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CNN VALUES YOUR FEEDBACK 1. How relevant is this ad to you? 2. Did you encounter any technical issues? No Video player was slow to load content Video content never loaded Ad froze or did not finish loading Video content did not start after ad Audio on ad was too loud Other issues Ad never loaded Ad prevented/slowed the page from loading Content moved around while ad loaded Ad was repetitive to ads I've seen previously Other issues Cancel Submit Thank You! Your effort and contribution in providing this feedback is much appreciated. Close Ad Feedback Close icon World Africa Americas Asia Australia China Europe India Middle East United Kingdom More Africa Americas Asia Australia China Europe India Middle East United Kingdom Audio Live TV Log In My Account * Settings * Topics You Follow * Log Out Your CNN account Log in to your CNN account Search Log In My Account * Settings * Topics You Follow * Log Out Your CNN account Log in to your CNN account -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Live TV Audio -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Edition US International Arabic Español Edition * US * International * Arabic * Español -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Africa Americas Asia Australia China Europe India Middle East United Kingdom Follow CNN * * * * * -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * World * Africa * Americas * Asia * Australia * China * Europe * India * Middle East * United Kingdom * US Politics * The Biden Presidency * Facts First * 2024 Elections * Business * Tech * Media * Calculators * Videos * Markets * Pre-markets * After-Hours * Market Movers * Fear & Greed * World Markets * Investing * Markets Now * Before the Bell * Nightcap * Health * Life, But Better * Fitness * Food * Sleep * Mindfulness * Relationships * Entertainment * Movies * Television * Celebrity * Tech * Innovate * Gadget * Foreseeable Future * Mission: Ahead * Upstarts * Work Transformed * Innovative Cities * Style * Arts * Design * Fashion * Architecture * Luxury * Beauty * Video * Travel * Destinations * Food & Drink * Stay * News * Videos * Sports * Football * Tennis * Golf * Motorsport * US Sports * Olympics * Climbing * Esports * Hockey * Videos * Live TV * Digital Studios * CNN Films * HLN * TV Schedule * TV Shows A-Z * CNNVR * Features * As Equals * Call to Earth * Freedom Project * Impact Your World * Inside Africa * 2 Degrees * CNN Heroes * All Features * Weather * Climate * Wildfire Tracker * Video * More * Photos * Longform * Investigations * CNN Profiles * CNN Leadership * CNN Newsletters * Work for CNN Ad Feedback THESE MAGNIFICENT PURPLE AND GREEN LIGHTS AREN’T AURORAS. THIS IS STEVE By Jackie Wattles, CNN 7 minute read Published 8:57 AM EST, Tue November 28, 2023 Link Copied! An image of the Steve phenomenon captured by Canadian photographer Neil Zeller. Courtesy Neil Zeller Sign up for CNN’s Wonder Theory science newsletter. Explore the universe with news on fascinating discoveries, scientific advancements and more. CNN — Not all science is carried out by folks in white lab coats under the fluorescent lights of academic buildings. Occasionally, the trajectory of the scientific record is forever altered inside a pub over a pint of beer. Such is the case for the sweeping purple and green lights that can hover over the horizon in the Northern Hemisphere. The phenomenon looks like an aurora but is in fact something entirely different. It’s called Steve. Ad Feedback The rare light spectacle has caused a bit of buzz this year as the sun is entering its most active period, ramping up the number of dazzling natural phenomena that appear in the night sky — and leading to new reports of people spotting Steve in areas it does not typically appear, such as parts of the United Kingdom. But about eight years ago, when Elizabeth MacDonald, a space physicist at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, was in Calgary, Alberta, for a seminar, she had never seen the phenomenon in person. And it did not yet have a name. In fact, few scientists actively studying auroras and other night-sky phenomenon had witnessed a Steve, which appears closer to the equator than auroras and is characterized by a purple-pink arch accompanied by green, vertical stripes. Ad Feedback After MacDonald gave a talk at a nearby university, she met up with some citizen scientists — mostly photographers who spend nights hoping to capture