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GM RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT

GM’s Research & Development team’s mission is to drive innovation for the
benefit of its customers through the invention and commercialization of
high-impact technologies.

Originally founded in 1920 by Charles “Boss” Kettering, GM’s Research &
Development team represented the world’s first automotive research organization,
helping to accelerate GM’s evolution into a leading transportation technology
company.


KEY RESEARCH FOCUS AREAS

Led by GM’s Chief Technology Officer, the R&D organization enables and
accelerates the development and commercialization of advanced technology
throughout GM’s portfolio of products and connected service offerings.

While the requirements and expectations of future mobility evolve, GM’s R&D team
continues to play a significant role in helping to make our vision a reality of
a world with zero crashes, zero emissions, and zero congestion.

Each year, GM researchers publish a variety of papers, each representing a new
potential technological breakthrough or innovation spanning across key focus
areas:




KEY RESEARCH FOCUS AREA 1: BATTERY MATERIALS AND SYSTEMS

GM Research and Development work relating to Materials and Methods, Battery Cell
and Architecture Designs, and Process and Quality.

Recent Publications


GM HERITAGE INITIATIVES


PRESERVING THE GM HERITAGE


PHOTO AND VIDEO ARCHIVAL

Photography, motion picture film, video and digital media spanning from the 19th
Century to the present. These one-of-a-kind visual works chronicle the products,
workforce, fashion, culture and events of the day.

 * 8M+ photographic images
 * 250,000+ video masters, motion picture films
 * TV Advertisements
 * Promotional films
   
 * Running footage
   


VEHICLE INFORMATION SERVICES


The General Motors Heritage Center Permanent Reference Collection is home to the
company’s collection of historic literature, documenting GM's legacy as a
corporation and cultural entity.
 
 * Historical brochures
 * Vehicle information kits, build sheets, dealer invoices
   
 * Specs, RPO/Engine codes, VIN decoding
   
 * Fisher body trim tags, service parts indetification labels
   
 * Historical executive biographies
   


SPORT YOUR GM HERITAGE


GM COMPANY STORE

Are you looking for a slick GM t-shirt, hat, or cozy sweater? How about a travel
mug for your commute? Or a more rare find, like a one of a kind necklace made
from recycled auto parts, the GM Company Store has some incredible finds. Find
your favorite General Motors swag at the GM Company Store.




Shop Now


GM PHOTO STORE

Utilizing the image resources of the GM Media Archive, researchers, archivists
and product experts have selected fascinating classic and contemporary images
from the Archive's collection, enabling automotive enthusiasts to view and
purchase high-quality GM automotive photography.



Shop Now


KEY RESEARCH FOCUS AREA 2: ENERGY AND PROPULSION SYSTEMS

GM Research and Development work relating to Electrification Systems, and
Controls.

Recent Publications



KEY RESEARCH FOCUS AREA 3: MATERIALS AND MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS

GM Research and Development work relating to Battery Manufacturing, Next
Generation Fabrication & Assembly, Lightweight Material Systems & Processing,
and Sustainable Materials & Processing.

Recent Publications



KEY RESEARCH FOCUS AREA 4: CONNECTED VEHICLE EXPERIENCE

GM Research and Development work relating to Occupant Safety & Comfort,
Connectivity, Information Display, Accessibility, and Biosensing.

Recent Publications



KEY RESEARCH FOCUS AREA 5: SOFTWARE DEFINED VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY

GM Research and Development work relating to AV and ADAS Technologies,
Electrical and Software Architecture, and Chassis Controls.

Recent Publications



GM’S R&D THROUGHOUT THE YEARS

1920s

The World’s First Lacquer Paint System

Learn more


1920STHE WORLD’S FIRST LACQUER PAINT SYSTEM

R&D developed the first successful Lacquer paint system for cars, cutting
production time from 15 days to less than one day. This tremendously reduced
manufacturing time for vehicles while also adding greater customization of the
automobile.

1929

The First Commercial Room Air Conditioner

Learn more


1929THE FIRST COMMERCIAL ROOM AIR CONDITIONER

R&D had many innovations that made refrigeration commercially practical. As a
result, GM's Frigidaire division was able to produce the first room air
conditioner small enough for the home, as well as air conditioners for cars and
trucks.

1930s

Hydraulic Valve Lifter

Learn more


1930SHYDRAULIC VALVE LIFTER

R&D developed the first hydraulic valve lifters that were ultimately used on the
Cadillac V-16. These have become universally adopted by the automotive industry
to increase engine life and overall vehicle quality and performance.

1939 – 1944

The Arsenal of Democracy

Learn more


1939 – 1944THE ARSENAL OF DEMOCRACY

While the company manufactured tanks and planes for World War II, R&D developed
a number of technologies to support the war effort including: two cycle engines
and super fuel for aircrafts, controllable pitch marine propellers used for Navy
PT boats, chasers, landing crafts, and DC amplifiers for detection of tiny
voltages for use in military surveillance equipment. GM also leveraged a
revolutionary metallurgical hardenability process to help develop critical
steels to support the war effort.

1952

The First Mechanical Open-Heart Surgery Heart Pump

Learn more


1952THE FIRST MECHANICAL OPEN-HEART SURGERY HEART PUMP

GM’s research team developed a mechanical heart pump that made the world’s first
open-heart surgery possible. The device was ultimately donated to the
Smithsonian National Museum of American History.

