blog.ipleaders.in
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URL:
https://blog.ipleaders.in/functions-of-the-international-court-of-justice/
Submission: On December 03 via api from US — Scanned from US
Submission: On December 03 via api from US — Scanned from US
Form analysis 7 forms found in the DOM
POST #
<form class="td-login-form-wrap" action="#" method="post">
<div class="td-login-panel-title"><span>Welcome!</span>Log into your account</div>
<div class="td_display_err"></div>
<div class="td-login-inputs"><input class="td-login-input" autocomplete="username" type="text" name="login_email" id="login_email-mob" value="" required=""><label for="login_email-mob">your username</label></div>
<div class="td-login-inputs"><input class="td-login-input" autocomplete="current-password" type="password" name="login_pass" id="login_pass-mob" value="" required=""><label for="login_pass-mob">your password</label></div>
<input type="button" name="login_button" id="login_button-mob" class="td-login-button" value="LOG IN">
<div class="td-login-info-text">
<a href="#" id="forgot-pass-link-mob">Forgot your password?</a>
</div>
<div class="td-login-register-link">
</div>
</form>GET https://blog.ipleaders.in/
<form method="get" class="td-search-form" action="https://blog.ipleaders.in/">
<!-- close button -->
<div class="td-search-close">
<span><i class="td-icon-close-mobile"></i></span>
</div>
<div role="search" class="td-search-input">
<span>Search</span>
<input id="td-header-search-mob" type="text" value="" name="s" autocomplete="off">
</div>
</form>POST #
<form id="loginForm" action="#" method="post">
<div class="td-login-inputs"><input class="td-login-input" autocomplete="username" type="text" name="login_email" id="login_email" value="" required=""><label for="login_email">your username</label></div>
<div class="td-login-inputs"><input class="td-login-input" autocomplete="current-password" type="password" name="login_pass" id="login_pass" value="" required=""><label for="login_pass">your password</label></div>
<input type="button" name="login_button" id="login_button" class="wpb_button btn td-login-button" value="Login">
</form>POST #
<form id="forgotpassForm" action="#" method="post">
<div class="td-login-inputs"><input class="td-login-input" type="text" name="forgot_email" id="forgot_email" value="" required=""><label for="forgot_email">your email</label></div>
<input type="button" name="forgot_button" id="forgot_button" class="wpb_button btn td-login-button" value="Send My Password">
</form>GET https://blog.ipleaders.in/
<form method="get" class="td-search-form" action="https://blog.ipleaders.in/">
<div role="search" class="td-head-form-search-wrap">
<input id="td-header-search" type="text" value="" name="s" autocomplete="off"><input class="wpb_button wpb_btn-inverse btn" type="submit" id="td-header-search-top" value="Search">
</div>
</form>POST https://blog.ipleaders.in/wp-comments-post.php
<form action="https://blog.ipleaders.in/wp-comments-post.php" method="post" id="commentform" class="comment-form" novalidate="">
<div class="clearfix"></div>
<div class="comment-form-input-wrap td-form-comment">
<textarea placeholder="Comment:" id="comment" name="comment" cols="45" rows="8" aria-required="true"></textarea>
<div class="td-warning-comment">Please enter your comment!</div>
</div>
<div class="comment-form-input-wrap td-form-author">
<input class="" id="author" name="author" placeholder="Name:*" type="text" value="" size="30" aria-required="true">
<div class="td-warning-author">Please enter your name here</div>
</div>
<div class="comment-form-input-wrap td-form-email">
<input class="" id="email" name="email" placeholder="Email:*" type="text" value="" size="30" aria-required="true">
<div class="td-warning-email-error">You have entered an incorrect email address!</div>
<div class="td-warning-email">Please enter your email address here</div>
</div>
<div class="comment-form-input-wrap td-form-url">
<input class="" id="url" name="url" placeholder="Website:" type="text" value="" size="30">
</div>
<p class="comment-form-cookies-consent"><input id="wp-comment-cookies-consent" name="wp-comment-cookies-consent" type="checkbox" value="yes"><label for="wp-comment-cookies-consent">Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time
I comment.</label></p>
<p class="form-submit"><input name="submit" type="submit" id="submit" class="submit" value="Post Comment"> <input type="hidden" name="comment_post_ID" value="119597" id="comment_post_ID">
<input type="hidden" name="comment_parent" id="comment_parent" value="0">
</p>