the next stunning image of colors dancing in the Canadian sky — at Kilkenny Irish Pub. “I had already been reaching out to the local Alberta aurora chasers (in) a Facebook group, which was pretty small at the time,” MacDonald said, “but very keen to share their observations and to interact with NASA.” The photographers came with their photos in hand, anxious to show the mysterious light show they had captured. The purple-pink streak of light indicative of Steve is shown in this image captured by Canadian photographer Neil Zeller. Courtesy Neil Zeller NAMING THE SPECTACLE At the time, “we didn’t exactly know what it was,” MacDonald said of the phenomenon featured in the images. Neil Zeller, a citizen scientist or photography subject matter expert — as the aurora-chasing photographers are sometimes called — was at that meeting. “I started spotting what we used to call a proton arc in 2015,” Zeller said. “It had been photographed in the past, but misidentified, and so when I attended that meeting at the Kilkenny Pub … we’d started a bit of an argument about (whether) I’d seen a proton arc.” Dr. Eric Donovan, a professor at the University of Calgary who was at the pub with MacDonald that day, assured Zeller he had not have seen a proton arc, which according to a paper Donovan later coauthored is “subvisual, broad, and diffuse,” while a Steve is “visually bright, narrow, and structured.” The Aurora Australis, also known as the Southern Lights, glow on the horizon over waters of Lake Ellesmere on the outskirts of Christchurch on April 24, 2023. (Photo by Sanka VIDANAGAMA / AFP) (Photo by SANKA VIDANAGAMA/AFP via Getty Images) Sanka Vidanagama/AFP/Getty Images Why the northern and southern lights appear to be so active right now “And the conclusion of that evening was, well, we don’t know what this is,” Zeller said. “But can we stop calling it a proton arc?” It was shortly after that pub meeting that another aurora chaser, Chris Ratzlaff, suggested a name for the mysterious lights on the group’s Facebook page. Members of the group were working to understand the phenomenon better, but “I propose we call it Steve until then,” Ratzlaff wrote in a February 2016 Facebook post. The name was borrowed from “Over the Hedge,” the 2006 DreamWorks animated film in which a group of animals are frightened by a towering leafy bush and decide to refer to it as Steve. (“I’m a lot less scared of Steve,” a porcupine declares.) The name stuck. Even after the phenomenon could be better explained. Even after explanations for Steve began to take shape in scientific papers. Scientists later developed an acronym to go with the name: Strong Thermal Emission Velocity Enhancement. And that meeting in a small Canadian pub was a turning point. “That was the in-person meeting that was one of the pieces that gave it more momentum to eventually collect more and more observations in a more and more rigorous way to where we could correlate that with our satellite,” MacDonald said. WHAT IS STEVE? Eventually, MacDonald said a satellite directly observed a Steve, collecting crucial data and leading to a 2018 study that suggested the lights are a visual manifestation of something called subauroral ion drift, or SAID. SAID refers to a narrow flow of charged particles in Earth’s upper atmosphere. Researchers already knew that SAID existed, MacDonald said, but they did not know that it might occasionally be visible. Steve is visually different from auroras, which are caused by electrically charged particles that glow when they interact with the atmosphere and appear as dancing ribbons of green, blue or red. Steve — if it is caused by SAID — is made up of mostly the same stuff. But it shows up at lower latitudes and appears as a streak of mauve-colored light accompanied by distinctive green bands, often referred to as a picket fence. Steve can be frustratingly difficult to spot, appearing alongside auroras with little regularity. Sometimes, spotting Steve is a matter of luck, noted Donna Lach, a photographer based in Canada’s Manitoba province. Lach has seen and photographed Steve roughly two dozen times, a rare achievement in the world of sky photography. She said she uses her family farm on a remote plot of land in southern Manitoba, where there’s little to no light pollution. Above is an image of Steve captured by Canadian photographer Donna Lach in 2022. Courtesy Donna Lach She always checks the space weather before heading out. She’s looking for conditions to