1955

Blood and Vaccine Sterilization

Learn more


1955BLOOD AND VACCINE STERILIZATION

Centri-Filmer for sterilizing blood and vaccines was developed based on R&D’s
bearing and balancing expertise. It found wide application in the manufacturing
of vaccines, such as the Salk polio vaccine.

1956

Computer Operating System

Learn more


1956COMPUTER OPERATING SYSTEM

R&D recognized the potential of digital computers and helped lead the computer
revolution in the 1950's when it partnered with North American Aviation to
develop the world’s first operating system for automatically controlling
workflow, making it the forerunner of all computer operating systems at the
time. This operating system was developed for use on IBM’s first production
computers.

1963

The First PCV Valve

Learn more


1963THE FIRST PCV VALVE

GM developed the industry’s first vehicle emissions control device, the Positive
Crankcase Ventilation (PCV) valve. This breakthrough in reducing hydrocarbon
emissions was soon adopted by the rest of the industry.

1964

Electrovair

Learn more


1964ELECTROVAIR

The Electrovair was developed to test the viability of electric power for
passenger cars. The engine and transmission were replaced with electric system
components and R&D helped develop a 450-volt silver-zinc battery pack which
ultimately allowed for a top speed of 80 mph and a range of 40-80 miles in the
1966 Electrovair II.

1970s

Vehicle Structural Analysis

Learn more


1970SVEHICLE STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

R&D helped GM pioneer vehicle structural analysis. This work led to methods used
today for for optimization and better ride handling, structural mass and vehicle
safety.

1970

The First Use of Unleaded Gasoline

Learn more


1970THE FIRST USE OF UNLEADED GASOLINE

R&D performed critical experiments to demonstrate that unleaded gasoline would
eliminate lead poisoning of the catalyst. Ultimately, this led to GM becoming
the first automaker to offer cars that run on unleaded gasoline, a major
breakthrough in reducing vehicle exhaust emissions.

1972

The New Standard for Frontal Crash Testing

Learn more


1972THE NEW STANDARD FOR FRONTAL CRASH TESTING

GM’s Hybrid II series of crash-test dummies was such a durable and repeatable
assessment tool that the U.S. government made it the standard for all frontal
crash testing for compliance with regulations governing restraint systems. R&D
developed human injury criteria that led to the development of these safety
standards.

1973

The First Air Bags

Learn more


1973THE FIRST AIR BAGS

GM became the first automaker to offer an air cushion restraint system, later
known as the air bag, in its vehicles. R&D combined breakthroughs on human
injury tolerance and performed critical simulations and experiments to
demonstrate the potential effectiveness of airbags.

1974

The First Catalytic Converter

Learn more


1974THE FIRST CATALYTIC CONVERTER

GM introduced the catalytic converter, a technology in the 1960s and the most
important step in reducing automotive emissions to-date. R&D played a pivotal
role in developing material innovations and catalyst technologies. This research
lead to GM R&D becoming one of the first groups to predict the correlation
between atmospheric pollution the earth’s surface temperature. All 1975 model
year GM cars sold in the U.S. and Canada were equipped with the catalytic
converter, as are all cars sold by all competitors today. GM made its technology
available to the rest of the industry at no cost.

1984

Magnequench

Learn more


1984MAGNEQUENCH

R&D discovered Magnequench, the world’s first high-strength, rare-earth,
permanent magnet material, which is composed of neodymium, iron, and boron. This
powerful new material could be made into small lightweight magnets for use in a
wide range of motor and sensor applications. GM commercialized the Magnequench
material and related production processes in 1986.

1987

The First Solar-Powered Vehicle Race Winner

Learn more


1987THE FIRST SOLAR-POWERED VEHICLE RACE WINNER

The Sunraycer was a solar powered race car designed to compete in the world's
first solar-powered vehicle competition, the 1,950-mile (3,138-kilometer) World
Solar Challenge Race, held in Australia. The engine was created using a
brand-new electric motor based on Magnequench permanent magnets developed at
R&D, and won the first race in 1987 by a huge margin.

1997

The New Crash-Test Standard (Hybrid III Crash-Test Dummies)

Learn more


1997THE NEW CRASH-TEST STANDARD (HYBRID III CRASH-TEST DUMMIES)

GM’s human-like Hybrid III crash-test dummies were declared the official frontal
impact test device for occupant restraint compliance testing by the U.S.
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). R&D developed the injury
criteria used for these dummies and the group continues leadership in the space
today with virtual, biofidelic models which will be critical to future vehicles.

2002

MR Shock Absorber

Learn more


2002MR SHOCK ABSORBER

GM R&D developed the MR shock absorber, which is a damper filled with
magnetorheological (MR) fluid that can change its properties in the presence of
a magnet. GM first introduced these in 2002 on the Cadillac STS and has applied
it on many Cadillacs and Corvettes. To-date, this feature can be found in many
luxury vehicles across numerous brands.

2005

The First Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) Communications for Safety

Learn more


2005THE FIRST VEHICLE-TO-VEHICLE (V2V) COMMUNICATIONS FOR SAFETY

GM demonstrated a prototype V2V system that allows equipped vehicles to share
information, inform drivers about a variety of driving conditions, and alert
them to potential hazards. The system supports advanced safety features such as
lane change alert, blind spot detection, forward collision warning with
automatic braking, and intersection collision warning - bringing us closer to a
Zero Crashes vision.

