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NOTE: www.kostic.niu.edu/ CHANGED TO www.niu.edu/kostic OR
https://kostic.niu.edu


CLICK> Nature and Thermo
Professor Kostic
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Professor Kostic







SEE: SOCIETY ENERGY ENVIRONMENT - "ZEROTH RELIGION"


SEE.MKOSTIC.COM 

See 2LT * Selected Presentations at Speaking, Lecturing, and Media
Also,  Proofs of the Fundamental Laws *  Carnot Cycle Efficiency is
Fundamentally Misplaced *


SEE - Society Energy and Environment:

          Search “Zeroth Religion” for Everybody!

Energy and Entropy: Holistic Reasoning of Nature Laws - Fundamentals and Future
Challenges

M. Kostic, Professor Emeritus (Curriculum Vita-Bio-CV1)

Department of Mechanical Engineering

NORTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY

DeKalb, IL 60115-2854, USA

E-mail: kostic@niu.edu or Prof.M.Kostic@gmail.com

Web site: kostic.niu.edu/ * Energy & Environment



This is Prof. Kostic's Web site being transitioned from the original or Legacy
Web(*) - sorry for broken links referring to it!This page:
http://Zeroth-Religion.MKostic.com  Also: http://Mass-Energy.MKostic.com *
http://EM-Heat-Work.MKostic.com *

SPEAKING Enquiry * Consulting and Advising

More: “Zeroth Religion” *
http://www.wseas.us/conferences/2009/lalaguna/epese/Plenary4.htm [2009]

https://web.archive.org/web/20110209083832/http://ZerothReligion.com/ *
https://forum.hmolpedia.com/viewtopic.php?f=14&t=34



Synopsis (open attached PDF below). See also Energy Challenges in Mechanical &
Aerospace Engineering and BioEnergy Landscape

“If an educated person has to be aware of the literary work of Shakespeare, then
that person should also be aware of the 'Entropy' concept... 

... Nothing occurs locally, nor globally in the universe, without mass-energy
exchange/conversion and entropy production.”

Energy, as the ‘building block’ of all material and space existence, and as the
cause for all (re)creations in time, could be metaphorically considered as the
most basic 'Zeroth Religion' - with all due respect to the 'First Religion' -
the way the Zeroth Law of thermal equilibrium is more basic than the grandiose
First Law of energy conservation in Thermodynamics. Energy is more than
universal currency. The world view, from inside to outside, is only possible,
figuratively and literally, through the energy prism. From shining stars to
rotating planets, to global water, atmospheric and life cycles, to evolution,
industrialization and modernization of civilization, energy is the cause and
measure of all there has been, it is, and will be.

Entropy is the most used and often abused concept in science, but also in
philosophy and society. Further confusions are produced by some attempts to
generalize the entropy with similar but not the same concepts in other
disciplines. What is the underlying nature of 'entropy' and why does it always
increase? Why is entropy so intriguing and mysterious, unique and universal, as
if it is a miraculous property of natural, material systems? How does it
encompass and quantify all processes at all natural space and time scales,
governed by the Second Law of Thermodynamics? And many other elusive and
debatable issues, as if entropy is among the deepest unresolved mysteries in
nature, defying our common sense.

Energy is the cause for all processes across all space and time scales,
including global and historical changes. Energy is both the cause and
consequence of formation and transformation within the universe at the grand
scale, down to the smallest sub-nano structures within an atom nucleus and
electromagnetic radiation - everything we are capable of observing and
comprehending. Energy warms our planet Earth and keeps it alive. It moves cars
and trains, and boats and planes. Energy bakes foods and keeps them frozen for
storage. It heats and lights our homes and plays our music. Energy makes our
bodies to grow and alive, and allows our minds to think. Through centuries
people have learned how to harvest and use energy in different forms in order to
do work more easily and live more comfortably.

Zooming in through the space and history from the formation of our planet Earth
some 4.5 billion years ago, it has been changing ever since due to energy
exchanges or “energy flows” in different astrophysical, geological,
thermo-physical, electro-chemical, biological, and intellectual processes.
Hundreds of millions of years ago, life emerged from the oceans and transformed
the landscape. Just a few million years ago the first human species evolved and
began their own process of interaction with the environment, our planet Earth.
About one million years ago our own species, homo sapiens, first appeared,
strived most of the history and boomed with agricultural and industrial
revolution, after learning how to harvest, control and use energy.

The human metabolism, to maintain life, is approximately equal to the dietary
energy-rate reference value of 2000 kcal/day, which is equivalent to 97 Watt.
Human sustained working power is about 75 W or one tenth of the “horse power.”
The human muscular power bursts may be a hundred times greater than the basal
metabolic or sustained power. In comparison, the World’s population is about 7.5
billion with total energy consumption about 2.4 kW/c (per capita or person),
compared to over 0.325 billion population and 10 kW/c in the U.S. (the total
energy rate in kWneeds to be scaled by usual 33% efficiency to be qualitatively
compared with electrical energy rate in kW). The corresponding per capita
electricity consumption rates are about 0.34 kW/c and 1.38 kW/c in the World and
the U.S., respectively.

