www.jendodon.com
Open in
urlscan Pro
104.18.123.114
Public Scan
Submitted URL: https://cwhib9vv.r.us-east-1.awstrack.me/L0/https://www.jendodon.com/article/S0099-2399(19)30468-6/fulltext?dgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email/1/...
Effective URL: https://www.jendodon.com/article/S0099-2399(19)30468-6/abstract?dgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email
Submission: On February 23 via manual from GB — Scanned from US
Effective URL: https://www.jendodon.com/article/S0099-2399(19)30468-6/abstract?dgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email
Submission: On February 23 via manual from GB — Scanned from US
Form analysis 3 forms found in the DOM
POST /action/doLogin?redirectUri=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jendodon.com%2Farticle%2FS0099-2399%2819%2930468-6%2Fabstract%3Fdgcid%3Draven_jbs_etoc_email
<form action="/action/doLogin?redirectUri=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jendodon.com%2Farticle%2FS0099-2399%2819%2930468-6%2Fabstract%3Fdgcid%3Draven_jbs_etoc_email" method="post"><input type="hidden" name="redirectUri"
value="https://www.jendodon.com/article/S0099-2399(19)30468-6/abstract?dgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email"><input type="hidden" name="referer" value="/article/S0099-2399(19)30468-6/abstract?dgcid=raven_jbs_etoc_email"><input type="hidden"
name="ecommRedirect"><input type="hidden" name="code" value="joen-site"><input type="hidden" name="UX3LoginWidget" value="true"><input type="hidden" name="isPopup" value="true">
<div class="input-group">
<div class="label"><label for="login">Email/Username</label></div><input id="login" type="text" name="login" value="" size="15" class="login">
</div>
<div class="input-group">
<div class="label"><label for="password">Password</label></div><input id="password" type="password" name="password" value="" autocomplete="off" class="password"><a href="#" class="login__field__action js-show-password">Show</a>
<div class="actions"><a href="https://www.jendodon.com/action/requestResetPassword" class="link show-request-reset-password">Forgot password?</a></div>
</div>
<div class="remember"><input type="checkbox" name="savePassword" id="6ee85045-2441-4b5c-8a4b-4c078d548375-remember" value="1" checked="checked"><label for="6ee85045-2441-4b5c-8a4b-4c078d548375-remember">Remember me</label></div>
<div class="submit" disabled="disabled"><input type="submit" name="submit" value="Log in" class="button submit primary" disabled="disabled"></div>
</form>POST /action/requestResetPassword
<form action="/action/requestResetPassword" method="post" class="request-reset-password-form"><input type="hidden" name="platform"><input type="hidden" name="requestResetPassword" value="true"><input type="hidden" name="codeSite" value="joen-site">
<div class="input-group">
<div class="label"><label for="reset-password-email">Email*</label></div><input id="reset-password-email" type="text" name="email" value="" size="15" class="email">
</div>
<div class="submit" disabled="disabled"><input type="submit" name="submit" value="Submit" disabled="disabled" class="button primary submit"></div>
</form>Name: quickSearchBar — GET https://www.jendodon.com/action/doSearch?journalCode=joen
<form action="https://www.jendodon.com/action/doSearch?journalCode=joen" name="quickSearchBar" method="get" title="Quick Search"><input id="type" type="hidden" value="quicksearch" name="type">
<div class="quick-search__toggle"><input id="searchText" type="text" name="text1" placeholder="Search for..." enterkeyhint="search" autocomplete="off" data-contributors-conf="3" data-topics-conf="3" data-publication-titles-conf="3"
data-history-items-conf="3" data-group-titles-conf="3" data-publication-items-conf="3" aria-label="Enter a search term" class="searchText searchText-autocomplete ui-autocomplete-input"><button type="submit" title="Search"
aria-label="Submit the search form" class="btn quick-search__button icon-search"><span>Go
search</span></button><a href="https://www.jendodon.com/search/advanced?SeriesKey=joen&ISSN=0099-2399&journalCode=joen" title="Advanced search" class="quick-search__advanced-link">Advanced search</a>