<p style="display: none;"><input type="hidden" id="akismet_comment_nonce" name="akismet_comment_nonce" value="21248495b7"></p>
<p style="display: none !important;" class="akismet-fields-container" data-prefix="ak_"><label>Δ<textarea name="ak_hp_textarea" cols="45" rows="8" maxlength="100"></textarea></label><input type="hidden" id="ak_js_1" name="ak_js"
value="1733199601132">
<script type="text/javascript">
document.getElementById("ak_js_1").setAttribute("value", (new Date()).getTime());
</script>
</p>
</form>Name: exitintentForm — POST https://blog.ipleaders.in/wp-content/plugins/exit-intent-form/settings.php
<form accept-charset="UTF-8" id="exitintentForm" name="exitintentForm" action="https://blog.ipleaders.in/wp-content/plugins/exit-intent-form/settings.php" class="infusion-form2" method="POST">
<input class="dt" id="data2" name="data2" type="hidden" value="LS">
<input class="lead_description" id="lead_description" name="lead_description" type="hidden" value="Iblog-Exitintent-Workshop-7thDecember2024">
<input class="webinarId" id="webinarId" name="webinarId" type="hidden" value="84002183599">
<div class="form-group">
<label for="firstName1">Name</label>
<input type="text" class="form-control" id="firstName1" name="firstName1" required="" placeholder="Your Name">
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<label for="inf_Email1">Email</label>
<input type="email" class="form-control" id="inf_Email1" name="inf_Email1" placeholder="Your Email"><input type="hidden" name="p_source" id="p_source" value="<?php echo $p_source ?>">
</div>
<div class="newsignupcourse">
<div class="new_country_code">
<div class="form-group">
<label for="countrycode">Country Code</label>
<div class="customSelect"><a href="#"><span>
Select your country
</span></a><select class="customSelect" id="popcountryCode" name="popcountryCode" required="">
<option selected="selected" value=""> Select your country </option>
<option value="+91">+91 - IN (India)</option>
<option value="+376">+376 - AD (Andorra)</option>
<option value="+971"> +971 - AE (United Arab Emirates) </option>
<option value="+93">+93 - AF (Afghanistan)</option>
<option value="+1268"> +1268 - AG (Antigua And Barbuda) </option>
<option value="+1264">+1264 - AI (Anguilla)</option>
<option value="+355">+355 - AL (Albania)</option>
<option value="+374">+374 - AM (Armenia)</option>
<option value="+599"> +599 - AN (Netherlands Antilles) </option>
<option value="+244">+244 - AO (Angola)</option>
<option value="+672">+672 - AQ (Antarctica)</option>
<option value="+54">+54 - AR (Argentina)</option>
<option value="+1684"> +1684 - AS (American Samoa) </option>
<option value="+43">+43 - AT (Austria)</option>
<option value="+61">+61 - AU (Australia)</option>
<option value="+297">+297 - AW (Aruba)</option>
<option value="+994">+994 - AZ (Azerbaijan)</option>
<option value="+387"> +387 - BA (Bosnia And Herzegovina) </option>
<option value="+1246">+1246 - BB (Barbados)</option>
<option value="+880">+880 - BD (Bangladesh)</option>
<option value="+32">+32 - BE (Belgium)</option>
<option value="+226">+226 - BF (Burkina Faso)</option>
<option value="+359">+359 - BG (Bulgaria)</option>
<option value="+973">+973 - BH (Bahrain)</option>
<option value="+257">+257 - BI (Burundi)</option>
<option value="+229">+229 - BJ (Benin)</option>
<option value="+590"> +590 - BL (Saint Barthelemy) </option>
<option value="+1441">+1441 - BM (Bermuda)</option>
<option value="+673"> +673 - BN (Brunei Darussalam) </option>
<option value="+591">+591 - BO (Bolivia)</option>
<option value="+55">+55 - BR (Brazil)</option>
<option value="+1242">+1242 - BS (Bahamas)</option>
<option value="+975">+975 - BT (Bhutan)</option>
<option value="+267">+267 - BW (Botswana)</option>
<option value="+375">+375 - BY (Belarus)</option>
<option value="+501">+501 - BZ (Belize)</option>
<option value="+1">+1 - CA (Canada)</option>
<option value="+61"> +61 - CC (Cocos (keeling) Islands) </option>
<option value="+243"> +243 - CD (Congo, The Democratic Republic Of The) </option>
<option value="+236"> +236 - CF (Central African Republic) </option>
<option value="+242">+242 - CG (Congo)</option>
<option value="+41">+41 - CH (Switzerland)</option>
<option value="+225"> +225 - CI (Cote D Ivoire) </option>
<option value="+682">+682 - CK (Cook Islands)</option>
<option value="+56">+56 - CL (Chile)</option>
<option value="+237">+237 - CM (Cameroon)</option>
<option value="+86">+86 - CN (China)</option>
<option value="+57">+57 - CO (Colombia)</option>
<option value="+506">+506 - CR (Costa Rica)</option>
<option value="+53">+53 - CU (Cuba)</option>
<option value="+238">+238 - CV (Cape Verde)</option>
<option value="+61"> +61 - CX (Christmas Island) </option>