be at least a Kp3 — an index of space weather that ranges from Kp0 to Kp9, with higher numbers indicating more activity. It appears, Lach said, that the phenomenon starts with the SAR Arc — a stable auroral red arc — that shows up near the auroral oval. “It can eventually migrate south … toward the equator side of aurora and form a Steve,” Lach said. A Steve will always appear alongside an aurora, Lach and Zeller said, but not all auroras include a Steve. WHERE AND HOW TO SEE STEVE Earth is entering a period of enhanced solar activity, or solar maximum, which occurs every 11 years or so, MacDonald said. During this time, spectators can expect more visible light shows in the sky and — potentially — the chance to witness a Steve at low latitudes. Light phenomena have been spotted as far south as Wyoming and Utah, she said. “There have been recent storms that have been visible in the US — just a little bit — down to even, like, Death Valley,” MacDonald said. “And recently, the one in November … was visible at its southernmost point over Turkey and Greece and Slovakia, and even in China, which is very rare.” Steve is best seen through the lens of a camera, however. To the naked eye, it can appear as nothing more than what looks like a faint contrail from an airplane streaking across the sky, Zeller and Lach noted, and can be easy to overlook. ESA Solar Orbiter observes jets of material escaping the sun Cameras are much more sensitive to light, picking up Steve’s vibrant colors through their lenses. Even a phone camera can work, MacDonald added. “This is the first solar maximum, I would say, that most people’s cell phones can take a good picture of aurora,” she said. The Steve phenomenon is most likely to be captured around the equinoxes in the spring and fall, according to Zeller and Lach. (This year’s fall equinox occurred on September 23.) “I don’t think it’s Steve that occurs more during the equinox, but larger storms of aurora are well-known to occur more near the equinoxes,” MacDonald noted. And because Steve tends to appear alongside aurora, the phenomenon could be more likely to be observed in March or September. Zeller and Lach said they typically see Steve between evening and midnight. “It’s not an all-night thing,” Zeller said. “The longest duration Steve I’ve seen has been an hour from start to finish.” Zeller added that he waits for an auroral storm to start to diminish before turning his camera eastward — from his vantage point in Canada — or straight up, then “you start seeing this purple river.” That’s Steve. HOW TO BECOME A CITIZEN SCIENTIST MacDonald encourages anyone who is interested in photographing auroras — or a Steve — to get involved with online communities. Aurorasaurus, a website that connects photographers with scientists, is a project she said she cares deeply about, noting its crucial role in helping scientists to formally identify Steve. The photos contributed by members of the public constantly help scientists improve their understanding of these light shows, she said. “Scientists are not as good of aurora chasers as the passionate public,” she said. “We don’t stay up all night, nor are we photographers.” Related Paid Content Paid Content * Europe needs to step up support for Ukraine The Economist * [Gallery] The Moment A Dog Realizes They're Being Adopted DailyChoices * Adam Levine Buys Massive Mansion in LA Mansion Global * [Gallery] Shameless Vintage Photos That Were Once Socially… DailyChoices More from CNN * Video shows man in military fatigues shooting mentally disabled… * Taylor Swift makes history again while also continuing to… * Opinion: There’s a lot of good news for Nikki Haley. But here’s… * Kelsey Grammer BBC interview reportedly cut short as talk turned… MORE FROM CNN With striking images, this photographer is illuminating our ... We got a first look at the new BioLite AlpenGlow Mini. ... 