<ul id="ui-id-1" tabindex="0" class="ui-menu ui-widget ui-widget-content ui-autocomplete ui-front" unselectable="on" style="display: none;"></ul>
</div>
<div class="quick-search__box">
<div class="quick-search__box-inner">
<div class="quick-search__box-wrapper"><select name="field1" aria-label="Select a search area">
<option value="AllField">All content</option>
<option value="Title">Article title</option>
<option value="Contrib">Authors</option>
<option value="Keyword">Keywords</option>
<option value="Abstract">Abstract</option>
<option value="AbstractTitleKeywordFilterField">Article title, abstract, keywords</option>
</select><input type="hidden" name="journalCode" value="joen">
<div class="quick-search__scope-options"><span>Search within:</span><label title="This journal" class="radio--primary"><input type="radio" name="SeriesKey" id="searchScopeSeries-4b13527a-8285-4636-ac31-0e0ddddf175f" title="This journal"
value="joen" checked="checked" aria-label="Search within current journal"><span>This journal</span></label><label title="Full Site" class="radio--primary"><input type="radio" name="SeriesKey"
id="searchScopeFullSite-4b13527a-8285-4636-ac31-0e0ddddf175f" value="" title="Full Site" aria-label="Search within full site"><span>Full Site</span></label></div>
<a href="https://www.jendodon.com/search/advanced?SeriesKey=joen&ISSN=0099-2399&journalCode=joen" title="Advanced search" class="quick-search__advanced-link">Advanced search</a>
</div><a href="javascript:void(0)" aria-label="Close search options" title="Close search options" class="quick-search__box-close"><i aria-hidden="true" class="icon-tools_close"></i></a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="quick-search__alert hidden">
<p>Please enter a term before submitting your search.</p><a href="#" class="quick-search__alert--close"> Ok</a>
</div>
</form>Text Content
Skip to Main Content
✓
Thanks for sharing!
AddToAny
More…
LOGIN TO YOUR ACCOUNT
Email/Username
Password
Show
Forgot password?
Remember me
Don’t have an account?
Create a Free Account
If you don't remember your password, you can reset it by entering your email
address and clicking the Reset Password button. You will then receive an email
that contains a secure link for resetting your password
Email*
If the address matches a valid account an email will be sent to __email__ with
instructions for resetting your password
Cancel
ADVERTISEMENT
SCROLL TO CONTINUE WITH CONTENT
Open GPT Console
Open Oracle Keywords
Refresh Values
Property Value Status
Version
Ad File
Disable Ads Flag
Environment
Moat Init
Moat Ready
Contextual Ready
Contextual URL
Contextual Initial Segments
Contextual Used Segments
AdUnit
SubAdUnit
Custom Targeting
Ad Events
Invalid Ad Sizes
* AAE Member Login | Submit
* Log in
* Register
* Log in
* AAE Member Login | Submit
* Log in
* Subscribe
* Claim
Access provided by
Skip menu
* Articles
*
* LATEST
* Articles in Press
* Current issue
* Past Issues
* POPULAR ARTICLES
* CONSORT Randomized Clinical Trial
4-YEAR PULP SURVIVAL IN A RANDOMIZED TRIAL ON DIRECT PULP CAPPING
Ballal et al.
* Review Article
OUTCOME OF CONTEMPORARY NONSURGICAL ENDODONTIC RETREATMENT: A
SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AND COHORT STUDIES
Sabeti et al.
* Basic Research
COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF THE CANAL SHAPING ABILITY, PERICERVICAL
DENTIN PRESERVATION, AND SMEAR LAYER REMOVAL OF TRUNATOMY, WAVEONE
GOLD, AND PROTAPER ULTIMATE—AN EX VIVO STUDY IN HUMAN TEETH
Ribeiro et al.
* LATEST ARTICLES
* Basic Research-Technology
ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF THE METAL ARTIFACT REDUCTION TOOL ON DETECTING
FURCATION LESIONS IN MAXILLARY MOLARS WITH DIFFERENT INTRACANAL POSTS:
AN EX-VIVO CBCT STUDY
Bastos et al.
* Letter to the Editor
LETTER TO THE EDITOR: CONSORT RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIAL
* George Bogen
* Clinical Research
REPRINT OF: THE EFFECT OF MINERAL TRIOXIDE AGGREGATE OBTURATION LEVELS
ON THE OUTCOME OF ENDODONTIC RETREATMENT: AN OBSERVATIONAL STUDY
Terauchi et al.
