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Machine learning using artificial intelligence has improved computer translation
over the past decade, but scientific articles employing specialized jargon are
still a challenge for machine translation. Nevertheless, scientists should pri
... Read More Read Less


GOOGLE TRANSLATE COULD MAKE SCIENCE ACCESSIBLE TO ALL

 * By Tabbed News --
 * Wednesday, 17 Aug, 2022







Xinyi Liu worked briefly in a lab at Beihang University in Beijing and was
surprised to learn that Chinese researchers routinely use Google Translate to
produce the first English draft of scientific papers, nearly all of which are in
English.

"It was normal for postdocs to first translate everything and then to modify and
polish it," Liu, a rising junior at the University of California, Berkeley,
majoring in molecular and cell biology, said.

There had to be a better way, she said.

So last year, when Rebecca Tarvin was preparing a new seminar on breaking
language barriers in science, she registered.

Tarvin, an assistant professor of integrative biology, and working groups within
her department were convinced that the class would help UC Berkeley address a
long-standing science barrier to scientists who are not native English speakers.

It's not just foreign students and scientists who are at a disadvantage when
science is communicated mainly in English, but 39 percent of first-generation
students grew up with a language other than English as their first language in
fall 2020.

"Many of our students from California were translating for their parents,"
Tarvin said.

"Breaking Language Barriers in Evolution and Ecology," Tarvin's classmate, was a
"opportunity to both teach students translation skills and encourage students to
be advocates in this area of structural change.

Tarvin and some graduate students at UC Berkeley, as well as collaborators in
Canada, Israel, and Hungary, were inspired to write a scientific paper
evaluating new machine translation services that could be used by students
around the world to make their scientific papers available to non-English
speakers.

"We're trying to give people the tools and encouragement to translate their own
scientific findings," Tarvin said, "science doesn't have to be based on a single
language."

"Language can be a barrier, as well as a great way to bring people together,"
Emma Steigerwald, the paper's first author and a UC Berkeley graduate student in
environmental science, policy, and management, said. "It's a barrier that we can
overcome using this new technology."

Towards a multilingual scientific network.

Computer translation was the butt of jokes until recently, with many appearing
to disparage languages other than English and, by extension, other cultures.

Machine learning, or artificial intelligence, has greatly improved translation
quality, to the extent that tourists use Internet services such as Google
Translate to connect with people in the countries they visit.

However, for text that contains a lot of jargon, much of it scientific, but also
from many other academic fields—Google Translate is woefully poor.

"The translation quality is not for a journal," Ixchel Gonzalez Ramirez, one of
the course's graduate student mentors, said. "People have to pay for a licensed
translator to translate their work, and that's expensive."

The latest paper features some of the many services that can translate English
to Chinese, Japanese, Romance languages, or German; Baidu Translate, a Chinese
Internet company that initially concentrated on translating between English and
Chinese; and Yandex, which uses statistical machine translation and focuses
mostly on Russian and English; and vice versa.

"Whether or not you are an expert, and whether or not you are bilingual, the
ability to translate is just so convenient by so many of the technologies
available today," Steigerwald said.

El aprendizaje automatizado que usa tecnologías de inteligencia artificial ha
mejorado la traducción en computador en la última década. Sin embargo, los
artículos científicos que emplean terminología especializada siguen siendo un
reto para la traducción automática. No obstante, la comunidad científica debería
dar prioridad a la traducción de artículos en varios idiomas para ofrecer un
panorama equitativo a los científicos y las científicas en formación de todo el
mundo, afirman los investigadores de la UC Berkeley. Credit: Valeria
Ramírez-Castañeda, UC Berkeley ... Read More Read Less

Science's lingua franca, English, is the language of science.

Tarvin's interest in translation arose from Valeria Ramrez Castaeda, one of her
graduate students, who in 2020 published a paper detailing the costs paid by her
fellow Colombian doctoral students who wanted to publish or communicate with
colleagues in a world dominated by English.

Tarvin, an evolutionary biologist interested in how some animals came to use
poison, decided to concentrate her new seminar on translating papers in the
fields of evolution and ecology, but students who signed up eventually charted
their own courses, such as Gonzalez Ramirez, who are bilingual or multilingual.

"Everyone in the class has had some sort of family-related obsession with
words," Tarvin said.

When Tarvin tried to translate scientific abstracts and often whole papers, she
asked Mairi-Louise McLaughlin, a Berkeley professor of French and linguistics,
and an expert on journalistic and literary translation, to speak to the class
about how professionals think about translation and how translation affects
meaning.

Ruoming Cui, a rising sophomore who took the course in spring 2022, discovered
that when translated into Chinese, English's long, complicated sentences and use
of multiple words to describe a term seemed redundant.

"We don't usually do that in Chinese because it will make every sentence extra
long, and it's very tedious," she said.

Many English translations become garbled without significant polishing,
according to Liu.

"I heard the comment that even though your result is amazing, people will get
irritated if you write a confusing paper as a result of the translation because
they don't know what you're doing," Liu said. "I think this will be a
significant barrier in the scientific world."

Steigerwald, Tarvin, and their co-authors discovered that writing scientific
papers in plainer English—something nonscientists have been encouraging for a
long time—benefits both English and non-English speakers alike.

"If your first language isn't English and you're just trying to read the paper's
English language version, it will be much less ambiguous and much more
readable," Steigerwald said, "and, in addition, if someone wants to translate it
into a million languages, they'll have a much easier time doing so."

Obstacles remain to widespread translation of scientific papers, including where
to make them available and how to handle copyrights, and several journals do not
have any guidelines on translating articles with a translation, and few
publishers do not even allow exorbitant fees to publish a translation online
after publication.

"It's surprising how many journals don't encourage you to freely publish
translations after publication, and how few have platform support where you
could have even an abstract in a second or third language," Tarvin said.

Tarvin and her coworkers hope to change the science norm to default to
translating papers into other languages, particularly the language of the
country where the study was conducted and the co-authors' languages.

And as the number of translations rises, the more resources for preparing
machine translation systems to do a better job are available, increasing the
quality of scientific translation.

"We're translating a lot of our studies in my lab, and now people in Emma's lab
are doing it," she said.

Valeria Ramrez-Castaeda and Débora Brandt of UC Berkeley; András Báldi of the
Institute of Ecology and Botany in Vácrát, Hungary; and Lynne Bowker, professor
of translation and interpretation at the University of Ottawa, Canada.

The United States is a republic in the United States.



SOURCE:
https://phys.org/news/2022-08-machine-english-only-science-accessible.html





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