious or criminal attack, followed by Australia and Japan.
Brazilian companies were most likely to experience breaches caused by human
error. Companies in India were the most likely to experience a data breach
caused by a system glitch or business process failure.
The most costly malicious and criminal attacks. Consolidated findings show that
malicious or criminal attacks are the most costly data breaches incidents in all
nine countries. US and German companies experience the most expensive data
breach incidents at $277 and $214 per compromised records, respectively. Brazil
and India had the least costly data breach caused by malicious or criminal
attackers at $71 and $46 per capita, respectively.
Factors that decrease the cost. US and UK companies received the greatest
reduction in
data breach costs by having a strong security posture, incident response plan
and CISO appointment. The US and France received the greatest cost reduction
from the engagement of consultants to support data breach remediation.
Factors that increase the cost. US companies realized the greatest increase in
data breach
costs if caused by a third party error or quick notification of data breach
victims, regulators and other stakeholders. UK companies had the greatest
increase in the cost of data breach if the incident involved a lost or stolen
device.
Countries that lose the most customers following a data breach. France and
Australia
had the highest rate of abnormal customer turnover or churn following a data
breach. In contrast, Brazil and India had the lowest rate of abnormal churn. In
the context of this study, abnormal churn is defined as the customer turnover
caused by the data breach (above the churn experienced in the normal course of
business).
Countries that spend the most and least on detection and escalation. On average,
German and Australian organizations spent the most on such detection and
escalation activities as investigating and assessing the data breach ($1.3
million and $1.2 million, respectively). Organizations in India and Brazil spent
the least on detection and escalation at $359,406 and $358,478, respectively.
Countries that spend the most and least on notification. Some typical
notification costs
include IT activities associated with the creation of contact databases,
determination of all regulatory requirements, engagement of outside experts and
other efforts to make sure victims are alerted to the fact that their personal
information has been compromised. US and Germany organizations on average spent
the most ($565,020 and $353,927, respectively). Brazil and India spent the least
amount on notification ($53,063 and $22,232, respectively).
Page 4
Ponemon Institute© Research Report Page 3
Cost of Data Breach FAQs How do you collect the data? Ponemon Institute
researchers collected in-depth qualitative data through interviews with more
than 1,400 individuals in 277 organizations conducted over a ten-month period in
nine countries. Recruiting organizations for the 2012 study began in January
2012 and interviews were completed in December. In each of the participating
organizations, we spoke with IT, compliance and information security
practitioners who are knowledgeable about their organization’s data breach and
the costs associated with resolving the breach. For privacy purposes we do not
collect any organization-specific information. How do you calculate the cost of
data breach? To calculate the average cost of data breach, we collect both the
direct and indirect expenses incurred by the organization. Direct expenses
include engaging forensic experts, outsourcing hotline support and providing
free credit monitoring subscriptions and discounts for future products and
services. Indirect costs include in-house investigations and communication, as
well as the extrapolated value of customer loss resulting from turnover or
diminished acquisition rates. For a detailed explanation about Ponemon
Institute’s benchmark methodology, please see Part 4 of this report. How does
benchmark research differ from survey research? The unit of analysis in the Cost
of Data Breach study is the organization. In survey research, the unit of
analysis is typically the individual. As discussed previously, we recruited 277
organizations to participate in this study. All of these organizations
experienced a data breach ranging from a low of about 1,000 to nearly 100,000
compromised records. Can the average cost of data breach be used to calculate
the financial consequences of a mega breach such as those involving millions of
lost or stolen records? The average cost of a data breach in our research does
not apply to catastrophic or mega data breaches because these are not typical of
the breaches most organizations experience. In order to be representative of the
population of organizations and draw conclusions from the research that can be
useful in understanding costs when protected information is lost or stolen, we
do not include data breaches of more than 100,000 compromised records in our
analysis. Are you tracking the same organizations each year? Each annual study
involves a different sample of companies. In other words, we are not tracking
the same sample of companies over time. To be consistent, we recruit and match
companies with similar characteristics such as the company’s industry,
headcount, geographic footprint and size of data breach. Since starting this
research in 2005, we have studied the data breach experiences of 965
organizations.
Page 5
Ponemon Institute© Research Report Page 4
Part 2. Key Findings In this section we provide the detailed findings of this
research. Topics are presented in the following order: Frequency of data breach
incidents Cost of data breach per record and organization Root causes of a data
breach Factors that influence the cost of a data breach Trends in the frequency
of compromised records Trends in customer turnover or churn Data breach cost
components The following table contains the list of countries and legend used in
forthcoming figures. The table also provides the 04/01/2013 Wall Street Journal
conversion rates used to convert cost data into one common currency (US
dollars).
Table 1. Country legend Legend Case studies Currency Conversion rate to US$
Australia AU 21 AU Dollar 0.97 Brazil BZ 31 Real 2.00 France FR 26 Euro 0.76
Germany DE 31 Euro 0.76 India IN 28 Rupee 54.12 Italy IT 22 Euro 0.76 Japan JP
26 Yen 98.00 United Kingdom UK 38 GBP 0.65 United States US 54 Dollar 1.00
Number of exposed or compromised records. Figure 1 reports the average size of
data breaches for organizations in the nine countries represented in this
research. At an average of 34,249, Australia has the highest number of breached
records. Our sample of Japanese organizations, on the other hand, experienced
the lowest average number of breach records at 18,237. By design, the data
breach cases included in this research had a minimum value of 1,000 records and
a maximum value of 100,000 records. As discussed, we do not include data breach
cases in excess of 100,000 records because this would affect the findings and
are not representative of the data breaches most companies experience. Figure 1.
The average number of breached records
18,237
18,285
22,462
22,847
23,833
24,280
26,586
28,765
34,249
- 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 40,000
JP
IT
FR
BZ
UK
DE
IN
US
AU
Page 6
Ponemon Institute© Research Report Page 5
Per capita cost. Figure 2 reports the average per capita cost of a data breach
expressed in US dollars for nine country studies. As shown there is marked
variation among country samples.2 The consolidated average per capita cost for
all country samples was $136 compared to a $130 cost per compromised record
calculated last year (excluding Brazil). Germany experienced the highest per
capita cost of data breach at $199 and India experienced the lowest cost at $42
per compromised record. Figure 2. The average per capita cost of data breach
over two years Measured in US$
Average organizational cost of data breach varies by country. Figure 3 presents
the total average cost of data breach for nine country studies in this year’s
study. As can be seen, the US sample experienced the highest total average cost
at more than $5.4 million, followed by Germany at $4.8 million. In sharp
contrast, samples of Brazilian and Indian companies experienced the lowest total
average cost at $1.3 million and $1.1 million, respectively. Figure 3. The
average total organizational cost of data breach Measured in US$
2Per capita cost is defined as the total cost of data breach divided by the size
of the data breach in terms of the number of lost or stolen records.