<option value="+357">+357 - CY (Cyprus)</option>
<option value="+420"> +420 - CZ (Czech Republic) </option>
<option value="+49">+49 - DE (Germany)</option>
<option value="+253">+253 - DJ (Djibouti)</option>
<option value="+45">+45 - DK (Denmark)</option>
<option value="+1767">+1767 - DM (Dominica)</option>
<option value="+1809"> +1809 - DO (Dominican Republic) </option>
<option value="+213">+213 - DZ (Algeria)</option>
<option value="+593">+593 - EC (Ecuador)</option>
<option value="+372">+372 - EE (Estonia)</option>
<option value="+20">+20 - EG (Egypt)</option>
<option value="+291">+291 - ER (Eritrea)</option>
<option value="+34">+34 - ES (Spain)</option>
<option value="+251">+251 - ET (Ethiopia)</option>
<option value="+358">+358 - FI (Finland)</option>
<option value="+679">+679 - FJ (Fiji)</option>
<option value="+500"> +500 - FK (Falkland Islands (malvinas)) </option>
<option value="+691"> +691 - FM (Micronesia, Federated States Of) </option>
<option value="+298"> +298 - FO (Faroe Islands) </option>
<option value="+33">+33 - FR (France)</option>
<option value="+241">+241 - GA (Gabon)</option>
<option value="+44">+44 - GB (United Kingdom)</option>
<option value="+1473">+1473 - GD (Grenada)</option>
<option value="+995">+995 - GE (Georgia)</option>
<option value="+233">+233 - GH (Ghana)</option>
<option value="+350">+350 - GI (Gibraltar)</option>
<option value="+299">+299 - GL (Greenland)</option>
<option value="+220">+220 - GM (Gambia)</option>
<option value="+224">+224 - GN (Guinea)</option>
<option value="+240"> +240 - GQ (Equatorial Guinea) </option>
<option value="+30">+30 - GR (Greece)</option>
<option value="+502">+502 - GT (Guatemala)</option>
<option value="+1671">+1671 - GU (Guam)</option>
<option value="+245"> +245 - GW (Guinea-bissau) </option>
<option value="+592">+592 - GY (Guyana)</option>
<option value="+852">+852 - HK (Hong Kong)</option>
<option value="+504">+504 - HN (Honduras)</option>
<option value="+385">+385 - HR (Croatia)</option>
<option value="+509">+509 - HT (Haiti)</option>
<option value="+36">+36 - HU (Hungary)</option>
<option value="+62">+62 - ID (Indonesia)</option>
<option value="+353">+353 - IE (Ireland)</option>
<option value="+972">+972 - IL (Israel)</option>
<option value="+44">+44 - IM (Isle Of Man)</option>
<option value="+964">+964 - IQ (Iraq)</option>
<option value="+98"> +98 - IR (Iran, Islamic Republic Of) </option>
<option value="+354">+354 - IS (Iceland)</option>
<option value="+39">+39 - IT (Italy)</option>
<option value="+1876">+1876 - JM (Jamaica)</option>
<option value="+962">+962 - JO (Jordan)</option>
<option value="+81">+81 - JP (Japan)</option>
<option value="+254">+254 - KE (Kenya)</option>
<option value="+996">+996 - KG (Kyrgyzstan)</option>
<option value="+855">+855 - KH (Cambodia)</option>
<option value="+686">+686 - KI (Kiribati)</option>
<option value="+269">+269 - KM (Comoros)</option>
<option value="+1869"> +1869 - KN (Saint Kitts And Nevis) </option>
<option value="+850"> +850 - KP (Korea Democratic Peoples Republic Of) </option>
<option value="+82"> +82 - KR (Korea Republic Of) </option>
<option value="+965">+965 - KW (Kuwait)</option>
<option value="+1345"> +1345 - KY (Cayman Islands) </option>
<option value="+7">+7 - KZ (Kazakstan)</option>
<option value="+856"> +856 - LA (Lao Peoples Democratic Republic) </option>
<option value="+961">+961 - LB (Lebanon)</option>
<option value="+1758"> +1758 - LC (Saint Lucia) </option>
<option value="+423"> +423 - LI (Liechtenstein) </option>
<option value="+94">+94 - LK (Sri Lanka)</option>
<option value="+231">+231 - LR (Liberia)</option>
<option value="+266">+266 - LS (Lesotho)</option>
<option value="+370">+370 - LT (Lithuania)</option>
<option value="+352">+352 - LU (Luxembourg)</option>
<option value="+371">+371 - LV (Latvia)</option>
<option value="+218"> +218 - LY (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya) </option>
<option value="+212">+212 - MA (Morocco)</option>
<option value="+377">+377 - MC (Monaco)</option>
<option value="+373"> +373 - MD (Moldova, Republic Of) </option>
<option value="+382">+382 - ME (Montenegro)</option>
<option value="+1599"> +1599 - MF (Saint Martin) </option>
<option value="+261">+261 - MG (Madagascar)</option>
<option value="+692"> +692 - MH (Marshall Islands) </option>
<option value="+389"> +389 - MK (Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic Of) </option>
<option value="+223">+223 - ML (Mali)</option>
<option value="+95">+95 - MM (Myanmar)</option>
<option value="+976">+976 - MN (Mongolia)</option>
<option value="+853">+853 - MO (Macau)</option>
<option value="+1670"> +1670 - MP (Northern Mariana Islands) </option>