2010

The First Extended-Range Electric Vehicle to Reach the Market

Learn more


2010THE FIRST EXTENDED-RANGE ELECTRIC VEHICLE TO REACH THE MARKET

GM began selling the Chevrolet Volt extended-range electric vehicle (E-REV) in
North America in 2010. To make this iconic vehicle possible, R&D developed
several key innovations in power electronics, battery, control and manufacturing
systems, as well as a multi-scale model and design for battery cooling channels.

2010

Electric Networked-Vehicles

Learn more


2010ELECTRIC NETWORKED-VEHICLES

At the 2010 World Expo in Shanghai, GM introduced the EN-V electric, networked
vehicles, the company’s first autonomous shared urban mobility concept designed
to address personal transportation of inner cities, business campuses,
retirement communities, etc. GM researchers were crucial to the development of
the technology found in these vehicles.

2010s

Accelerating a Zero-Emissions Portfolio

Learn more


2010SACCELERATING A ZERO-EMISSIONS PORTFOLIO

The R&D team developed groundbreaking methods that allow us to better understand
customer preferences and gauge the feasibility of implementing future vehicle
technologies. With these methods, we are able to evaluate the likelihood of
adoption as we transform our zero-emissions vision into a reality.

2010

Robonaut 2

Learn more


2010ROBONAUT 2

In 2010, GM and NASA used advances in controls, sensors, and vision technology
to build a dexterous humanoid robot capable of working safely side-by-side with
people. Robonaut 2, also known as R2, is currently deployed on the International
Space Station and its technologies have application to space travel, safe
manufacturing, and advanced vehicle safety systems.

2011

Vehicle Cybersecurity

Learn more


2011VEHICLE CYBERSECURITY

GM R&D was instrumental in the creation of the GM Product Cybersecurity
organization, the first dedicated vehicle cybersecurity organization in the
automotive industry. The Global A Cybersecurity Technical Solution was released
in 2016 and includes several security elements designed to mitigate impact to
customer safety, security and privacy. In 2019 the Global B Cybersecurity
Technical Solution was released with enhanced protections including in-vehicle
message authentication (MAC), secure unlock, and improved gateway, firewall
capabilities.

2012

New 6-speed FWD transmission Architecture

Learn more


2012NEW 6-SPEED FWD TRANSMISSION ARCHITECTURE

GM R&D developed new compact, smooth-shifting candidate architectures for
conventional and electrified hybrid transmissions. These were used on GM’s
6-speed FWD and 8-speed RWD transmission families.

2013

Elastic Averaging

Learn more


2013ELASTIC AVERAGING

An industry-first, elastic averaging (EA) is a new part alignment method that
delivers accurate, stable, and rattle-free assemblies. EA was first applied on
the 2013 Buick Enclave center console trim and Chevy and GMC emblems. Since this
“umbrella” patent filing, over 100 EA applications are now in production.

2013

Safety Alert Seat

Learn more


2013SAFETY ALERT SEAT

R&D played a critical role in the development of the GM-patented "Industry
First" Safety Alert Seat*, used with nearly all crash avoidance systems to
communicate crash threat direction via left and, or right seat vibration
locations. The improved owner satisfaction and higher system usage associated
with using seat vibration rather than auditory alerts helps ensure GM customers
fully realize feature safety benefits and brings GM closer to a Zero Crashes
vision. *Total number of active GM dealers in the U.S. and by individual state
as of January 1, 2023.

2015

Rear Video Camera Mirror

Learn more


2015REAR VIDEO CAMERA MIRROR

With a high-resolution streaming video, the current Rear Camera Mirror* (RCM)
improves drivers’ field of vision by an estimated 200 percent – roughly three
times the field-of-view of a standard rearview mirror. In addition to the
increased field of view, the technology eliminates any rear seat, rear pillar or
passenger obstructions, allowing the driver an unimpeded view of the lanes
behind the vehicle and traditional blind-spots. This industry-first feature
utilizes an industry-first, 60 frame-per-second automotive grade camera and
industry-first software (RCM virtual view generation). *Total number of active
GM dealers in the U.S. and by individual state as of January 1, 2023.

2015

Proactive Alerts

Learn more


2015PROACTIVE ALERTS

R&D led the development of the algorithms to enable Proactive Alerts* for select
Chevrolet, Buick, GMC and Cadillac vehicles. The alerts cover 12V batteries and
starters and help give customers the confidence they can turn unexpected
problems into planned maintenance. *Approximate number includes both hourly and
salaried retirees as of January 1, 2023.

2016

Chevrolet Bolt EV

Learn more


2016CHEVROLET BOLT EV

In 2016, GM rolled out its first affordable, long-range all-electric car, the
Chevrolet Bolt EV, with 200 miles of range*. R&D developed and manufactured a
rechargeable energy storage system, a high-volume, low-cost, high-energy-density
battery pack. Its compact cooling system greatly improves the energy efficiency
of the battery pack while also reducing manufacturing costs and pricing for the
customer. Today, the 2020 Bolt EV produces an impressive 259 miles full charge*.
*Direct investment amount announced in GM facilities in the U.S. since 2013.

2016

Joining Technologies

Learn more


2016JOINING TECHNOLOGIES

In an effort to join dissimilar materials for the purpose of lightweighting, new
joining technologies have been developed. This started with GM's patented
resistance spot welding process and continued with aluminum to steel spot
welding – a process previously thought impossible. Following this, ultrasonic
welding for battery packs was developed and most recently, remote laser welding,
which is used on the C8 Corvette.