42 58
124 125 132 133
168 188
199
42
102
132 124 145
159
194 191
-
50
100
150
200
250
IN BZ* IT JP UK AU FR US DE
FY 2012 (n = 277) FY 2011 (n = 199)
1,115,804
1,321,903
2,275,404
2,282,095
3,143,048
3,763,299
4,104,932
4,823,583
5,403,644
- 1,000,000 2,000,000 3,000,000 4,000,000 5,000,000 6,000,000
IN
BZ
IT
JP
UK
FR
AU
DE
US
Page 7
Ponemon Institute© Research Report Page 6
Certain industries have higher data breach costs. Figure 4 reports the per
capita costs for the consolidated sample by industry classification. Heavily
regulated industries such as healthcare, financial, pharmaceuticals,
transportation and communications had a per capita data breach cost
substantially above the overall mean of $136. Retailers and public sector
organizations had a per capita cost well below the overall mean value. Figure 4.
Per capita cost by industry classification Consolidated view (n=277). Measured
in US$
78
81
103
103
111
113
114
125
125
129
134
150
169
207
215
233
0 50 100 150 200 250
Retail
Public services
Industrial
Media
Education
Consumer
Hospitality
Energy
Research
Technology
Services
Communications
Transportation
Pharmaceuticals
Financial
Healthcare
Page 8
Ponemon Institute© Research Report Page 7
Mistakes made by people and systems are the main causes of data breach.3 Figure
5 provides a summary of the main root causes of data breach on a consolidated
basis for all nine country samples. Taken together, human errors and system
problems account for 64 percent of data breaches in the global study. These can
include: Employees mishandling information Violations of industry and government
regulations Lack of system controls IT or business process failure (such as
legacy FTP jobs expose credit card data in the clear) Insiders greatly
contribute to data breaches and that loss can be costly to organizations. Figure
5. Distribution of the benchmark sample by root cause of the data breach
Consolidated view (n=277)
Figure 6 presents the main root causes of data breach for nine country samples.
At 48 percent, German companies are most likely to experience a malicious or
criminal attack. In contrast, Brazilian companies were least likely to
experience such data breaches and most likely experienced a breach caused by
human errors. Indian companies were most likely to experience a data breach
caused by a system glitch or business process failure. Figure 6. Distribution of
the benchmark sample by root cause of the data breach
3Negligent insiders are individuals who cause a data breach because of their
carelessness, as determined in a post data breach investigation. Malicious
attacks can be caused by hackers or criminal insiders (employees, contractors or
other third parties).
37%
29%
35% Malicious or criminal attack
System glitch
Human factor
23% 25% 32% 34% 41% 42% 42% 43% 48%
35% 46% 32% 29% 26% 27% 23% 24% 16%
42% 29% 36% 37% 33% 31% 35% 33% 35%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%
100%
BZ IN IT UK US FR JP AU DE
Malicious or criminal attack System glitch Human factor
Page 9
Ponemon Institute© Research Report Page 8
Malicious attacks are more costly globally. Figure 7 reports the per capita cost
of data breach for three root causes of the breach incident on a consolidated
basis. These results show data breaches due to malicious or criminal attacks
cost companies an average of ($157). This is significantly above the
consolidated mean of $136 per compromised record and the per capita cost for
breaches caused by system glitch and human factors ($122 and $117,
respectively). Figure 7. Per capita cost for three root causes of the data
breach Consolidated view (n=277). Measured in US$
Figure 8 reports the per capita cost of data breach by country sample for three
root causes. These results clearly show data breach costs resulting from
malicious or criminal attacks were consistently higher than those costs
resulting from system glitches or human error. This graph also shows wide
variation across country samples. That is, the US cost of a malicious or
criminal data breach incident was $277 per compromised record. In India, this
per capita cost was only $46. Figure 8. Per capita cost for three root causes of
the data breach Measured in US$
157
122 117
- 20 40 60 80
100 120 140 160 180
Malicious or criminal attack System glitch Human factor
46
71
140
155
157
164
187
214
277
40
55
117
116
122
135
155
187
174
42
54
113
105
117
129
152
182
159
- 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
IN
BZ
JP
IT
UK
AU
FR
DE
US
Malicious or criminal attack System glitch Human factor
Page 10
Ponemon Institute© Research Report Page 9
Seven factors that influence the cost of data breach. We identified seven
factors that influence the cost consequences of a data breach incident. These
attributes are defined as follows:
The company had an incident management plan. Organizations had a data breach
incident management plan in place at the time of the data breach event.
The company had a relatively strong security posture at the time of the
incident. Organizations had a security effectiveness score (SES) at or above the
normative average. We measured the security posture of each participating
company using the Security Effective Score (SES) as part of the benchmarking
process.4
CISO (or equivalent title) has overall responsibility for enterprise data
protection. Organizations have centralized the management of data protection
with the appointment of a C-level information security professional.
Data was lost due to third party error. Organizations had a data breach caused
by a third party, such as vendors, outsourcers and business partners.
The company notified data breach victims quickly. Organizations notified data
breach victims and/or regulators within 30 days after the discovery of data loss
or theft.
The data breach involved lost or stolen devices. Organizations had a data breach
as a result of a lost or stolen mobile device, which included laptops, desktops,
smartphones, tablets, servers and USB drives containing confidential or
sensitive information.
Consultants were engaged to help remediate the data breach. Organizations
engaged consultants to assist in their data breach response and remediation.
As shown in Figure 9, a strong security posture, incident response planning CISO
appointments and consulting support decreases the per capita cost of data breach
(shown as negative numbers). Third party errors, lost or stolen devices and
quick notification increases the per capita cost of data breach (shown as
positive numbers). Figure 9. Impact of seven factors on the per capita cost of
data breach Consolidated view (n=277). Measured in US$
4The Security Effectiveness Score was developed by Ponemon Institute in its
annual encryption trends survey to define the security posture of responding
organizations. The SES is derived from the rating of 24 security features or
practices. This method has been validated from more than 40 independent studies
conducted since June 2005. The SES provides a range of +2 (most favorable) to -2
(least favorable). Hence, a result greater than zero is viewed as net favorable.
(15)
(13)
(8)
(5)
7
8
19
(20) (15) (10) (5) - 5 10 15 20 25
Strong security posture
Incident response plan
CISO appointment
Consultants engaged
Quick notification
Lost or stolen devices
Third party error
Page 11
Ponemon Institute© Research Report Page 10
The following figures show the impact of these seven factors by country. It is
clear from this analysis that the magnitude or impact of each factor on per
capita data breach cost varies by country. According to Figure 10a, a strong
security posture in US organizations had the potential to reduce the costs by as
much as $34. Strong security postures did not have as significant an impact
among Australian, Brazil and Indian organizations. Figure 10a. Strong security
posture (US$)
According to Figure 10b, US organizations should make sure they have an incident
response plan in place because it could reduce the cost by as much as $42. Such
planning did not seem to benefit organizations in Brazil, Australia and India.