* Publish
* FOR AUTHORS
* Submit Article
External Link
* Guide for Authors
* Aims & Scope
* Open Access Information
External Link
* Researcher Academy
External Link
* Guidelines for Publishing Papers in JOE
External Link
* Language Editing
External Link
* Understanding the Publishing Process
* FOR REVIEWERS
* Information for Reviewers
* About
* SOCIETY
* About the AAE
* Editorial Board
* AAE Website
External Link
* Online CE for JOE
External Link
* JOE Publication Awards
External Link
* JOURNAL INFORMATION
* Aims & Scope
* Permissions
External Link
* Reprints
External Link
* Abstracting & Indexing
* ACCESS
* Subscribe
* Activate Online Access
* AAE Member Login
External Link
* Contact
* CONTACT
* Contact Us
* Career Opportunities
External Link
* Information for Advertisers
External Link
* Go to Product Catalog
External Link
* FOLLOW US
* New Content Alerts
* Twitter
External Link
* Facebook
External Link
* Instagram
External Link
Go searchAdvanced search
All contentArticle titleAuthorsKeywordsAbstractArticle title, abstract, keywords
Search within:This journalFull Site
Advanced search
Please enter a term before submitting your search.
Ok
Clinical Research| Volume 45, ISSUE 10, P1209-1218, October 2019
Download Full Issue
Download started.
Ok
Analysis of Fused Rooted Maxillary First and Second Molars with Merged and
C-shaped Canal Configurations: Prevalence, Characteristics, and Correlations in
a Saudi Arabian Population
* Purchase
* Academic & Personal: 24 hour online access
* Corporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online access
* Subscribe
* Save
* Add To Online LibraryPowered ByMendeley
* Add To My Reading List
* Export Citation
* Create Citation Alert
* Share
Share on
* Twitter
* Facebook
* Linked In
* Sina Weibo
* Email
* more
* Reprints
* Request
* Top
ANALYSIS OF FUSED ROOTED MAXILLARY FIRST AND SECOND MOLARS WITH MERGED AND
C-SHAPED CANAL CONFIGURATIONS: PREVALENCE, CHARACTERISTICS, AND CORRELATIONS IN
A SAUDI ARABIAN POPULATION
* Mohammed Mashyakhy, BDS, MSc
Mohammed Mashyakhy
Correspondence
Address requests for reprints to Dr Mohammed Mashyakhy, Department of
Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University Kingdom
of Saudi Arabia, PO Box 114, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.
Contact
Affiliations
Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan
University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
Search for articles by this author
* Hemant Ramesh Chourasia, BDS, MDS
Hemant Ramesh Chourasia
Affiliations
Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan
University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
Search for articles by this author
* Ahmad Jabali, BDS, MS
Ahmad Jabali
Affiliations
Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan
University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
Search for articles by this author
* Abdulmajeed Almutairi, BDS, AEGD, SBRD
Abdulmajeed Almutairi
Affiliations
Dental Department, Alkharj Armed Forced Hospital, Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia
Search for articles by this author
* Gianluca Gambarini, MD, DDS
Gianluca Gambarini
Affiliations
Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics, Sapienza University of
Rome, Rome, Italy
Search for articles by this author
Published:August 01, 2019DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2019.06.009
Plum Print visual indicator of research metrics
PlumX Metrics
* Citations
* Citation Indexes: 23
* Captures
* Readers: 57
see details
Previous ArticleDifferences in Inflammation and Bone Resorption between …
Next ArticleCervical Level Biological Repair of the Access Opening after …
* Abstract
* Key Words
* References
* Article info
* Related Articles
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
The aims of this in vivo cone-beam computed tomographic (CBCT) study were to
evaluate the prevalence, characteristics, and correlations between the fused
rooted maxillary first and second molars as well as their consequent merged and
C-shaped canals in a Saudi Arabian population.
METHODS
CBCT imaging of 726 maxillary first and second molars from 208 subjects of Saudi
origin were evaluated in the present study. The prevalence of fused rooted
maxillary molars, merged canals, C-shaped configurations, and correlations
between the presence of fused rooted teeth between first and second molars were
examined as the primary outcome. Differences by sex, location in the jaw, and
bilateral symmetry (similarity between right- and left-side teeth in the same
patient) were evaluated as the secondary outcome. The Z test was used for
differences in the independent proportions, the chi-square test was used for
differences between sex and locations, and the Cohen kappa test was used for
bilateral symmetry. The kappa test was also used for intrarater reliability. A
value of P < .05 was considered significant.