2017

Super Cruise

Learn more


2017SUPER CRUISE

Super Cruise* is the industry’s first true hands-free driving technology for the
highway. Through the development of advanced technologies, such as the
industry-first driver monitoring system, the driver is permitted to leave their
hands off the steering wheel for a short duration of time to allow the brief
handling of other tasks. Super Cruise is preceded by a 1990 hands-free driving
vehicle leveraging R&D-developed detection, estimation and control algorithms.
The vehicle was successfully demonstrated on Interstate 696 and on some curvy
roads at the time. *Population is based on employee count by location and not by
full-time equivalent. Data as of June 30, 2023, excluding GM Financial and
Cruise.

2018

GMC CarbonPro Bed

Learn more


2018GMC CARBONPRO BED

The first carbon fiber composite pickup bed which uses a thermoplastic carbon
fiber preform to mold the box and deliver best-in-class dent, scratch and
corrosion resistance. The CarbonPro bed is currently available on the Sierra
Denali 1500 and the Sierra AT4 1500.

2020

New Aluminum Alloy and Die Cast Magnesium for Corvette

Learn more


2020NEW ALUMINUM ALLOY AND DIE CAST MAGNESIUM FOR CORVETTE

GM R&D developed a new aluminum casting alloy and a die cast magnesium beltline
reinforcement which are used on the C8 Corvette. The industry first one-piece
casting replaces a five-piece reinforcement and the industry first high
performance cast HuCrAlloy aluminum alloy, provides an optimized engine mount
bracket.





CELEBRATING 100 YEARS OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT INNOVATION

By Matt Tsien

Throughout history, research and innovation have driven humanity forward in
remarkable ways, allowing us to solve some of the world’s most vexing challenges
and satisfying human curiosity along the way. The thrill of discovery and
innovation is what propels us at General Motors, not just because we want to be
“the first” or “the only,” but because we recognize that technology must
continue to advance to improve individual lives.


During the COVID-19 pandemic, the world experienced firsthand the importance of
ingenuity and innovation; companies and individuals alike relied on these traits
to survive and thrive. While researchers continue to race to develop a vaccine
for this deadly virus, brick-and-mortar businesses have discovered how to
prosper online, influencers are throwing virtual events attracting millions, and
companies like GM are retooling vehicle manufacturing facilities for mask and
ventilator production.


INNOVATING TO CHANGE THE WORLD: THE ROBONAUT 2 AND MACHINES FOR THE SALK POLIO
VACCINE


For the past 100 years, GM’s R&D team has played a decisive role in how our
company acts with resilience, takes risks and leverages resources to drive
meaningful change – even outside of our industry. Take the Centri-Filmer for
example. This vaccine purifying machine was developed in the 1950s based on the
R&D team’s bearing and balancing expertise. Ultimately, this technology enabled
large-scale manufacturing of critical vaccines such as the Salk polio vaccine.
In the early 2000s, our researchers worked closely with NASA scientists to
develop Robonaut 2 for the International Space Station, as well as the RoboGlove
which is capable of being used by our team members in manufacturing facilities.


TRANSFORMING MOBILITY THROUGH TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION

Of course, through the years our R&D team has also stayed true to its mission,
developing transformative advanced vehicle technologies for our customers. Super
Cruise1 gave drivers the ability to experience true hands-free driving on
compatible highways. The CarbonPro composite pickup bed provided truck lovers
with a compartment featuring unprecedented dent, scratch and corrosion
resistance. And OnStar Proactive Alerts delivered customers advanced notice of
potential vehicle problems, turning what was an unexpected and serious repair
into routine maintenance.

And while we have 100 years of incredible history behind us, GM R&D remains
focused on preparing for the next century of innovation. We clearly see the path
toward an all-electric future for our company and for the industry. Our team’s
pioneering work developing a 450-volt silver-zinc battery pack for the 1966
Electrovair II helped pave the way for the Chevrolet Volt, the Chevrolet Bolt EV
and soon, the GMC HUMMER EV pickup and SUV, the Cadillac LYRIQ, and the
Chevrolet Silverado electric pickup truck.

Through electrification, we see a cleaner, more sustainable planet. We see the
advancement of artificial intelligence and machine learning leading us to
self-driving vehicles. And we see a safer world for all, powered by our ability
to deploy our innovations at scale.

DISCLAIMERS:

1Even while using the Super Cruise driver assistance feature, always pay
attention while driving and do not use a hand-held device. Visit
cadillacsupercruise.com for compatible highways and more information. Requires
active OnStar plan, active Wi-Fi Hotspot, working electrical system, cell
reception and GPS signal

2Safety or driver assistance features are no substitute for the driver's
responsibility to operate the vehicle in a safe manner.  The driver should
remain attentive to traffic, surroundings and road conditions at all times. 
Visibility, weather, and road conditions may affect feature performance. Read
the vehicle's owner's manual for more important feature limitations and
information.

3Diagnostic capabilities vary by model and plan. Message and data rates may
apply. Requires contact method on file and enrollment to receive alerts. Not all
issues will deliver alerts. See onstar.com for details and limitations.

4Your actual range will vary based on several factors, including temperature,
terrain, battery age and how you use and maintain your vehicle.