Figure 10b. Incident response plan (US$)
(3) (10)
(10) (12)
(12) (14)
(16) (20)
(34)
(40) (35) (30) (25) (20) (15) (10) (5) -
IN BZ AU IT JP DE FR UK US
(4)
(5)
(6)
(9)
(11)
(12)
(13)
(20)
(42)
(45) (40) (35) (30) (25) (20) (15) (10) (5) -
IN
AU
BZ
FR
JP
DE
IT
UK
US
Page 12
Ponemon Institute© Research Report Page 11
Where are CISOs most influential in reducing the cost of data breach? According
to the research, US and UK organizations had a reduced cost of data breach
because of the appointment of a CISO. This factor did not have the same level of
impact in India and Brazil. Figure 10c. CISO appointment (US$)
Once again, the factors that can decrease the cost of data breach benefited US
organizations. In the US, those organizations that hired consultants to help
them contain and resolve the incident were able to reduce the cost an average of
$13 per compromised or exposed record. Organizations in Brazil and India that
engage consultants did not realize as much cost savings. Figure 10d. Consultants
engaged (US$)
(3)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(7)
(7)
(8)
(14)
(23)
(25) (20) (15) (10) (5) -
BZ
IN
JP
FR
DE
AU
IT
UK
US
(1) (3)
(3) (4)
(5) (5)
(6) (7)
(13)
(14) (12) (10) (8) (6) (4) (2) -
IN BZ AU IT JP DE UK FR US
Page 13
Ponemon Institute© Research Report Page 12
Figures 11a, 11b and 11c show the factors that increased the cost of data
breach. On average, third party errors increased the cost of data breach by as
much as $43 per record in the US In the case of Brazil and India, such incidents
increased the cost by only $10 and $6, respectively. Figure 11a. Third party
error (US$)
As shown in Figure 11b, if the data breach involved lost or stolen devices the
cost was increased by as much as $15 per record followed by German organizations
at $11. Again, Brazil and India are at the low end of increased costs. Figure
11b. Lost or stolen devices (US$)
6 10
12 16 16
17 22
26 43
- 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
IN BZ AU DE IT
JP FR UK US
3
6
7
7
8
9
10
11
15
- 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
IN
BZ
IT
JP
AU
FR
US
DE
UK
Page 14
Ponemon Institute© Research Report Page 13
In many countries, regulations dictate the notification of data breach victims.
However, if organizations are too fast in contacting individuals it can actually
result in higher costs. In this year’s study, in the US quick notification added
as much as $37 per record, as shown in Figure 11c. It is understandable that
this factor would have little impact on Brazil and India, because data breach
notification regulations are non-existent. Figure 11c. Quick notification (US$)
The more records lost, the higher the cost of the data breach. Figure 12 shows
the relationship between the total cost of data breach and the size of the
incident for 277 organizations in ascending order by the size of the breach
incident. The regression line clearly indicates that the size of the data breach
incident and total costs are linearly related. Figure 12. Total cost of data
breach by size of the data breach Regression = Intercept + {Size of Breach
Event} x β, where β denotes the slope. Measured in US$
(3) 1
3 4
5 5 5
8 37
(10) (5) - 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
UK IN
BZ JP AU FR IT
DE US
-
5,000,000
10,000,000
15,000,000
20,000,000
25,000,000
1 10
19
28
37
46
55
64
73
82
91
100
109
118
127
136
145
154
163
172
181
190
199
208
217
226
235
244
253
262
271
Ascending order by size of breach
Total cost Regression
Page 15
Ponemon Institute© Research Report Page 14
The more churn, the higher the per capita cost of data breach. Figure 13 reports
the distribution of per capita data breach costs in ascending rate of abnormal
churn for 277 organizations in nine countries. The regression line is upward
sloping, which suggests that abnormal churn and per capita costs are linearly
related. This pattern of results is consistent with benchmark studies completed
in prior years. Figure 13. Distribution of abnormal churn rates in ascending
order by per capita costs Regression = Intercept + {abnormal churn rate) x β,
where β denotes the slope. Measured in US$
- 50
100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
1 9 17
25
33
41
49
57
65
73
81
89
97
105
113
121
129
137
145
153
161
169
177
185
193
201
209
217
225
233
241
249
257
265
273
Ascending order by abnormal churn rates
Per capita cost Regression
Page 16
Ponemon Institute© Research Report Page 15
Certain countries are more vulnerable to churn. Figure 14 reports the average
abnormal churn rates for nine country samples. Our 2012 global results show
marked differences among countries. Specifically, France experienced the highest
rate of abnormal churn at 4.4 percent and Brazil experienced the lowest churn
rate.5 The implications of this analysis is that countries with the highest
churn rates could significantly reduce the costs of a data breach by putting an
emphasis on customer retention and activities to preserve reputation and brand
value. Figure 14. Abnormal churn rates by country sample
5Public sector organizations utilize a different churn framework given that
customers of government organizations typically do not have an alternative
choice.
2.4% 2.7% 2.8%
3.0% 3.1%
3.8% 3.8% 4.0%
4.4%
0.0%
0.5%
1.0%
1.5%
2.0%
2.5%
3.0%
3.5%
4.0%
4.5%
5.0%
BZ IN US JP UK DE IT AU FR
Page 17
Ponemon Institute© Research Report Page 16
Detection and escalation costs. Figure 15 shows the costs associated with
detection and escalation of data breach incidents for nine countries. Such costs
typically include forensic and investigative activities, assessment and audit
services, crisis team management, and communications to executive management and
board of directors. As noted, German companies experienced the highest detection
and escalation costs and Brazil and India experienced the lowest cost. Figure
15. Average detection and escalation costs Measured in US$
Notification costs. Figure 16 reports the distribution of costs associated with
notification activities for nine countries. Such costs typically include IT
activities associated with the creation of contact databases, determination of
all regulatory requirements, engagement of outside experts, postal expenditures,
secondary contacts to mail or email bounce-backs and inbound communication
set-up. The US sample experienced the highest notification cost. Figure 16.
Average notification costs Measured in US$
358,478
359,406
395,262
699,018
738,009
818,996
953,094
1,189,391
1,316,526
- 200,000 400,000 600,000 800,000 1,000,000 1,200,000 1,400,000
BZ
IN
US
UK
JP
IT
FR
AU
DE
22,232
53,063
71,454
73,115
145,739
219,986
244,669
353,927
565,020
- 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 500,000 600,000
IN
BZ
JP
IT
FR
AU
UK
DE
US
Page 18
Ponemon Institute© Research Report Page 17
Post data breach costs. Figure 17 shows the distribution of costs associated
with ex-post (after-the-fact) activities for nine countries. Such costs
typically include help desk activities, inbound communications, special
investigative activities, remediation activities, legal expenditures, product
discounts, identity protection services and regulatory interventions. Here
again, US organizations experienced the highest ex-post response costs. Figure
17. Average ex-post response costs Measured in US$
Lost business costs. Figure 18 reports lost business costs associated with data
breach incidents for nine countries. Such costs include the abnormal turnover of
customers, increased customer acquisition activities, reputation losses and
diminished goodwill. As can be seen, lost business costs over the past few years
appear to be trending downward. The highest lost business cost of over $3.03
million was experienced by US organizations. Figure 18. Average lost business
costs Measured in US$
395,419
450,825
592,394
728,294
782,245
1,094,514
1,101,437
1,406,663
1,412,548
- 300,000 600,000 900,000 1,200,000 1,500,000
BZ
IN
IT
JP
UK
FR
AU
DE
US
283,341
514,944
744,338
790,899
1,417,116
1,569,953
1,746,467
1,957,966
3,030,814
- 500,000 1,000,000 1,500,000 2,000,000 2,500,000 3,000,000 3,500,000
IN
BZ
JP
IT
UK
FR
DE
AU
US
Page 19
Ponemon Institute© Research Report Page 18
Net change in lost business costs. Figure 19 reports lost business costs as a
percent of total average cost for nine countries. As can be seen, three
countries experienced a net percentage increase over two years, while five
countries experienced a net percentage decrease. The largest percentage
increases over two years occurred in India (+13 percent) and France (+11
percent). Australian companies experienced the largest percentage decrease
between the 2012 and 2013 lost business costs (-10 percent). Figure 19.