RESULTS
The prevalence of fused rooted maxillary first and second molars was 7% and 21%,
respectively. Within fused rooted teeth, the presence of merged canals was 8.3%
and 32.1%, whereas the prevalence of C-shaped canals was 8.3% and 5.1% in first
and second maxillary molars, respectively. Among 57 subjects who had fused
rooted maxillary molars, 19.3% showed a correlation between first and second
molars. In fused rooted maxillary molars, 3.8% first molars and 13% second
molars were bilaterally symmetrical. There were no statistically significant
differences between sexes and right- and left-sided fused rooted maxillary
molars, merged canals, or C-shaped canals.
CONCLUSIONS
Maxillary second molars presented more complex external and internal morphology
compared with maxillary first molars, with an overall prevalence of 14% of fused
rooted maxillary molars and 3.7% merged and 0.8% C-shaped canal configurations
for all maxillary molars. The clinician should be aware of such challenges, and
for a better treatment outcome, the use of CBCT imaging (small field of view)
and an operative dental microscope can be considered when a preoperative
periapical radiograph shows signs of fused rooted maxillary molars.
KEY WORDS
* Cone-beam computed tomography
* C shaped
* fused rooted molars
* merged canals
* morphology
To read this article in full you will need to make a payment
PURCHASE ONE-TIME ACCESS:
Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour
online access
One-time access price info
* For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
* For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'
SUBSCRIBE:
Subscribe to Journal of Endodontics
Already a print subscriber? Claim online access
Already an online subscriber? Sign in
Register: Create an account
Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect
REFERENCES
1. * Vertucci F.J.
Root canal morphology and its relationship to endodontic procedures.
Endod Topics. 2005; 10: 3-29
View in Article
* Crossref
* Google Scholar
2. * Schilder H.
Cleaning and shaping the root canal.
Dent Clin North Am. 1974; 18: 269-296
View in Article
* PubMed
* Abstract
* Full Text PDF
* Google Scholar
3. * Walton R.E.
Current concepts of canal preparation.
Dent Clin North Am. 1992; 36: 309-326
View in Article
* PubMed
* Google Scholar
4. * Schilder H.
Filling root canals in three dimensions. 1967.
J Endod. 2006; 32: 281-290
View in Article
* Scopus (165)
* PubMed
* Abstract
* Full Text
* Full Text PDF
* Google Scholar
5. * Peters O.A.
Current challenges and concepts in the preparation of root canal systems: a
review.
J Endod. 2004; 30: 559-567
View in Article
* Scopus (928)
* PubMed
* Abstract
* Full Text
* Full Text PDF
* Google Scholar
6. * Al Shalabi R.M.
* Omer O.E.
* Glennon J.
* et al.
Root canal anatomy of maxillary first and second permanent molars.
Int Endod J. 2000; 33: 405-414
View in Article
* Scopus (105)
* PubMed
* Crossref
* Google Scholar
7. * Rwenyonyi C.M.
* Kutesa A.M.
* Muwazi L.M.
* Buwembo W.
Root and canal morphology of maxillary first and second permanent molar
teeth in a Ugandan population.
Int Endod J. 2007; 40: 679-683
View in Article
* Scopus (59)
* PubMed
* Crossref
* Google Scholar
8. * Neelakantan P.
* Subbarao C.
* Ahuja R.
* et al.
Cone-beam computed tomography study of root and canal morphology of
maxillary first and second molars in an Indian population.
J Endod. 2010; 36: 1622-1627
View in Article
* Scopus (195)
* PubMed
* Abstract
* Full Text
* Full Text PDF
* Google Scholar
9. * Kim Y.
* Lee S.-J.
* Woo J.
Morphology of maxillary first and second molars analyzed by cone-beam
computed tomography in a Korean population: variations in the number of
roots and canals and the incidence of fusion.
J Endod. 2012; 38: 1063-1068
View in Article
* Scopus (185)
* PubMed
* Abstract
* Full Text
* Full Text PDF
* Google Scholar
10. * Martins J.N.
* Mata A.
* Marques D.
* Caramês J.
Prevalence of root fusions and main root canal merging in human upper and
lower molars: a cone-beam computed tomography in vivo study.
J Endod. 2016; 42: 900-908
View in Article
* Scopus (31)
* PubMed
* Abstract
* Full Text
* Full Text PDF
* Google Scholar
11. * Tian X.M.