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KEY RESEARCH FOCUS AREA 1: BATTERY MATERIALS AND SYSTEMS

Document Title

Authors

Source

Year

Terminally Fluorinated Glycol Ether Electrolyte for Lithium Metal Batteries

Chi-Cheung Su, Jiayan Shi, Rachid Amine, Meinan He, Seoung-Bum Son, Juchen Guo,
Meng Jiang, Khalil Amine

Nano Energy, 110, 108335

2023

Data-Driven Battery Electrode Production Process Modeling Enabled by Machine
Learning

Changbai Tan, Raffaello Ardanese, Erik Huemiller, Wayne Cai, Houssen Yang,
Jennifer Bracey, Gabriele Pozzato

Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 316, 117967

2023

Novel Peo-Based Composite Electrolyte for Low-Temperature All-Solid-State
Lithium Metal Batteries Enabled by Interfacial Cation-Assistance

Xueyan Zhang, Chuankai Fu, Shichao Cheng, Chunbo Zhang, Licao Zhang, Meng Jiang,
Jiajun Wang, Yulin Ma, Pengjian Zuo, Chunyu Du, Yunzhi Gao, Geping Yin, Hua Huo

Energy Storage Materials, 56 (2023), 121-131

2023

All-Climate Outstanding-Performances Lithium-Ion Batteries Enabled by In-Situ
Constructed Gel Polymer Electrolytes

Lijiao Quan, Qili Su, Haojun Wu, Weiyi Huang, Mingzhu Liu, Yong Lu, Zhe Li,
Haijing Liu, Lidan Xing, Weishan Li

Chemical Engineering Journal, 454(1), 140086

2023

Efficient Reformulation of Linear and Nonlinear Solid-Phase Diffusion in
Lithium-Ion Battery Models Using Symmetric Polynomials: Mass Conservation and
Computational Efficiency

Raghav Sai Thiagarajan, Akshay Subramaniam, Suryanarayana Kolluri, Taylor R.
Garrick, Yuliya Preger, Valerio De Angelis, Jin-hyung Lim, Venkat R. Subramanian

Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 170, 010528

2023

Effect of Binder Content on Silicon Microparticle Anodes for Lithium-Ion
Batteries

Anita Li, Jacob L. Hempel, Michael P. Balogh, Yang-Tse Cheng,  Alan I. Taub

ECS Meeting Abstracts, MA2022-01, 423

2023

Impact of Ni Content on the Electrochemical Performance of the Co-Free, Li and
Mn-Rich Layered Cathode Materials

Gongshin Qi, Jiazhi Hu, Michael Balogh, Lei Wang, Devendrasinh Darbar, Wei Li

Electrochem 2023, 4(1), 21-30

2023

Selecting the Optimal Fluorinated Ether Co-Solvent for Lithium Metal Batteries

Chi-Cheung Su, Khalil Amine, Mei Cai, Meinan He

Applied Material Interfaces 15(2), 2804–2811

2023

High-Strength and High-Conductivity Cu-Cu Bonding Fabricated by Resistance
Micro-Welding with Amorphous Ni-P Coatings and Multi-Pulse Discharging

Nannan Chen, Hongliang Wang, Vic Liu, Bo Pan, Jingjing Li

Scripta Materialia, 226, 115190

2023

Best Practices in Lithium Battery Cell Preparation and Evaluation

Fang Dai, Mei Cai

Communications Materials, 3, 64

2022

Metal-Organic Framework Confined Solvent Ionic Liquid Enables Long Cycling Life
Quasi-Solid-State Lithium Battery in Wide Temperature Range

Zhaoen Liu, Zewei Hu, Xueao Jiang, Xiwen Wang, Zhe Li, Zhengjian Chen, Yan
Zhang, Shiguo Zhang

Small, 18(3), 2203011

2022


KEY RESEARCH FOCUS AREA 2: ENERGY AND PROPULSION SYSTEMS

Document Title

Authors

Source

Year

Generative Inverse Design of Aerodynamic Shapes Using Conditional Invertible
Neural Networks

Alok Warey, Vishal Raul, Shailendra Kaushik, Taeyoung Han, Rajan Chakravarty

Journal of Computing and Information Science in Engineering, 23(3),  031006

2023

Secure Eco-Routing with Private Function Evaluations

Bharatkumar Hegde, Chen-Fang Chang

IFAC-PapersOnLine, 55(24), 135-140

2022

Reinforcement Learning Based EV Energy Management for Integrated Traction and
Cabin Thermal Management Considering Battery Aging

Ibrahim Haskara, Bharatkumar Hegde, Chen-Fang Chang

IFAC-PapersOnLine, 55(24), 348-353

2022

Battery Power Prediction for Protecting Droop Cells From Over-Discharging

Hai Wu, Yue-yun Wang, Kevin B. Rober

IFAC-PapersOnLine, 55(24), 191-196

2022

A Novel Engine Start Mechanism for an Electrified Powertrain

Neeraj Shidore, Madhusudan Raghavan

International Journal of Engineering and Technology Innovation, 12(3), 195-206

2022

Jerk Minimization for a Novel Engine Crank Mechanism Using Lqg Control

Neeraj Shidore, Madhusudan Raghavan

IFAC-PapersOnLine, 55(24), 103-110

2022

A Drop-in Phase Change Material-Based Augmented Cooling System for Track Capable
Electric Vehicles

Neeraj Shidore, Justin Skorski, Satish Ketkar, Jacob Wright, Madhu Raghavan

Proceedings of I4SDG Workshop 2023. I4SDG 2023. Mechanisms and Machine Science,
134, 403-410