Percentage of lost business costs relative to total average cost Brazil (BZ) is
not included because 2013 is the first year of this study
The proportion of direct and indirect costs of data breach varies by country.
Direct costs refer to the direct expense outlay to accomplish a given activity
such as engaging forensic experts, hiring a law firm or offering victims
identity protection services. Indirect costs include the time, effort and other
organizational resources spent during the data breach resolution. It includes
the use of existing employees to help in the data breach notification efforts or
in the investigation of the incident. Indirect costs also include the loss of
goodwill and customer churn. Figure 20 reports the direct and indirect per
capita cost components of a data breach on a percentage basis for nine
countries. As shown, US companies have the highest percentage of indirect cost
and Brazil has the highest percentage direct cost. Figure 20. Percentage direct
and indirect per capita data breach cost
39% 37% 34%
39%
27% 31%
45%
55%
29% 33%
35% 36% 40% 42%
45%
56%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
AU JP IT DE IN FR UK US
2012 Lost business costs as a percentage to total cost
2013 Lost business costs as a percentage to total cost
68% 57% 56% 54% 53% 50% 50% 48% 41%
32% 43% 44% 46% 47% 50% 50% 52% 59%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%
100%
US AU FR DE IT IN UK JP BZ
Indirect Direct
Page 20
Ponemon Institute© Research Report Page 19
Part 3. Observations and description about participating companies We conclude
that companies’ efforts in improving their data protection practices are paying
off. As evidenced by the nine global studies, the most profitable investments
companies can make seem to be an incident response plan, a strong security
posture, the appointment of a CISO with enterprise-wide responsibility and the
engagement of outside consultants. We hope this study helps to understand what
the potential costs of a data breach could be based upon certain characteristics
and how best to allocate resources to the prevention, detection and resolution
of a data breach. Specifically, the study reveals the severe financial
consequences from malicious or criminal acts. These data breaches can prove to
be the most costly. In this report, we compare the results of nine separate
country studies. It is important to note that each annual study involves a
different sample of companies. In other words, we are not tracking the same
sample of companies over time. To be consistent, we recruit and match companies
with similar characteristics such as the company’s industry, headcount,
geographic footprint, and size of data breach. Figure 21 shows the distribution
of benchmark organizations by their primary industry classification. In this
year’s study, 16 industries are represented. The largest sector is financial
services, which includes banks, insurance, investment management and payment
processors. Figure 21. Distribution of the benchmark sample by industry segment
Consolidated (n = 277 organizations)
17%
14%
14%
12%
11%
9%
8%
3% 3%
3% 2% 2% 1% 1%
Financial Public services Retail Services Consumer Industrial Technology
Communications Hospitality Pharmaceuticals Transportation Energy Healthcare
Media Research Education
Page 21
Ponemon Institute© Research Report Page 20
Part 4. How we calculate the cost of data breach Our study addresses core
process-related activities that drive a range of expenditures associated with an
organization’s data breach detection, response, containment and remediation. The
four cost centers are: Detection or discovery: Activities that enable a company
to reasonably detect the breach of
personal data either at risk (in storage) or in motion. Escalation: Activities
necessary to report the breach of protected information to appropriate
personnel within a specified time period. Notification: Activities that enable
the company to notify data subjects with a letter, outbound
telephone call, e-mail or general notice that personal information was lost or
stolen. Ex-post response: Activities to help victims of a breach communicate
with the company to
ask additional questions or obtain recommendations in order to minimize
potential harms. Redress activities also include ex-post response such as credit
report monitoring or the reissuing of a new account (or credit card).
In addition to the above process-related activities, most companies experience
opportunity costs associated with the breach incident, which results from
diminished trust or confidence by present and future customers. Accordingly, our
Institute’s research shows that the negative publicity associated with a data
breach incident causes reputation effects that may result in abnormal turnover
or churn rates as well as a diminished rate for new customer acquisitions. To
extrapolate these opportunity costs, we use a cost estimation method that relies
on the “lifetime value” of an average customer as defined for each participating
organization. Turnover of existing customers: The estimated number of customers
who will most likely
terminate their relationship as a result of the breach incident. The incremental
loss is abnormal turnover attributable to the breach incident. This number is an
annual percentage, which is based on estimates provided by management during the
benchmark interview process.6
Diminished customer acquisition: The estimated number of target customers who
will not
have a relationship with the organization as a consequence of the breach. This
number is provided as an annual percentage.
We acknowledge that the loss of non-customer data, such as employee records, may
not impact an organization’s churn or turnover.7 In these cases, we would expect
the business cost category to be lower when data breaches do not involve
customer or consumer data (including payment transactional information).
6In several instances, turnover is partial, wherein breach victims still
continued their relationship with the breached organization, but the volume of
customer activity actually declines. This partial decline is especially salient
in certain industries – such as financial services or public sector entities –
where termination is costly or economically infeasible. 7In this study, we
consider citizen, patient and student information as customer data.
Page 22
Ponemon Institute© Research Report Page 21
Benchmark methods All participating organizations experienced one or more data
breach incidents sometime over the past year, often requiring notification
according various regulations and laws. Our benchmark instrument captured
descriptive information from IT, compliance and information security
practitioners about the full cost impact of a breach involving the loss or theft
of customer or consumer information. It also required these practitioners to
estimate opportunity costs associated with program activities. Estimated data
breach cost components were captured on a rating form. In most cases, the
researcher conducted follow-up interviews to obtain additional facts, including
estimated abnormal churn rates that resulted from the company’s most recent
breach event involving 1,000 or more compromised records.8 Data collection
methods did not include actual accounting information, but instead relied upon
numerical estimation based on the knowledge and experience of each participant.
Within each category, cost estimation was a two-stage process. First, the
benchmark instrument required individuals to rate direct cost estimates for each
cost category by marking a range variable defined in the following number line
format. How to use the number line: The number line provided under each data
breach cost category is one way to obtain your best estimate for the sum of cash
outlays, labor and overhead incurred. Please mark only one point somewhere
between the lower and upper limits set above. You can reset the lower and upper
limits of the number line at any time during the interview process.
Post your estimate of direct costs here for [presented cost category]
LL ______________________________________|___________________________________ UL
The numerical value obtained from the number line rather than a point estimate
for each presented cost category preserved confidentiality and ensured a higher
response rate. The benchmark instrument also required practitioners to provide a
second estimate for indirect and opportunity costs, separately. The scope of
data breach cost items contained within our benchmark instrument was limited to
known cost categories that applied to a broad set of business operations that
handle personal information. We believed that a study focused on business
process – and not data protection or privacy compliance activities – would yield
a better quality of results.