<option value="+222">+222 - MR (Mauritania)</option>
<option value="+1664">+1664 - MS (Montserrat)</option>
<option value="+356">+356 - MT (Malta)</option>
<option value="+230">+230 - MU (Mauritius)</option>
<option value="+960">+960 - MV (Maldives)</option>
<option value="+265">+265 - MW (Malawi)</option>
<option value="+52">+52 - MX (Mexico)</option>
<option value="+60">+60 - MY (Malaysia)</option>
<option value="+258">+258 - MZ (Mozambique)</option>
<option value="+264">+264 - NA (Namibia)</option>
<option value="+687"> +687 - NC (New Caledonia) </option>
<option value="+227">+227 - NE (Niger)</option>
<option value="+234">+234 - NG (Nigeria)</option>
<option value="+505">+505 - NI (Nicaragua)</option>
<option value="+31">+31 - NL (Netherlands)</option>
<option value="+47">+47 - NO (Norway)</option>
<option value="+977">+977 - NP (Nepal)</option>
<option value="+674">+674 - NR (Nauru)</option>
<option value="+683">+683 - NU (Niue)</option>
<option value="+64">+64 - NZ (New Zealand)</option>
<option value="+968">+968 - OM (Oman)</option>
<option value="+507">+507 - PA (Panama)</option>
<option value="+51">+51 - PE (Peru)</option>
<option value="+689"> +689 - PF (French Polynesia) </option>
<option value="+675"> +675 - PG (Papua New Guinea) </option>
<option value="+63">+63 - PH (Philippines)</option>
<option value="+92">+92 - PK (Pakistan)</option>
<option value="+48">+48 - PL (Poland)</option>
<option value="+508"> +508 - PM (Saint Pierre And Miquelon) </option>
<option value="+870">+870 - PN (Pitcairn)</option>
<option value="+1">+1 - PR (Puerto Rico)</option>
<option value="+351">+351 - PT (Portugal)</option>
<option value="+680">+680 - PW (Palau)</option>
<option value="+595">+595 - PY (Paraguay)</option>
<option value="+974">+974 - QA (Qatar)</option>
<option value="+40">+40 - RO (Romania)</option>
<option value="+381">+381 - RS (Serbia)</option>
<option value="+7"> +7 - RU (Russian Federation) </option>
<option value="+250">+250 - RW (Rwanda)</option>
<option value="+966">+966 - SA (Saudi Arabia)</option>
<option value="+677"> +677 - SB (Solomon Islands) </option>
<option value="+248">+248 - SC (Seychelles)</option>
<option value="+249">+249 - SD (Sudan)</option>
<option value="+46">+46 - SE (Sweden)</option>
<option value="+65">+65 - SG (Singapore)</option>
<option value="+290">+290 - SH (Saint Helena)</option>
<option value="+386">+386 - SI (Slovenia)</option>
<option value="+421">+421 - SK (Slovakia)</option>
<option value="+232">+232 - SL (Sierra Leone)</option>
<option value="+378">+378 - SM (San Marino)</option>
<option value="+221">+221 - SN (Senegal)</option>
<option value="+252">+252 - SO (Somalia)</option>
<option value="+597">+597 - SR (Suriname)</option>
<option value="+239"> +239 - ST (Sao Tome And Principe) </option>
<option value="+503">+503 - SV (El Salvador)</option>
<option value="+963"> +963 - SY (Syrian Arab Republic) </option>
<option value="+268">+268 - SZ (Swaziland)</option>
<option value="+1649"> +1649 - TC (Turks And Caicos Islands) </option>
<option value="+235">+235 - TD (Chad)</option>
<option value="+228">+228 - TG (Togo)</option>
<option value="+66">+66 - TH (Thailand)</option>
<option value="+992">+992 - TJ (Tajikistan)</option>
<option value="+690">+690 - TK (Tokelau)</option>
<option value="+670">+670 - TL (Timor-leste)</option>
<option value="+993">+993 - TM (Turkmenistan)</option>
<option value="+216">+216 - TN (Tunisia)</option>
<option value="+676">+676 - TO (Tonga)</option>
<option value="+90">+90 - TR (Turkey)</option>
<option value="+1868"> +1868 - TT (Trinidad And Tobago) </option>
<option value="+688">+688 - TV (Tuvalu)</option>
<option value="+886"> +886 - TW (Taiwan, Province Of China) </option>
<option value="+255"> +255 - TZ (Tanzania, United Republic Of) </option>
<option value="+380">+380 - UA (Ukraine)</option>
<option value="+256">+256 - UG (Uganda)</option>
<option value="+1">+1 - US (United States)</option>
<option value="+598">+598 - UY (Uruguay)</option>
<option value="+998">+998 - UZ (Uzbekistan)</option>
<option value="+39"> +39 - VA (Holy See (vatican City State)) </option>
<option value="+1784"> +1784 - VC (Saint Vincent And The Grenadines) </option>
<option value="+58">+58 - VE (Venezuela)</option>
<option value="+1284"> +1284 - VG (Virgin Islands, British) </option>
<option value="+1340"> +1340 - VI (Virgin Islands, U.s.) </option>
<option value="+84">+84 - VN (Viet Nam)</option>
<option value="+678">+678 - VU (Vanuatu)</option>
<option value="+681"> +681 - WF (Wallis And Futuna) </option>
<option value="+685">+685 - WS (Samoa)</option>
<option value="+381">+381 - XK (Kosovo)</option>
