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* * HOME * WORLD * BUSINESS * TECHNOLOGY * SCIENCE * HEALTH * TRAVEL * TRAVEL * HOTEL SEARCH * HOTEL SEARCH * EDITOR CHOICE * FOOD * VIDEO * Registration * Login * Contact * HOME * WORLD * BUSINESS * TECHNOLOGY * SCIENCE * HEALTH * TRAVEL * TRAVEL * HOTEL SEARCH * EDITOR CHOICE * FOOD * VIDEO New 0 0 0 0 Machine learning using artificial intelligence has improved computer translation over the past decade, but scientific articles employing specialized jargon are still a challenge for machine translation. Nevertheless, scientists should pri ... Read More Read Less GOOGLE TRANSLATE COULD MAKE SCIENCE ACCESSIBLE TO ALL * By Tabbed News -- * Wednesday, 17 Aug, 2022 Xinyi Liu worked briefly in a lab at Beihang University in Beijing and was surprised to learn that Chinese researchers routinely use Google Translate to produce the first English draft of scientific papers, nearly all of which are in English. "It was normal for postdocs to first translate everything and then to modify and polish it," Liu, a rising junior at the University of California, Berkeley, majoring in molecular and cell biology, said. There had to be a better way, she said. So last year, when Rebecca Tarvin was preparing a new seminar on breaking language barriers in science, she registered. Tarvin, an assistant professor of integrative biology, and working groups within her department were convinced that the class would help UC Berkeley address a long-standing science barrier to scientists who are not native English speakers. It's not just foreign students and scientists who are at a disadvantage when science is communicated mainly in English, but 39 percent of first-generation students grew up with a language other than English as their first language in fall 2020. "Many of our students from California were translating for their parents," Tarvin said. "Breaking Language Barriers in Evolution and Ecology," Tarvin's classmate, was a "opportunity to both teach students translation skills and encourage students to be advocates in this area of structural change. Tarvin and some graduate students at UC Berkeley, as well as collaborators in Canada, Israel, and Hungary, were inspired to write a scientific paper evaluating new machine translation services that could be used by students around the world to make their scientific papers available to non-English speakers. "We're trying to give people the tools and encouragement to translate their own scientific findings," Tarvin said, "science doesn't have to be based on a single language." "Language can be a barrier, as well as a great way to bring people together," Emma Steigerwald, the paper's first author and a UC Berkeley graduate student in environmental science, policy, and management, said. "It's a barrier that we can overcome using this new technology." Towards a multilingual scientific network. Computer translation was the butt of jokes until recently, with many appearing to disparage languages other than English and, by extension, other cultures. Machine learning, or artificial intelligence, has greatly improved translation quality, to the extent that tourists use Internet services such as Google Translate to connect with people in the countries they visit. However, for text that contains a lot of jargon, much of it scientific, but also from many other academic fields—Google Translate is woefully poor. "The translation quality is not for a journal," Ixchel Gonzalez Ramirez, one of the course's graduate student mentors, said. "People have to pay for a licensed translator to translate their work, and that's expensive." The latest paper features some of the many services that can translate English to Chinese, Japanese, Romance languages, or German; Baidu Translate, a Chinese Internet company that initially concentrated on translating between English and Chinese; and Yandex, which uses statistical machine translation and focuses mostly on Russian and English; and vice versa. "Whether or not you are an expert, and whether or not you are bilingual, the ability to translate is just so convenient by so many of the technologies available today," Steigerwald said. El aprendizaje automatizado que usa tecnologías de inteligencia artificial ha mejorado la traducción en computador en la última década. Sin embargo, los artículos científicos que emplean terminología especializada siguen siendo un reto para la traducción automática. No obstante, la comunidad científica debería dar prioridad a la traducción de artículos en varios idiomas para ofrecer un panorama equitativo a los científicos y las científicas en formación de todo el mundo, afirman los investigadores de la UC Berkeley. Credit: Valeria Ramírez-Castañeda, UC Berkeley ... Read More Read Less Science's lingua franca, English, is the language of science. Tarvin's interest in translation arose from Valeria Ramrez Castaeda, one of her graduate students, who in 2020 published a paper detailing the costs paid by her fellow Colombian doctoral students who wanted to publish or communicate with colleagues in a world dominated by English. Tarvin, an evolutionary biologist interested in how some animals came to use poison, decided to concentrate her new seminar on translating papers in the fields of evolution and ecology, but students who signed up eventually charted their own courses, such as Gonzalez Ramirez, who are bilingual or multilingual. "Everyone in the class has had some sort of family-related obsession with words," Tarvin said. When Tarvin tried to translate scientific abstracts and often whole papers, she asked Mairi-Louise McLaughlin, a Berkeley professor of French and linguistics, and an expert on journalistic and literary translation, to speak to the class about how professionals think about translation and how translation affects meaning. Ruoming Cui, a rising sophomore who took the course in spring 2022, discovered that when translated into Chinese, English's long, complicated sentences and use of multiple words to describe a term seemed redundant. "We don't usually do that in Chinese because it will make every sentence extra long, and it's very tedious," she said. Many English translations become garbled without significant polishing, according to Liu. "I heard the comment that even though your result is amazing, people will get irritated if you write a confusing paper as a result of the translation because they don't know what you're doing," Liu said. "I think this will be a significant barrier in the scientific world." Steigerwald, Tarvin, and their co-authors discovered that writing scientific papers in plainer English—something nonscientists have been encouraging for a long time—benefits both English and non-English speakers alike. "If your first language isn't English and you're just trying to read the paper's English language version, it will be much less ambiguous and much more readable," Steigerwald said, "and, in addition, if someone wants to translate it into a million languages, they'll have a much easier time doing so." Obstacles remain to widespread translation of scientific papers, including where to make them available and how to handle copyrights, and several journals do not have any guidelines on translating articles with a translation, and few publishers do not even allow exorbitant fees to publish a translation online after publication. "It's surprising how many journals don't encourage you to freely publish translations after publication, and how few have platform support where you could have even an abstract in a second or third language," Tarvin said. Tarvin and her coworkers hope to change the science norm to default to translating papers into other languages, particularly the language of the country where the study was conducted and the co-authors' languages. And as the number of translations rises, the more resources for preparing machine translation systems to do a better job are available, increasing the quality of scientific translation. "We're translating a lot of our studies in my lab, and now people in Emma's lab are doing it," she said. Valeria Ramrez-Castaeda and Débora Brandt of UC Berkeley; András Báldi of the Institute of Ecology and Botany in Vácrát, Hungary; and Lynne Bowker, professor of translation and interpretation at the University of Ottawa, Canada. The United States is a republic in the United States. 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