8Our sampling criteria only included companies experiencing a data breach
between 1,000 and 100,000 lost or stolen records sometime during the past 12
months. We excluded catastrophic data breach incidents to avoid skewing overall
sample findings.
Page 23
Ponemon Institute© Research Report Page 22
Figure 22 illustrates the activity-based costing schema used in our benchmark
study. The cost centers we examine sequentially are: incident discovery,
escalation, notification, ex-post response and lost business. Figure 22. Schema
of the data breach process
Within each cost center, the research instrument required subjects to estimate a
cost range to capture estimates of direct cost, indirect cost and opportunity
cost, defined as follows:
Direct cost – the direct expense outlay to accomplish a given activity.
Indirect cost – the amount of time, effort and other organizational resources
spent, but not as a direct cash outlay.
Opportunity cost – the cost resulting from lost business opportunities as a
consequence of negative reputation effects after the breach has been reported to
victims (and publicly revealed to the media).
To maintain complete confidentiality, the benchmark instrument did not capture
any company-specific information. Subject materials contained no tracking codes
or other methods that could link responses to participating companies. To keep
the benchmarking process to a manageable size, we carefully limited items to
only those cost activity centers that we considered crucial to data breach cost
measurement. Based upon discussions with learned experts, the final set of items
included a fixed set of cost activities. Upon collection of the benchmark
information, each instrument was re-examined carefully for consistency and
completeness.
Page 24
Ponemon Institute© Research Report Page 23
Part 5. Limitations Our study utilizes a confidential and proprietary benchmark
method that has been successfully deployed in earlier research. However, there
are inherent limitations with this benchmark research that need to be carefully
considered before drawing conclusions from findings. Non-statistical results:
Our study draws upon a representative, non-statistical sample of
organizations experiencing a breach involving the loss or theft of confidential
data during the past 12 months. Statistical inferences, margins of error and
confidence intervals cannot be applied to these data given that our sampling
methods are not scientific.
Non-response: The current findings are based on a small representative sample of
benchmarks. In total, 277 companies completed the benchmark process.
Non-response bias was not tested so it is always possible companies that did not
participate are substantially different in terms of underlying data breach cost.
Sampling-frame bias: Because our sampling frame is judgmental, the quality of
results is
influenced by the degree to which the frame is representative of the population
of companies being studied. It is our belief that the current sampling frame is
biased toward companies with more mature privacy or information security
programs.
Company-specific information: The benchmark information is sensitive and
confidential.
Thus, the current instrument does not capture company-identifying information.
It also allows individuals to use categorical response variables to disclose
demographic information about the company and industry category.
Unmeasured factors: To keep the interview script concise and focused, we decided
to omit
other important variables from our analyses such as leading trends and
organizational characteristics. The extent to which omitted variables might
explain benchmark results cannot be determined.
Extrapolated cost results. The quality of benchmark research is based on the
integrity of
confidential responses provided by respondents in participating companies. While
certain checks and balances can be incorporated into the benchmark process,
there is always the possibility that respondents did not provide accurate or
truthful responses. In addition, the use of cost extrapolation methods rather
than actual cost data may inadvertently introduce bias and inaccuracies.
Page 25
Ponemon Institute© Research Report Page 24
If you have questions or comments about this research report or you would like
to obtain additional copies of the document (including permission to quote or
reuse this report), please contact by letter, phone call or email:
Ponemon Institute LLC Attn: Research Department
2308 US 31 North Traverse City, Michigan 49686 USA
1.800.887.3118 research@ponemon.org
Ponemon Institute LLC
Advancing Responsible Information Management Ponemon Institute is dedicated to
independent research and education that advances responsible information and
privacy management practices within business and government. Our mission is to
conduct high quality, empirical studies on critical issues affecting the
management and security of sensitive information about people and organizations.
As a member of the Council of American Survey Research Organizations (CASRO), we
uphold strict data confidentiality, privacy and ethical research standards. We
do not collect any personally identifiable information from individuals (or
company identifiable information in our business research). Furthermore, we have
strict quality standards to ensure that subjects are not asked extraneous,
irrelevant or improper questions.
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ROQ.AD GMBH
Cookie duration: 365 (days).
Data collected and processed: Probabilistic identifiers, Device characteristics,
Authentication-derived identifiers, Precise location data, Device identifiers,
Non-precise location data, Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices, IP
addresses
more
Cookie duration resets each session.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
INDEX EXCHANGE INC.
Cookie duration: 395 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Precise location data,
Device identifiers, Non-precise location data, Privacy choices, IP addresses
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline
QUANTCAST
Cookie duration: 396 (days).
Data collected and processed: Probabilistic identifiers, Device characteristics,
Authentication-derived identifiers, User-provided data, Device identifiers,
Non-precise location data, Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices,
Users’ profiles, IP addresses
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline
BEESWAXIO CORPORATION
Cookie duration: 395 (days).
Data collected and processed: Probabilistic identifiers, Device characteristics,
Precise location data, Device identifiers, Non-precise location data, Browsing
and interaction data, Privacy choices, IP addresses
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
SOVRN, INC.
Cookie duration: 365 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Non-precise location data,
Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices, Users’ profiles, IP addresses
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
ADIKTEEV
Doesn't use cookies.
Data collected and processed: Probabilistic identifiers, Device characteristics,
Authentication-derived identifiers, Device identifiers, Non-precise location
data, Users’ profiles, IP addresses
more
Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline
RTB HOUSE S.A.
Cookie duration: 365 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Device identifiers,
Non-precise location data, Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices,
Users’ profiles, IP addresses
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
THE UK TRADE DESK LTD
Cookie duration: 3629 (days).
Data collected and processed: Probabilistic identifiers, Device characteristics,
Authentication-derived identifiers, Precise location data, Device identifiers,
Non-precise location data, Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices,
Users’ profiles, IP addresses
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline
ADMETRICS GMBH
Doesn't use cookies.
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Browsing and interaction
data, Privacy choices, IP addresses
more
View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
NEXXEN INC.
Cookie duration: 180 (days).
Data collected and processed: Probabilistic identifiers, Device characteristics,
Device identifiers, Non-precise location data, Browsing and interaction data,
Privacy choices, Users’ profiles, IP addresses
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline
EPSILON
Cookie duration: 184 (days).
Data collected and processed: Probabilistic identifiers, Device characteristics,
Authentication-derived identifiers, User-provided data, Device identifiers,
Non-precise location data, Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices,
Users’ profiles, IP addresses
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
YAHOO EMEA LIMITED
Cookie duration: 397 (days).
Data collected and processed: Probabilistic identifiers, Device characteristics,
Precise location data, Device identifiers, Non-precise location data, Browsing
and interaction data, Privacy choices, Users’ profiles, IP addresses
more
Cookie duration resets each session.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
ADVENTORI SAS
Cookie duration: 90 (days).
Data collected and processed: Probabilistic identifiers, User-provided data,
Device identifiers, Non-precise location data, Browsing and interaction data, IP
addresses
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
TRIPLELIFT, INC.