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This is then used to build or improve a profile about you (which might for example include possible interests and personal aspects). Your profile can be used (also later) to present content that appears more relevant based on your possible interests, such as by adapting the order in which content is shown to you, so that it is even easier for you to find content that matches your interests. List of IAB Vendors | View Illustrations MEASURE ADVERTISING PERFORMANCE 34 PARTNERS CAN USE THIS PURPOSE Measure advertising performance Information regarding which advertising is presented to you and how you interact with it can be used to determine how well an advert has worked for you or other users and whether the goals of the advertising were reached. For instance, whether you saw an ad, whether you clicked on it, whether it led you to buy a product or visit a website, etc. This is very helpful to understand the relevance of advertising campaigns. List of IAB Vendors | View Illustrations MEASURE CONTENT PERFORMANCE 14 PARTNERS CAN USE THIS PURPOSE Measure content performance Information regarding which content is presented to you and how you interact with it can be used to determine whether the (non-advertising) content e.g. reached its intended audience and matched your interests. For instance, whether you read an article, watch a video, listen to a podcast or look at a product description, how long you spent on this service and the web pages you visit etc. This is very helpful to understand the relevance of (non-advertising) content that is shown to you. List of IAB Vendors | View Illustrations UNDERSTAND AUDIENCES THROUGH STATISTICS OR COMBINATIONS OF DATA FROM DIFFERENT SOURCES 20 PARTNERS CAN USE THIS PURPOSE Understand audiences through statistics or combinations of data from different sources Reports can be generated based on the combination of data sets (like user profiles, statistics, market research, analytics data) regarding your interactions and those of other users with advertising or (non-advertising) content to identify common characteristics (for instance, to determine which target audiences are more receptive to an ad campaign or to certain contents). List of IAB Vendors | View Illustrations DEVELOP AND IMPROVE SERVICES 31 PARTNERS CAN USE THIS PURPOSE Develop and improve services Information about your activity on this service, such as your interaction with ads or content, can be very helpful to improve products and services and to build new products and services based on user interactions, the type of audience, etc. This specific purpose does not include the development or improvement of user profiles and identifiers. List of IAB Vendors | View Illustrations ENSURE SECURITY, PREVENT AND DETECT FRAUD, AND FIX ERRORS 41 PARTNERS CAN USE THIS PURPOSE Always Active Your data can be used to monitor for and prevent unusual and possibly fraudulent activity (for example, regarding advertising, ad clicks by bots), and ensure systems and processes work properly and securely. It can also be used to correct any problems you, the publisher or the advertiser may encounter in the delivery of content and ads and in your interaction with them. List of IAB Vendors | View Illustrations DELIVER AND PRESENT ADVERTISING AND CONTENT 32 PARTNERS CAN USE THIS PURPOSE Always Active Certain information (like an IP address or device capabilities) is used to ensure the technical compatibility of the content or advertising, and to facilitate the transmission of the content or ad to your device. List of IAB Vendors | View Illustrations MATCH AND COMBINE DATA FROM OTHER DATA SOURCES 28 PARTNERS CAN USE THIS PURPOSE Always Active Information about your activity on this service may be matched and combined with other information relating to you and originating from various sources (for instance your activity on a separate online service, your use of a loyalty card in-store, or your answers to a survey), in support of the purposes explained in this notice. List of IAB Vendors LINK DIFFERENT DEVICES 27 PARTNERS CAN USE THIS PURPOSE Always Active In support of the purposes explained in this notice, your device might be considered as likely linked to other devices that belong to you or your household (for instance because you are logged in to the same service on both your phone and your computer, or because you may use the same Internet connection on both devices). List of IAB Vendors IDENTIFY DEVICES BASED ON INFORMATION TRANSMITTED AUTOMATICALLY 32 PARTNERS CAN USE THIS PURPOSE Always Active Your device might be distinguished from other devices based on information it automatically sends when accessing the Internet (for instance, the IP address of your Internet connection or the type of browser you are using) in support of the purposes exposed in this notice. List of IAB Vendors STRICTLY NECESSARY COOKIES Always Active These cookies are necessary for the website to function and cannot be switched off in our systems. 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