<option value="+967">+967 - YE (Yemen)</option>
<option value="+262">+262 - YT (Mayotte)</option>
<option value="+27">+27 - ZA (South Africa)</option>
<option value="+260">+260 - ZM (Zambia)</option>
<option value="+263">+263 - ZW (Zimbabwe)</option>
</select>
<div><input type="input">
<div style="overflow-y: scroll;">
<ul>
<li class="active option-hover" data-value=""> Select your country </li>
<li class="active" data-value="+91">+91 - IN (India)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+376">+376 - AD (Andorra)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+971"> +971 - AE (United Arab Emirates) </li>
<li class="active" data-value="+93">+93 - AF (Afghanistan)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+1268"> +1268 - AG (Antigua And Barbuda) </li>
<li class="active" data-value="+1264">+1264 - AI (Anguilla)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+355">+355 - AL (Albania)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+374">+374 - AM (Armenia)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+599"> +599 - AN (Netherlands Antilles) </li>
<li class="active" data-value="+244">+244 - AO (Angola)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+672">+672 - AQ (Antarctica)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+54">+54 - AR (Argentina)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+1684"> +1684 - AS (American Samoa) </li>
<li class="active" data-value="+43">+43 - AT (Austria)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+61">+61 - AU (Australia)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+297">+297 - AW (Aruba)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+994">+994 - AZ (Azerbaijan)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+387"> +387 - BA (Bosnia And Herzegovina) </li>
<li class="active" data-value="+1246">+1246 - BB (Barbados)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+880">+880 - BD (Bangladesh)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+32">+32 - BE (Belgium)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+226">+226 - BF (Burkina Faso)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+359">+359 - BG (Bulgaria)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+973">+973 - BH (Bahrain)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+257">+257 - BI (Burundi)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+229">+229 - BJ (Benin)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+590"> +590 - BL (Saint Barthelemy) </li>
<li class="active" data-value="+1441">+1441 - BM (Bermuda)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+673"> +673 - BN (Brunei Darussalam) </li>
<li class="active" data-value="+591">+591 - BO (Bolivia)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+55">+55 - BR (Brazil)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+1242">+1242 - BS (Bahamas)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+975">+975 - BT (Bhutan)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+267">+267 - BW (Botswana)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+375">+375 - BY (Belarus)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+501">+501 - BZ (Belize)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+1">+1 - CA (Canada)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+61"> +61 - CC (Cocos (keeling) Islands) </li>
<li class="active" data-value="+243"> +243 - CD (Congo, The Democratic Republic Of The) </li>
<li class="active" data-value="+236"> +236 - CF (Central African Republic) </li>
<li class="active" data-value="+242">+242 - CG (Congo)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+41">+41 - CH (Switzerland)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+225"> +225 - CI (Cote D Ivoire) </li>
<li class="active" data-value="+682">+682 - CK (Cook Islands)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+56">+56 - CL (Chile)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+237">+237 - CM (Cameroon)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+86">+86 - CN (China)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+57">+57 - CO (Colombia)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+506">+506 - CR (Costa Rica)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+53">+53 - CU (Cuba)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+238">+238 - CV (Cape Verde)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+61"> +61 - CX (Christmas Island) </li>
<li class="active" data-value="+357">+357 - CY (Cyprus)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+420"> +420 - CZ (Czech Republic) </li>