Cookie duration: 90 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Authentication-derived
identifiers, Precise location data, Device identifiers, Non-precise location
data, Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices, Users’ profiles, IP
addresses
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline
XANDR, INC.
Cookie duration: 90 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Authentication-derived
identifiers, Precise location data, Device identifiers, Non-precise location
data, Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices, Users’ profiles, IP
addresses
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline
NEORY GMBH
Cookie duration: 90 (days).
Data collected and processed: Probabilistic identifiers, Device characteristics,
Authentication-derived identifiers, User-provided data, Device identifiers,
Non-precise location data, Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices,
Users’ profiles, IP addresses
more
Cookie duration resets each session.
View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
NEXXEN GROUP LLC
Cookie duration: 365 (days).
Data collected and processed: Probabilistic identifiers, Device characteristics,
Device identifiers, Non-precise location data, Privacy choices, Users’ profiles,
IP addresses
more
Cookie duration resets each session.
View details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline
NEURAL.ONE
Cookie duration: 365 (days).
Data collected and processed: Probabilistic identifiers, Device characteristics,
Non-precise location data, Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices, IP
addresses
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
ADITION (VIRTUAL MINDS GMBH)
Cookie duration: 365 (days).
Data collected and processed: Probabilistic identifiers, Device characteristics,
User-provided data, Precise location data, Device identifiers, Non-precise
location data, Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices, Users’ profiles,
IP addresses
more
Cookie duration resets each session.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
ACTIVE AGENT (VIRTUAL MINDS GMBH)
Cookie duration: 365 (days).
Data collected and processed: Probabilistic identifiers, Device characteristics,
User-provided data, Precise location data, Device identifiers, Non-precise
location data, Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices, Users’ profiles,
IP addresses
more
Cookie duration resets each session.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
TABOOLA EUROPE LIMITED
Cookie duration: 366 (days).
Data collected and processed: Probabilistic identifiers, Device characteristics,
Device identifiers, Non-precise location data, Browsing and interaction data,
Privacy choices, Users’ profiles, IP addresses
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
EQUATIV
Cookie duration: 396 (days).
Data collected and processed: Probabilistic identifiers, Device characteristics,
Authentication-derived identifiers, Precise location data, Device identifiers,
Non-precise location data, Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices,
Users’ profiles, IP addresses
more
Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
ADFORM A/S
Cookie duration: 3650 (days).
Data collected and processed: Probabilistic identifiers, Device characteristics,
Authentication-derived identifiers, User-provided data, Device identifiers,
Non-precise location data, Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices,
Users’ profiles, IP addresses
more
Cookie duration resets each session.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline
MAGNITE, INC.
Cookie duration: 365 (days).
Data collected and processed: Probabilistic identifiers, Device characteristics,
Precise location data, Device identifiers, Non-precise location data, Browsing
and interaction data, Privacy choices, IP addresses
more
Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline
RATEGAIN ADARA INC
Cookie duration: 730 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Authentication-derived
identifiers, User-provided data, Device identifiers, Non-precise location data,
Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices, Users’ profiles, IP addresses
more
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
SIFT MEDIA, INC
Doesn't use cookies.
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Precise location data,
Device identifiers, Non-precise location data, IP addresses
more
View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
RAKUTEN MARKETING LLC
Cookie duration: 730 (days).
Data collected and processed: Probabilistic identifiers, Device characteristics,
Authentication-derived identifiers, User-provided data, Device identifiers,
Non-precise location data, Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices,
Users’ profiles, IP addresses
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline
LUMEN RESEARCH LIMITED
Doesn't use cookies.
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Non-precise location data,
Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses
more
View details | Privacy policylaunch
Legitimate interesthelp_outline
AMAZON AD SERVER
Cookie duration: 396 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Authentication-derived
identifiers, Device identifiers, Non-precise location data, Browsing and
interaction data, Privacy choices, Users’ profiles, IP addresses
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline
OPENX
Cookie duration: 365 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Device identifiers,
Non-precise location data, Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices, IP
addresses
more
Cookie duration resets each session.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
YIELDLAB (VIRTUAL MINDS GMBH)
Cookie duration: 365 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, User-provided data,
Precise location data, Device identifiers, Non-precise location data, Browsing
and interaction data, Privacy choices, Users’ profiles, IP addresses
more
Cookie duration resets each session.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
ROKU ADVERTISING SERVICES
Cookie duration: 396 (days).
Data collected and processed: Probabilistic identifiers, Device characteristics,
Authentication-derived identifiers, User-provided data, Precise location data,
Device identifiers, Non-precise location data, Browsing and interaction data,
Privacy choices, Users’ profiles, IP addresses
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline
NANO INTERACTIVE GROUP LTD.
Doesn't use cookies.
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Non-precise location data,
Browsing and interaction data
more
View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
SIMPLIFI HOLDINGS LLC
Cookie duration: 366 (days).
Data collected and processed: Precise location data, Device identifiers, IP
addresses
more
Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
PUBMATIC, INC
Cookie duration: 365 (days).
Data collected and processed: Probabilistic identifiers, Device characteristics,
Authentication-derived identifiers, User-provided data, Precise location data,
Device identifiers, Non-precise location data, Browsing and interaction data,
Privacy choices, Users’ profiles, IP addresses
more
Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline
COMSCORE B.V.
Cookie duration: 720 (days).
Data collected and processed: Probabilistic identifiers, Device characteristics,
Authentication-derived identifiers, User-provided data, Device identifiers,
Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices, IP addresses
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
FLASHTALKING
Cookie duration: 730 (days).
Data collected and processed: Probabilistic identifiers, Device characteristics,
Authentication-derived identifiers, Device identifiers, Non-precise location
data, Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices, Users’ profiles, IP
addresses
more
View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
PULSEPOINT, INC.
Cookie duration: 365 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Device identifiers, IP
addresses
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
SMAATO, INC.
Cookie duration: 21 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Authentication-derived
identifiers, User-provided data, Precise location data, Device identifiers,
Non-precise location data, Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices,
Users’ profiles, IP addresses
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline
SEMASIO GMBH
Cookie duration: 366 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device identifiers, Browsing and interaction data,
Privacy choices, IP addresses
more
Cookie duration resets each session.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
CRIMTAN HOLDINGS LIMITED
Cookie duration: 365 (days).
Data collected and processed: Probabilistic identifiers, Device characteristics,
Authentication-derived identifiers, User-provided data, Precise location data,
Device identifiers, Non-precise location data, Browsing and interaction data,
Privacy choices, Users’ profiles, IP addresses
more
Cookie duration resets each session.
View details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline
GENIUS SPORTS UK LIMITED
Cookie duration: 365 (days).
Data collected and processed: Probabilistic identifiers, Device characteristics,
Authentication-derived identifiers, Device identifiers, Non-precise location
data, Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices, Users’ profiles, IP
addresses
more
Cookie duration resets each session.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
CRITEO SA
Cookie duration: 390 (days).
Data collected and processed: Probabilistic identifiers, Device characteristics,
Authentication-derived identifiers, Device identifiers, Non-precise location
data, Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices, Users’ profiles, IP
addresses
more
Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
ADLOOX SA
Doesn't use cookies.