* Yang X.W.
* Qian L.
* et al.
Analysis of the root and canal morphologies in maxillary first and second
molars in a Chinese population using cone-beam computed tomography.
J Endod. 2016; 42: 696-701
View in Article
* Scopus (55)
* PubMed
* Abstract
* Full Text
* Full Text PDF
* Google Scholar
12. * Yang Z.P.
* Yang S.F.
* Lee G.
The root and root canal anatomy of maxillary molars in a Chinese
population.
Endod Dent Traumatol. 1988; 4: 215-218
View in Article
* Scopus (46)
* PubMed
* Crossref
* Google Scholar
13. * Zhang Q.
* Chen H.
* Fan B.
* et al.
Root and root canal morphology in maxillary second molar with fused root
from a native Chinese population.
J Endod. 2014; 40: 871-875
View in Article
* Scopus (53)
* PubMed
* Abstract
* Full Text
* Full Text PDF
* Google Scholar
14. * Ordinola-Zapata R.
* Martins J.N.
* Bramante C.M.
* et al.
Morphological evaluation of maxillary second molars with fused roots: a
micro-CT study.
Int Endod J. 2017; 50: 1192-1200
View in Article
* Scopus (40)
* PubMed
* Crossref
* Google Scholar
15. * Martins J.N.
* Mata A.
* Marques D.
* et al.
Prevalence and characteristics of the maxillary C-shaped molar.
J Endod. 2016; 42: 383-389
View in Article
* Scopus (39)
* PubMed
* Abstract
* Full Text
* Full Text PDF
* Google Scholar
16. * Newton C.W.
* McDonald S.
A C-shaped canal configuration in a maxillary first molar.
J Endod. 1984; 10: 397-399
View in Article
* Scopus (41)
* PubMed
* Abstract
* Full Text PDF
* Google Scholar
17. * Dankner E.
* Friedman S.
* Stabholz A.
Bilateral C shape configuration in maxillary first molars.
J Endod. 1990; 16: 601-603
View in Article
* Scopus (50)
* PubMed
* Abstract
* Full Text PDF
* Google Scholar
18. * De Moor R.J.
C-shaped root canal configuration in maxillary first molars.
Int Endod J. 2002; 35: 200-208
View in Article
* Scopus (61)
* PubMed
* Crossref
* Google Scholar
19. * Yilmaz Z.
* Tuncel B.
* Serper A.
* Calt S.
C-shaped root canal in a maxillary first molar: a case report.
Int Endod J. 2006; 39: 162-166
View in Article
* Scopus (36)
* PubMed
* Crossref
* Google Scholar
20. * Kottoor J.
* Velmurugan N.
* Ballal S.
* Roy A.
Four-rooted maxillary first molar having C-shaped palatal root canal
morphology evaluated using cone-beam computerized tomography: a case
report.
Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2011; 111: e41-e45
View in Article
* PubMed
* Google Scholar
21. * Martins J.N.
* Quaresma S.
* Quaresma M.C.
* Frisbie-Teel J.
C-shaped maxillary permanent first molar: a case report and literature
review.
J Endod. 2013; 39: 1649-1653
View in Article
* Scopus (15)
* PubMed
* Abstract
* Full Text
* Full Text PDF
* Google Scholar
22. * Karanxha L.
* Kim H.-J.
* Hong S.-O.
* et al.
Endodontic management of a C-shaped maxillary first molar with three
independent buccal root canals by using cone-beam computed tomography.
Restor Dent Endod. 2012; 37: 175-179
View in Article
* Crossref
* Google Scholar
23. * Cleghorn B.M.
* Christie W.H.
* Dong C.C.
Root and root canal morphology of the human permanent maxillary first
molar: a literature review.
J Endod. 2006; 32: 813-821
View in Article
* Scopus (270)
* PubMed
* Abstract
* Full Text
* Full Text PDF
* Google Scholar
24. * Fan B.
* Cheung G.S.
* Fan M.
* et al.
C-shaped canal system in mandibular second molars: part I--anatomical
features.
J Endod. 2004; 30: 899-903
View in Article
* Scopus (197)
* PubMed
* Abstract
* Full Text
* Full Text PDF
* Google Scholar
25. * Gao Y.
* Fan B.
* Cheung G.S.
* et al.