All energy coming to the Earth surface is 99.98 % solar, 0.018% geothermal and
0.002% tidal-gravitational. About 550 QuadBTU/year or 18 TW (Tera-Watt, or 2.4
kW/capita, i.e. per person) the world energy consumption rate now, represents
only 0.008%, a tiny fraction of the solar energy striking Earth, and is about 6
times smaller than global photosynthesis (all life), the latter is only 0.05% of
total solar, and global atmospheric water and wind are about 1% of solar energy.
As an ultimate energy source for virtually all natural processes, the solar
energy is available for direct ‘harvest’ if needed, and is absorbed by
vegetation and water surfaces on Earth, thus being the driving force for natural
photosynthesis, and in turn for biosynthesis processes, as well as natural water
cycle and all atmospheric processes. The solar radiation power density incident
to the Earth atmosphere, known as the Solar Constant, is 2 cal/min/cm2 or 1.4
kW/m2, which after taking into account average day/night time (50%), varying
incident angle (50%) and atmospheric/cloud scatter and absorption (53%), reduces
to only 0.5·0.5·0.47=11.7% of the Solar Constant, or about 165 W/m2 at the Earth
surface, as all-time average.

Let us not be fooled by lower oil prices now due to unforeseen technological
development and economic recession! If the man-made Global Warming is debatable,
the two things are certain in not distant future: (1) the world population and
their living-standard expectations will substantially increase, and (2) the
fossil fuels’ economical reserves, particularly oil and natural gas, will
substantially decrease. The difficulties that will face every nation and the
world in meeting energy needs over the next several decades will be more
challenging than what we anticipate now. The traditional solutions and
approaches may not solve the global energy problems. New knowledge, new
technology, and new living habits and expectations must be developed to address
both, the quantity of energy needed to increase the standard of living
world-wide and to preserve and enhance the quality of our environment.

However, regardless of imminent issues about the fossil fuels and related
environmental impact, the outlook for future energy needs and environmental
sustainability is encouraging. Energy conservation “with existing technology”
(insulation, regeneration, cogeneration and optimizationwith energy storage) has
real immediate potential to substantially reduce energy dependence on the fossil
fuels and enable use of alternative and renewable energy sources. There are many
diverse and abundant energy sources with promising future potentials, so that
mankind should be able to enhance its activities, standard and quality of
living, by diversifying energy sources, and by improving energy conversion and
utilization efficiencies, while at the same time increasing safety and reducing
environmental pollution.

After all, in the wake of a short history of fossil fuels’ abundance and use (a
blip on a human history radar screen), the life may be happier after the fossil
fuel era! More at: www.kostic.niu.edu/energy

Brief Biography of the Speaker:

Milivoje M. Kostic, Ph.D., P.Eng., Professor Emeritus of Mechanical Engineering
at Northern Illinois University, Licensed Professional Engineer in State of
Illinois (USA) and Editor-in-Chief of Thermodynamics of Entropy Journal, is a
notable researcher and scholar in energy fundamentals and applications,
including nanotechnology, with emphasis on conservation, environment and
sustainability. He graduated with the University of Belgrade highest distinction
(the highest GPA in ME program history), obtained Ph.D. at University of
Illinois at Chicago as a Fulbright scholar, appointed as NASA faculty fellow,
and Fermi and Argonne National Laboratories faculty researcher. Professor Kostic
also worked in industry and has authored a number of patents and professional
publications, including invited articles in prestigious energy encyclopedias. He
has a number of professional awards and recognitions, is a frequent keynote
plenary speaker at international conferences and at different educational and
public institutions, as well as member of several professional societies and
scientific advisory boards. More at www.kostic.niu.edu

Professor Kostic's teaching and research interests are in Thermodynamics (a
science of energy, the Mother of All Sciences), Fluid Mechanics, Heat Transfer
and related fluid-thermal-energy sciences; with emphases on physical
comprehension and creative design, experimental methods with computerized data
acquisition, and CFD simulation; including nanotechnology and development of
new-hybrid, POLY-nanofluids with enhanced properties, as well as design,
analysis and optimization of fluids-thermal-energy components and systems in
power-conversion, utilizations, manufacturing and material processing. Dr.
Kostic came to Northern Illinois University from the University of Illinoisat
Chicago, where he supervised and conducted a two-year research program in heat
transfer and viscoelastic fluid flows, after working for some time in industry.

Kostic received his B.S. degree with the University of Belgrade Award as the
best graduated student in 1975. Then he worked as a researcher in thermal
engineering and combustion at The Vinca Institute for Nuclear Sciences, which
then hosted the headquarters of the International Center for Heat and Mass
Transfer, and later taught at the University of Belgrade in ex-Yugoslavia,
Serbia now (MFB). He came to the University of Illinois at Chicago in 1981 as a
Fulbright grantee, where he received his Ph.D. in mechanical engineering in
1984. Subsequently, Dr. Kostic worked several years in industry. In addition, he
spent three summers as an exchange visitor in England, West Germany, and the
former Soviet Union.

Dr. Kostic has received recognized professional fellowships and awards,
including multiple citations in Marquis' "Who's Who in the World" and "Who's Who
in Science and Engineering."; the Fulbright Grant; NASA Faculty Fellowship;
Sabbatical Semester at Fermilab as a Guest Scientist; and the summer Faculty
Research Participation Program at Argonne National Laboratory. He is a frequent
reviewer of professional works and books in Thermodynamics and Experimental
Methods. Dr. Kostic is a licensed professional engineer (PE) in Illinois and a
member of the ASME, ASEE, and AIP's Society of Rheology. He has a number of
publications in refereed journals, including invited state-of-the-art chapters
in the Academic Press series Advances in Heat Transfer, Volume 19, and
"Viscosity" in  CRC Press' Measurement, Instrumentation and Sensors Handbook; as
well as invited reference articles: Work, Power, and Energy in Academic
Press/Elsevier's Encyclopedia of Energy; Extrusion Die Design in Dekker's 
Encyclopedia of Chemical Processing; and Energy: Global and Historical
Background, and Physics of Energy, both  in Taylor & Francis/CRC Press
Encyclopedia of Energy Engineering and Technology. Professor Kostic is a member
of the Graduate Faculty at Northern Illinois University.





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