Data collected and processed: Probabilistic identifiers, Device characteristics,
Device identifiers, Non-precise location data, Browsing and interaction data, IP
addresses
more
Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline
BLIS GLOBAL LIMITED
Cookie duration: 400 (days).
Data collected and processed: Probabilistic identifiers, Device characteristics,
Authentication-derived identifiers, User-provided data, Precise location data,
Device identifiers, Non-precise location data, Browsing and interaction data,
Privacy choices, Users’ profiles, IP addresses
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
LOTAME SOLUTIONS, INC
Cookie duration: 274 (days).
Data collected and processed: Probabilistic identifiers, Device characteristics,
Authentication-derived identifiers, User-provided data, Device identifiers,
Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices, Users’ profiles, IP addresses
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
LIVERAMP
Cookie duration: 365 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Authentication-derived
identifiers, Device identifiers, Non-precise location data, Browsing and
interaction data, Privacy choices, IP addresses
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
GROUPM UK LIMITED
Cookie duration: 395 (days).
Data collected and processed: Probabilistic identifiers, Device characteristics,
Authentication-derived identifiers, Precise location data, Device identifiers,
Non-precise location data, Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices, IP
addresses
more
Cookie duration resets each session.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline
LOOPME LIMITED
Cookie duration: 90 (days).
Data collected and processed: Probabilistic identifiers, Device characteristics,
User-provided data, Precise location data, Device identifiers, Non-precise
location data, Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices, Users’ profiles,
IP addresses
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
DYNATA LLC
Cookie duration: 365 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Authentication-derived
identifiers, User-provided data, Device identifiers, Non-precise location data,
Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices, Users’ profiles, IP addresses
more
Cookie duration resets each session.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
ASK LOCALA
Doesn't use cookies.
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Precise location data,
Device identifiers, Non-precise location data, Privacy choices, IP addresses
more
Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
AZIRA
Doesn't use cookies.
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Precise location data,
Device identifiers, Non-precise location data, Browsing and interaction data,
Privacy choices, Users’ profiles, IP addresses
more
Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline
DOUBLEVERIFY INC.
Doesn't use cookies.
Data collected and processed: Probabilistic identifiers, Device characteristics,
Non-precise location data, Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices, IP
addresses
more
View details | Privacy policylaunch
Legitimate interesthelp_outline
BIDSWITCH GMBH
Cookie duration: 365 (days).
Data collected and processed: Probabilistic identifiers, Device characteristics,
Authentication-derived identifiers, Precise location data, Device identifiers,
Non-precise location data, Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices, IP
addresses
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
IPONWEB GMBH
Cookie duration: 365 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Authentication-derived
identifiers, User-provided data, Device identifiers, Non-precise location data,
Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices, IP addresses
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
NEXTROLL, INC.
Cookie duration: 183 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, User-provided data, Device
identifiers, Non-precise location data, Browsing and interaction data, Privacy
choices, Users’ profiles, IP addresses
more
Cookie duration resets each session.
View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
TEADS FRANCE SAS
Cookie duration: 365 (days).
Data collected and processed: Probabilistic identifiers, Device characteristics,
Device identifiers, Non-precise location data, Browsing and interaction data,
Privacy choices, Users’ profiles, IP addresses
more
Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline
STRÖER SSP GMBH (SSP)
Cookie duration: 365 (days).
Data collected and processed: Probabilistic identifiers, Device characteristics,
Device identifiers, Non-precise location data, Browsing and interaction data,
Privacy choices, Users’ profiles, IP addresses
more
Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline
OS DATA SOLUTIONS GMBH & CO. KG
Cookie duration: 90 (days).
Data collected and processed: Probabilistic identifiers, Device characteristics,
User-provided data, Device identifiers, Non-precise location data, Browsing and
interaction data, Privacy choices, Users’ profiles, IP addresses
more
Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline
PERMODO GMBH
Doesn't use cookies.
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Device identifiers,
Non-precise location data, Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices,
Users’ profiles, IP addresses
more
Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
PLATFORM161 B.V.
Cookie duration: 396 (days).
Data collected and processed: Probabilistic identifiers, Device characteristics,
Precise location data, Device identifiers, Non-precise location data, Browsing
and interaction data, Privacy choices, Users’ profiles, IP addresses
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
ADACADO TECHNOLOGIES INC. (DBA ADACADO)
Cookie duration: 365 (days).
Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data, Browsing and
interaction data, Privacy choices, IP addresses
more
Cookie duration resets each session.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
BASIS GLOBAL TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
Cookie duration: 365 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Authentication-derived
identifiers, Precise location data, Device identifiers, Non-precise location
data, Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices, Users’ profiles, IP
addresses
more
Cookie duration resets each session.
View details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline
SMADEX, S.L.U.
Cookie duration: 365 (days).
Data collected and processed: Probabilistic identifiers, Device characteristics,
User-provided data, Device identifiers, Non-precise location data, Privacy
choices, Users’ profiles, IP addresses
more
Cookie duration resets each session.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
BOMBORA INC.
Cookie duration: 365 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Authentication-derived
identifiers, Device identifiers, Non-precise location data, Browsing and
interaction data, Users’ profiles, IP addresses
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline
EASYMEDIA GMBH
Cookie duration: 365 (days).
Data collected and processed: Probabilistic identifiers, Device characteristics,
Precise location data, Device identifiers, Non-precise location data, Browsing
and interaction data, Privacy choices, Users’ profiles, IP addresses
more
Cookie duration resets each session.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
REMERGE GMBH
Doesn't use cookies.
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Device identifiers,
Non-precise location data, Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses
more
Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline
ADVANCED STORE GMBH
Cookie duration: 365 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device identifiers
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline
MAGNITE CTV, INC.
Cookie duration: 366 (days).
Data collected and processed: Probabilistic identifiers, Device characteristics,
Precise location data, Device identifiers, Non-precise location data, Browsing
and interaction data, Privacy choices, IP addresses
more
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline
DELTA PROJECTS AB
Cookie duration: 365 (days).
Data collected and processed: Probabilistic identifiers, Device characteristics,
Authentication-derived identifiers, User-provided data, Precise location data,
Device identifiers, Non-precise location data, Browsing and interaction data,
Privacy choices, Users’ profiles, IP addresses
more
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline
USEMAX ADVERTISEMENT (EMEGO GMBH)
Cookie duration: 365 (days).
Data collected and processed: Users’ profiles
more
Cookie duration resets each session.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
EMETRIQ GMBH
Cookie duration: 365 (days).
Data collected and processed: Probabilistic identifiers, Device characteristics,
Authentication-derived identifiers, User-provided data, Device identifiers,
Non-precise location data, Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices,
Users’ profiles, IP addresses
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
PUBLICIS MEDIA GMBH
Cookie duration: 1825 (days).
Data collected and processed: Probabilistic identifiers, Device characteristics,
Authentication-derived identifiers, User-provided data, Device identifiers,
Non-precise location data, Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices,
Users’ profiles, IP addresses
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
M.D. PRIMIS TECHNOLOGIES LTD.