2023

Electrified Accessories Study for 48V Hybrids

Norman K. Bucknor, Madhusudan Raghavan

Proceedings of 2023 CCToMM M3 Symposium

2023


KEY RESEARCH FOCUS AREA 3: MATERIALS AND MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS

Document Title

Authors

Source

Year

Time-Dependent Deep Learning Predictions of 3D Electrode Particle-Resolved
Microstructure Effect on Voltage Discharge Curves

Wenhua Yang, Xinxin Yao, Zhuo Wang, Yaohong Xiao, Karnpiwat Tantratian, Wayne
Cai, Lei Chen

Journal of Power Sources, 579, 233087

2023

Ultrasonic-Assisted Resistance Spot Welding of Multilayered Al Foil Stacks for
Li-Ion Battery Applications

Ho Kwon, Umair Shah, Xun Liu, Teresa J. Rinker, Wayne Cai

Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 317 (2023), 117990

2023

Unified Casting (Unicast) Aluminum Alloy—a Sustainable and Low-Carbon Materials
Solution for Vehicle Lightweighting

Hongyi Zhan, Guang Zeng, Qigui Wang, Congjie Wang, Pan Wang, Zhou Wang, Yiwu Xu,
Devin Hess, Paul Crepeau, Jianfeng Wang

Journal of Materials Science & Technology, 154, 251-268

2023

A Thermo-Metallurgical-Mechanical Model for Microstructure Evolution in
Laser-Assisted Robotic Roller Forming of Ultrahigh Strength Martensitic Steel

Yi Liu, Jincheng Wang, Wayne Cai, Blair E. Carlson, Junhe Lian, Junying Min

Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 25, 451-464

2023

Uncovering Ce-Rich Clusters and their Role in Precipitation Strengthening of an
Ae44 Alloy

Tim M. Schwarz, Wenhao Yu, Hongyi Zhan, Baptist Gault, Christopher M. Gourlay,
Ingrid McCarroll

Scripta Materialia, 232, 115498

2023

Application of Tailored Fiber Placement to Fabricate Automotive Composite
Components with Complex Geometries

Anthony M. Coppola, Scott R Huelskamp, Caleb Tanner, Daniel Rapking, Richard D
Ricchi

Composite Structures, 313, 116855

2023

Enhanced Ductility in in-Layer Glass-Carbon Fiberepoxy Hybrid Composites
Produced via Tailored Fiber Placement

Adam Burley, Venkat Aitharaju

Composites: Part A, 168 (2023), 107488

2023

Effects of Laser Oscillation on Metal Mixing, Microstructure, and Mechanical
Property of Aluminum–Copper Welds

Wenkang Huang, Wayne Cai, Teresa Rinker, Jennifer Bracey, Wenda Tan

International Journal of Machine Tool and Manufacturer, 188, 104020

2023

Microstructure Evolution and Tensile Properties of Forged Mg-Zn-Zr Alloys:
Effects of Zr Microalloying

Guang Zeng, Hu Yao, Wei Sun, Hongyi Zhan, Congjie Wang, Jianfeng Wang, Lixin
Huang, Meng Li, Jingru Shen

JOM, 2023

2023

Assessment of Laser-Generated Ultrasonic Total Focusing Method for Battery Cell
Foil Weld Inspection

Dmitriy Bruder, Megan McGovern, Robin James, Teresa Rinker, Vineet Gattani

Research in Nondestructive Evaluation, 34 (2), 83-100

2023

A Review of Research Needs in Nondestructive Evaluation for Quality Verification
in Electric Vehicle Lithium-Ion Battery Cell Manufacturing

Megan E. McGovern, Dmitriy D. Bruder, Erik D. Huemiller, Teresa J. Rinker,
Jennifer T. Bracey, Ryan C. Sekol, Jeffrey A. Abell

Journal of Power Sources, 561 (30), 232742

2023

Effects of Mg2Sn Precipitation on the Age-Hardening and Deformation Behaviour of
a Mg-Sn-Al-Zn Alloy

Yangchao Deng, Wei Sun, Yang, Hongyi Zhan, Kun Yan, Guang Zeng

Materials Science and Engineering: A, 867, 144714

2023

Effect of Welding Mode on Remote Laser Stitch Welding of Zinc-Coated Steel with
Different Sheet Thickness Combinations

Zixuan Wan, Hui-ping Wang, Jingjing Li, Baixuan Yang, Joshua Solomon, Blair E
Carlson

Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering, 145(2), 021014

2023

Investigation on Mechanical Properties and Oxidation Behavior of 1.2 and 1.7 GPa
Grades Coating-Free Press-Hardened Steels

Zhisong Chai, Qi Lu, Sarah Tedesco, Mingfeng Shi, Jason Coryell ,Luke Reini,
Qingquan Lai, Jianfeng Wang, Lingyu Wang, Wei Xu

Metals, 13(3), 489

2023

Cr-Enriched Carbide Induced Stabilization of Austenite to Improve the Ductility
of a 1.7 GPa−Press-Hardened Steel

Zhisong Chai, Lingyu Wang, Zhou Wang, Qi Lu, Jun Hu, Wenwen Sun, Jianfeng Wang,
Wei Xu

Scripta Materialia, 224, 115108

2023

Dynamic Response of a Single-Degree-of-Freedom System Containing Phase
Transforming Cellular Materials

William Pollalis, Prateek Shah, Yunlan Zhang, Nilesh Mankame, Pablo Zavattieri,
Santiago Pujol

Engineering Structures, 275 (A), 115205

2023

Distortion Simulation of Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) Processes for Automotive
Body Assembly