<li class="active" data-value="+49">+49 - DE (Germany)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+253">+253 - DJ (Djibouti)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+45">+45 - DK (Denmark)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+1767">+1767 - DM (Dominica)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+1809"> +1809 - DO (Dominican Republic) </li>
<li class="active" data-value="+213">+213 - DZ (Algeria)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+593">+593 - EC (Ecuador)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+372">+372 - EE (Estonia)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+20">+20 - EG (Egypt)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+291">+291 - ER (Eritrea)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+34">+34 - ES (Spain)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+251">+251 - ET (Ethiopia)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+358">+358 - FI (Finland)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+679">+679 - FJ (Fiji)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+500"> +500 - FK (Falkland Islands (malvinas)) </li>
<li class="active" data-value="+691"> +691 - FM (Micronesia, Federated States Of) </li>
<li class="active" data-value="+298"> +298 - FO (Faroe Islands) </li>
<li class="active" data-value="+33">+33 - FR (France)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+241">+241 - GA (Gabon)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+44">+44 - GB (United Kingdom)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+1473">+1473 - GD (Grenada)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+995">+995 - GE (Georgia)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+233">+233 - GH (Ghana)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+350">+350 - GI (Gibraltar)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+299">+299 - GL (Greenland)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+220">+220 - GM (Gambia)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+224">+224 - GN (Guinea)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+240"> +240 - GQ (Equatorial Guinea) </li>
<li class="active" data-value="+30">+30 - GR (Greece)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+502">+502 - GT (Guatemala)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+1671">+1671 - GU (Guam)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+245"> +245 - GW (Guinea-bissau) </li>
<li class="active" data-value="+592">+592 - GY (Guyana)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+852">+852 - HK (Hong Kong)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+504">+504 - HN (Honduras)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+385">+385 - HR (Croatia)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+509">+509 - HT (Haiti)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+36">+36 - HU (Hungary)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+62">+62 - ID (Indonesia)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+353">+353 - IE (Ireland)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+972">+972 - IL (Israel)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+44">+44 - IM (Isle Of Man)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+964">+964 - IQ (Iraq)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+98"> +98 - IR (Iran, Islamic Republic Of) </li>
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<li class="active" data-value="+39">+39 - IT (Italy)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+1876">+1876 - JM (Jamaica)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+962">+962 - JO (Jordan)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+81">+81 - JP (Japan)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+254">+254 - KE (Kenya)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+996">+996 - KG (Kyrgyzstan)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+855">+855 - KH (Cambodia)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+686">+686 - KI (Kiribati)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+269">+269 - KM (Comoros)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+1869"> +1869 - KN (Saint Kitts And Nevis) </li>
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<li class="active" data-value="+853">+853 - MO (Macau)</li>
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<li class="active" data-value="+48">+48 - PL (Poland)</li>
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<li class="active" data-value="+870">+870 - PN (Pitcairn)</li>