C-shaped canal system in mandibular second molars part IV: 3-D
morphological analysis and transverse measurement.
J Endod. 2006; 32: 1062-1065
View in Article
* Scopus (49)
* PubMed
* Abstract
* Full Text
* Full Text PDF
* Google Scholar
26. * Ordinola-Zapata R.
* Bramante C.M.
* Versiani M.A.
* et al.
Comparative accuracy of the clearing technique, CBCT and Micro-CT methods
in studying the mesial root canal configuration of mandibular first molars.
Int Endod J. 2017; 50: 90-96
View in Article
* Scopus (103)
* PubMed
* Crossref
* Google Scholar
ARTICLE INFO
PUBLICATION HISTORY
Published online: August 01, 2019
IDENTIFICATION
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2019.06.009
COPYRIGHT
© 2019 American Association of Endodontists.
SCIENCEDIRECT
Access this article on ScienceDirect
RELATED ARTICLES
Hide CaptionDownloadSee figure in Article
Toggle Thumbstrip
* Download Hi-res image
* Download .PPT
View full text
* Home
* Access for Developing Countries
* Articles and Issues
* Articles in Press
* Current Issue
* List of Issues
* Supplements
* JOE Publication Awards
* For Authors/Reviewers
* About Open Access
* Author information
* Copyright Permissions
* Guidelines for Publishing Papers in JOE
* Language Editing
* Reviewer Information
* Researcher Academy
* Submit Your Manuscript
* Understanding the Publishing Process
* Journal Info
* About the Journal
* About Open Access
* Activate Online Access
* Contact Us
* Editorial Board
* Information for Advertisers
* New Content Alerts
* Pricing Information
* Subscribe
* AAE
* About the AAE
* AAE Website
* Online CE for JOE
* Submit Your Manuscript
* Follow Us
* AAE Connection
* Twitter
* Facebook
* Instagram
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The content on this site is intended for healthcare professionals.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content. To
update your cookie settings, please visit the Cookie settings | Your Privacy
Choices for this site.
All content on this site: Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc., its licensors, and
contributors.
All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training,
and similar technologies.
For all open access content, the Creative Commons licensing terms apply.
* Privacy Policy
* Terms and Conditions
* Accessibility
* Help & Contact
Click to get updates and verify authenticity.
We use cookies that are necessary to make our site work. We may also use
additional cookies to analyze, improve, and personalize our content and your
digital experience. For more information, see ourCookie Policy
Cookie Settings Accept all cookies
COOKIE PREFERENCE CENTER
We use cookies which are necessary to make our site work. We may also use
additional cookies to analyse, improve and personalise our content and your
digital experience. For more information, see our Cookie Policy and the list of
Google Ad-Tech Vendors.
You may choose not to allow some types of cookies. However, blocking some types
may impact your experience of our site and the services we are able to offer.
See the different category headings below to find out more or change your
settings.
You may also be able to exercise your privacy choices as described in our
Privacy Policy
Allow all
MANAGE CONSENT PREFERENCES
STRICTLY NECESSARY COOKIES
Always active
These cookies are necessary for the website to function and cannot be switched
off in our systems. They are usually only set in response to actions made by you
which amount to a request for services, such as setting your privacy
preferences, logging in or filling in forms. You can set your browser to block
or alert you about these cookies, but some parts of the site will not then work.
These cookies do not store any personally identifiable information.
Cookie Details List
FUNCTIONAL COOKIES
Functional Cookies
These cookies enable the website to provide enhanced functionality and
personalisation. They may be set by us or by third party providers whose
services we have added to our pages. If you do not allow these cookies then some
or all of these services may not function properly.
Cookie Details List
PERFORMANCE COOKIES
Performance Cookies
These cookies allow us to count visits and traffic sources so we can measure and
improve the performance of our site. They help us to know which pages are the
most and least popular and see how visitors move around the site.
Cookie Details List
TARGETING COOKIES
Targeting Cookies
These cookies may be set through our site by our advertising partners. They may
be used by those companies to build a profile of your interests and show you
relevant adverts on other sites. If you do not allow these cookies, you will
experience less targeted advertising.
Cookie Details List
Back Button
COOKIE LIST
Search Icon
Filter Icon
Clear
checkbox label label
Apply Cancel
Consent Leg.Interest
checkbox label label
checkbox label label
checkbox label label
Confirm my choices