Wayne Cai, Miguel Saez, Patrick Spicer, Debejyo Chakraborty, Blair Carlson,
Richard Skurkis, Ferno Okigami, Jeff Robertson

Welding in the World, 67, 109–139

2023

Laser Powder-Bed Fusion Additive Manufacturing of Structural Automotive
Components

Andrew C. Bobel, Anil K. Sachdev, Tyson W. Brown

Additive Manufacturing Design and Applications, Vol 24A, ASM Handbook, 1-11

2023

X-Ray Fluorescence for Lithium Metal Anode Quality Inspection

Shaomao Xu, Daad Haddad, Michael P. Balogh

Manufacturing Letters 35 (2023), 1–5

2022

Laser-Assisted Robotic Roller Forming of an Ultrahigh Strength Martensitic Steel

Yi Liu, Junying Min, Jun Zhang, Wayne Cai, Blair E. Carlson, Andrew C. Bobel,
Louis G. Hector Jr, Anil K. Sachdev

Journal of Manufacturing Processes, 82, 192-202 

2022

Enabling Thermography of Highly Reflective Laser Welds Using a Multi-Flash
Sequence Approach

Megan E. McGovern, Teresa J. Rinker, Sean R. Wagner, Ryan C. Sekol, Ronald
Lesperance, James G. Schroth, Diana Wegner

Manufacturing Letters, 33, 74-81

2022

The Evaporation Behavior of Zinc and its Effect on Spattering in Laser Overlap
Welding if Galvanized Steels

Yu Hao, Hui-Ping Wang, Yu Sun, Liqun Li, Fenggui Lu

Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 306 (2022), 117625

2022

Mechanism of Local Lattice Distortion Effects on Vacancy Migration Barriers in
Fcc Alloys

Zhucong Xi, Mingfei Zhang, Louis G. Hector, Jr., Amit Misra, Liang Qi

Physical Review Materials, 6, 073601

2022

An Asynchronous Process for Flexible Volume Body Shop Subassemblies in High
Throughput Plants

Dalong Gao

Manufacturing Letters, 33, 935-943

2022

How to Reduce the Impedance for Phri: Admittance Control or Underactuation?

Muhammad Abdallah, Albert Chen, Alexandre Campeau-Lecours, Clement Gosselin

Mechatronics, 84, 102768

2022


KEY RESEARCH FOCUS AREA 4: CONNECTED VEHICLE EXPERIENCE

Document Title

Authors

Source

Year

Teaming with Your Car: Redefining the Driver–Automation Relationship in Highly
Automated Vehicles

Joonbum Lee, Hansol Rheem, John D. Lee, Joseph F. Szczerba, Omer Tsimhoni

Journal of Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making, 17(1), 49–74

2023

Review of the Latest Developments in Automotive Safety Standardization for
Driving Automation Systems

Rami Debouk

Journal of System Safety, 58(2), 40-45

2023

Modeling and Design of Hinged Tile-Based Curling Air Surface for Morphing
Windshield Cowling

Tiantian Li, Jonathan Luntz, Diann Brei, Paul Alexander, Wonhee Kim

ASME Open Journal of Engineering,  2023(2), 021025

2023

Antagonistic Actuation of Hinged Tile-Based Curling Air Surface for Advanced
Functionalities

Tiantian Li, Jonathan E. Luntz, Diann Brei, Paul W. Alexander, Wonhee Kim

Proc. SPIE PC12483, Active and Passive Smart Structures and Integrated Systems
XVII; PC124830F (2023)

2023

Hinged Tile-Based Air Surface for Morphing Windshield Cowling

Tiantian Li, Jonathan Luntz, Diann Brei, Wonhee Kim, Paul Alexander

ASME 2022 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent
Systems, V001T04A017

2022


KEY RESEARCH FOCUS AREA 5: SOFTWARE DEFINED VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY

Document Title

Authors

Source

Year

Gaze Pre-Train for Improving Disparity Estimation Networks

Ron M. Hecht, Ohad Rahamim, Shaul Oron, Gershon Celniker, Omer Tsimhoni, Andrea
Forgacs, Dan Levi

ICASSP 2023 - 2023 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal
Processing (ICASSP), 2023, 1-5

2023

Online Lidar-to-Vehicle Alignment Using Lane Markings and Traffic Signs

Yao Hu, Xinyu Du, Shengbing Jiang

Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern
Recognition Workshops (CVPR2023)

2023

A Novel Trust-Based Shared Steering Control for Automated Vehicles with Tire
Blowout

Ao Li, Yan Chen, Wen-Chiao Lin, Xinyu Du

American Control Conference (ACC), 2023, 1129-1134

2023

Interpreting Learning Models in Manufacturing Processes: Towards Explainable AI
Methods to Improve Trust in Classifier Predictions

Claudia V. Goldman, Michael Baltaxe, Debejyo Chakraborty, Carlos Escobar Diaz,
Jorge Arinez

Journal of Industrial Information Integration, 33, 100439

2023

Causal Explanations for Sequential Decision Making Under Uncertainty

Samer Nashed, Saad Mahmud, Claudia V. Goldman  Shlomo Zilberstein

AAMAS '23: Proceedings of the 2023 International Conference on Autonomous Agents
and Multiagent Systems, 2307–2309

2023

eHMI Design: Theoretical Foundations and Methodological Process

Yael Shmueli, Asaf Degani

Proceedings of the 18th International Joint Conference on Computer Vision,
Imaging and Computer Graphics Theory and Applications - Volume 2: VISIGRAPP,
201-212,