Cookie duration: 25 (days).
Data collected and processed: Probabilistic identifiers, Device characteristics,
User-provided data, Device identifiers, Non-precise location data, Browsing and
interaction data, Privacy choices, IP addresses
more
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline
ONETAG LIMITED
Cookie duration: 396 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Device identifiers,
Non-precise location data, Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices, IP
addresses
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
CLOUD TECHNOLOGIES S.A.
Cookie duration: 365 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Authentication-derived
identifiers, Device identifiers, Non-precise location data, Browsing and
interaction data, Privacy choices, Users’ profiles, IP addresses
more
Cookie duration resets each session.
View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
SMARTOLOGY LIMITED
Doesn't use cookies.
Data collected and processed: IP addresses
more
Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline
IMPROVE DIGITAL
Cookie duration: 90 (days).
Data collected and processed: Probabilistic identifiers, Device characteristics,
Authentication-derived identifiers, User-provided data, Precise location data,
Device identifiers, Non-precise location data, Browsing and interaction data,
Privacy choices, Users’ profiles, IP addresses
more
Cookie duration resets each session.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline
ADOBE ADVERTISING CLOUD
Cookie duration: 365 (days).
Data collected and processed: Authentication-derived identifiers, Device
identifiers, Privacy choices, IP addresses
more
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline
BANNERFLOW AB
Cookie duration: 366 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Non-precise location data,
Privacy choices, IP addresses
more
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline
TABMO SAS
Doesn't use cookies.
Data collected and processed: Probabilistic identifiers, Device characteristics,
User-provided data, Precise location data, Device identifiers, Non-precise
location data, Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices, Users’ profiles,
IP addresses
more
Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
INTEGRAL AD SCIENCE (INCORPORATING ADMANTX)
Doesn't use cookies.
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Non-precise location data,
Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices, IP addresses
more
View details | Privacy policylaunch
Legitimate interesthelp_outline
WIZALY
Cookie duration: 365 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Authentication-derived
identifiers, Non-precise location data, Browsing and interaction data, Privacy
choices, IP addresses
more
Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
WEBORAMA
Cookie duration: 393 (days).
Data collected and processed: Probabilistic identifiers, Device characteristics,
Authentication-derived identifiers, User-provided data, Device identifiers,
Non-precise location data, Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices,
Users’ profiles, IP addresses
more
Uses other forms of storage.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
ConsentLegitimate interesthelp_outline
JIVOX CORPORATION
Cookie duration: 30 (days).
Data collected and processed: Precise location data, Device identifiers,
Non-precise location data, Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices,
Users’ profiles, IP addresses
more
Cookie duration resets each session.
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
SAGE+ARCHER BV
Doesn't use cookies.
Data collected and processed: Non-precise location data
more
View details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
ON DEVICE RESEARCH LIMITED
Cookie duration: 30 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, User-provided data,
Precise location data, Device identifiers, Non-precise location data, Browsing
and interaction data, IP addresses
more
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Consent
ROCKABOX MEDIA LTD
Doesn't use cookies.
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Non-precise location data,
Browsing and interaction data, IP addresses
more
View details | Storage details | Privacy policylaunch
Legitimate interesthelp_outline
EXACTAG GMBH
Cookie duration: 180 (days).
Data collected and processed: Device characteristics, Authentication-derived
identifiers, Device identifiers, Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices,
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CELTRA INC.
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MAINADV SRL
Cookie duration: 30 (days).
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identifiers, Non-precise location data, Browsing and interaction data, Privacy
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Uses other forms of storage.
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GEMIUS SA
Cookie duration: 1825 (days).
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THE KANTAR GROUP LIMITED
Cookie duration: 914 (days).
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NIELSEN MEDIA RESEARCH LTD.
Cookie duration: 120 (days).
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SOLOCAL SA
Cookie duration: 396 (days).
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and interaction data, Privacy choices, Users’ profiles, IP addresses
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Cookie duration resets each session. Uses other forms of storage.
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PIXALATE, INC.
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ORACLE ADVERTISING
Cookie duration: 180 (days).
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identifiers, User-provided data, Device identifiers, Non-precise location data,
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Uses other forms of storage.
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NUMBERLY
Cookie duration: 180 (days).
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identifiers, User-provided data, Device identifiers, Non-precise location data,
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Cookie duration resets each session.
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AUDIENCEPROJECT A/S
Cookie duration: 365 (days).
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DEMANDBASE, INC.
Cookie duration: 730 (days).
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location data, Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices, Users’ profiles,
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EFFILIATION / EFFINITY
Cookie duration: 30 (days).
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ARRIVALIST CO.
Cookie duration: 365 (days).
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SEENTHIS AB
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COMMANDERS ACT
Cookie duration: 365 (days).
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TRAVEL AUDIENCE GMBH
Cookie duration: 397 (days).
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HUMAN
Doesn't use cookies.
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ADLUDIO LTD.
Doesn't use cookies.
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BLENDEE SRL
Cookie duration: 366 (days).
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identifiers, User-provided data, Device identifiers, Non-precise location data,
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INNOVID LLC
Cookie duration: 90 (days).
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PAPIRFLY AS
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NEUSTAR, INC., A TRANSUNION COMPANY
Cookie duration: 365 (days).
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VERVE GROUP EUROPE GMBH
Doesn't use cookies.
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OTTO (GMBH & CO KG)
Cookie duration: 365 (days).
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and interaction data, Privacy choices, Users’ profiles, IP addresses
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ADOBE AUDIENCE MANAGER, ADOBE EXPERIENCE PLATFORM
Cookie duration: 180 (days).
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LOCALSENSOR B.V.
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ONLINE SOLUTION
Cookie duration: 365 (days).
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location data, Browsing and interaction data, Privacy choices, Users’ profiles,
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RELAY42 NETHERLANDS B.V.
Cookie duration: 730 (days).
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GP ONE GMBH
Cookie duration: Uses session cookies.
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THE MEDIAGRID INC.
Cookie duration: 365 (days).
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and interaction data, Privacy choices, IP addresses
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MINDTAKE RESEARCH GMBH
Cookie duration: 180 (days).
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CINT AB
Cookie duration: 730 (days).
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GOOGLE ADVERTISING PRODUCTS
Cookie duration: 396 (days).
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GFK GMBH
Cookie duration: 730 (days).
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REVJET
Cookie duration: 730 (days).
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PROTECTED MEDIA LTD
Doesn't use cookies.
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CLINCH LABS LTD
Cookie duration: 730 (days).
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ORACLE DATA CLOUD - MOAT
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HEARTS AND SCIENCE MÜNCHEN GMBH
Cookie duration: 60 (days).
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AMAZON ADVERTISING
Cookie duration: 396 (days).
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MOLOCO, INC.
Cookie duration: 730 (days).
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ADTRIBA GMBH
Cookie duration: 730 (days).
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OBJECTIVE PARTNERS BV
Cookie duration: 90 (days).
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ENSIGHTEN
Cookie duration: 1825 (days).
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EBAY INC
Cookie duration: 90 (days).
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addresses
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HURRA COMMUNICATIONS GMBH
Cookie duration: 366 (days).
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