2023

Ground Fault Diagnostics for Automotive Electronic Control Units

Xinyu Du, Shengbing Jiang, Dongyi Zhou, Alaeddin Bani Milhim, Hossein Sadjadi

International Journal of Prognostics and Health Management, 14 (3)

2023

A Method to Detect and Isolate Brake Rotor Thickness Variation and Corrosion

Hamed Kazemi, Xinyu Du, Hossein Sadjadi

International Journal of Prognostics and Health Management, 14(1)

2023

Multimodal Road Sign Interpretation for Autonomous Vehicles

Joshua Lampkins, Darren Chan, Alan Perry, Sasha Strelnikoff, Jiejun Xu, Alireza
Esna Ashari

2022 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data), 2022, 5979-5987

2022

A Framework to Rank Prognostics Health Indicators with Application to Brake
Rotors

Hamed Kazemi, Xinyu Du, Hossein Sadjadi

Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the PHM Society 2022, 14 (1)

2022

Voltage-Based Physical Layer Fault Diagnosis for Controller Area Network

Alaeddin Bani Milhim, Hadyan Ramadhan, Xinyu Du, Shengbing Jiang, Hossein
Sadjadi

Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the PHM Society 2022, 14(1)

2022

Wheel Bearing Fault Detection for Automobiles Using Wheel Speed Sensor

Samba Drame, Graeme Gamer, Xinyu Du, Hossein Sadjadi

Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the PHM Society 2022, 14 (1)

2022

Noise-Adaptive Non-Blind Image Deblurring

Michael Slutsky

Sensors, 22(18), 6923-6950

2022

Creating Semantic HD Maps From Aerial Imagery and Aggregated Vehicle Telemetry
for Autonomous Vehicles

Yijun Wei, Faria Mahnaz, Orhan Bulan, Yehenew Mengistu, Sheetal Mahesh, Michael
A. Losh

IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 23(9), 15382-15395

2022

Mutual Information in the Analysis of Trust Gains from Subsets of Information

Ronit Bustin, Claudia V. Goldman

Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Statistics: Theory and
Applications (ICSTA '22), 2022, 110

2022

From Bottom-Up to Top-Down: Characterization of Training Process in Gaze
Modeling

Ron M. Hecht, Ke Liu, Noa Garnett, Ariel Telpaz, Omer Tsimhoni

ICASSP 2022 - 2022 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal
Processing (ICASSP), 2022, 4843-4847

2022

Estimation of Three-Dimensional Center of Gravity Relocation for Ground Vehicles
with Tire Blowout

Ao Li, Yan Chen, Wen-Chiao Lin, Xinyu Du

2022 American Control Conference (ACC), 1721-1726

2022

Trusting Explainable Autonomous Driving: Simulated Studies

Claudia V. Goldman, Ronit Bustin

2022 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV), 1255-1260

2022


DEFINITIONS

 1.  Population is based on employee count by location and not by full-time
     equivalent. Data as of April 1, 2024, excluding GM Financial and Cruise.
 2.  Number of GM facilities in the U.S. as of January 1, 2024. Facilities
     include: Assembly, Battery, Die & Stamping, GPS, Components, Engineering,
     Office, CCA, GM Financial, GM IT, Sales Service and Marketing and Cruise
     offices.
 3.  Total number of active GM dealers in the U.S. and by individual state as of
     January 1, 2024.
 4.  Approximate number includes both hourly and salaried retirees as of Jan 1,
     2023.
 5.  Direct investment amount announced in the U.S. since 2014.
 6.  2023 taxable wages (Box 16 W-2) paid in the U.S. State Unemployment Income
     (SUI) used to provide approximate wages for AK, FL, NV, NH, SD, TN, TX, WA
     and WY where state personal income taxes are not collected on wages.
 7.  Total GM philanthropic investments by state in 2023, including corporate
     grants, community impact grants and charitable sponsorships.
 8.  Number of vehicles delivered in the U.S. and by state, in 2023. U.S. total
     includes deliveries in Guam, Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands.
 9.  Number of GM primary suppliers (direct and indirect) with a purchase order
     current within the last 365 days. 2023 spend is based on GM's global
     purchasing and supply chain invoice system.
 10. 2023 amount provided in grants to eligible nonprofit organizations working
     to help create inclusive solutions to social issues around the world.
 11. As reported in our 10-K filing, the approximate number employed by GM
     worldwide as of December 31, 2023.
 12. 2023 full-year earnings before tax (EBT).
 13. Source: Oxford Economics June 2023 study – “The Economic Impact of General
     Motors in the U.S.”
 14. State taxable wages, 2023 (Box 16 W-2).
 15. State taxable wages, 2023 (Box 16 W-2). State Unemployment Income (SUI)
     used to provide approximate wages for employees at facilities in AK, FL,
     NV, NH, SD, TN, TX, WA and WY where state personal income taxes are not
     collected on wages.
 16. Total Community Impact Grants disbursed at a local level in 2019, 2020,
     2021, 2022, and 2023.
 17. Total GM philanthropic investments in the Detroit area in 2019, 2020, 2021,
     2022, and 2023, including corporate grants, community impact grants and
     charitable sponsorships.
 18. Total GM philanthropic investments in Detroit, Pontiac and Warren areas in
     2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, and 2023, including corporate grants, community
     impact grants and charitable sponsorships.