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<li class="active" data-value="+351">+351 - PT (Portugal)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+680">+680 - PW (Palau)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+595">+595 - PY (Paraguay)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+974">+974 - QA (Qatar)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+40">+40 - RO (Romania)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+381">+381 - RS (Serbia)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+7"> +7 - RU (Russian Federation) </li>
<li class="active" data-value="+250">+250 - RW (Rwanda)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+966">+966 - SA (Saudi Arabia)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+677"> +677 - SB (Solomon Islands) </li>
<li class="active" data-value="+248">+248 - SC (Seychelles)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+249">+249 - SD (Sudan)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+46">+46 - SE (Sweden)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+65">+65 - SG (Singapore)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+290">+290 - SH (Saint Helena)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+386">+386 - SI (Slovenia)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+421">+421 - SK (Slovakia)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+232">+232 - SL (Sierra Leone)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+378">+378 - SM (San Marino)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+221">+221 - SN (Senegal)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+252">+252 - SO (Somalia)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+597">+597 - SR (Suriname)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+239"> +239 - ST (Sao Tome And Principe) </li>
<li class="active" data-value="+503">+503 - SV (El Salvador)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+963"> +963 - SY (Syrian Arab Republic) </li>
<li class="active" data-value="+268">+268 - SZ (Swaziland)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+1649"> +1649 - TC (Turks And Caicos Islands) </li>
<li class="active" data-value="+235">+235 - TD (Chad)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+228">+228 - TG (Togo)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+66">+66 - TH (Thailand)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+992">+992 - TJ (Tajikistan)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+690">+690 - TK (Tokelau)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+670">+670 - TL (Timor-leste)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+993">+993 - TM (Turkmenistan)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+216">+216 - TN (Tunisia)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+676">+676 - TO (Tonga)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+90">+90 - TR (Turkey)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+1868"> +1868 - TT (Trinidad And Tobago) </li>
<li class="active" data-value="+688">+688 - TV (Tuvalu)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+886"> +886 - TW (Taiwan, Province Of China) </li>
<li class="active" data-value="+255"> +255 - TZ (Tanzania, United Republic Of) </li>
<li class="active" data-value="+380">+380 - UA (Ukraine)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+256">+256 - UG (Uganda)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+1">+1 - US (United States)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+598">+598 - UY (Uruguay)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+998">+998 - UZ (Uzbekistan)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+39"> +39 - VA (Holy See (vatican City State)) </li>
<li class="active" data-value="+1784"> +1784 - VC (Saint Vincent And The Grenadines) </li>
<li class="active" data-value="+58">+58 - VE (Venezuela)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+1284"> +1284 - VG (Virgin Islands, British) </li>
<li class="active" data-value="+1340"> +1340 - VI (Virgin Islands, U.s.) </li>
<li class="active" data-value="+84">+84 - VN (Viet Nam)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+678">+678 - VU (Vanuatu)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+681"> +681 - WF (Wallis And Futuna) </li>
<li class="active" data-value="+685">+685 - WS (Samoa)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+381">+381 - XK (Kosovo)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+967">+967 - YE (Yemen)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+262">+262 - YT (Mayotte)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+27">+27 - ZA (South Africa)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+260">+260 - ZM (Zambia)</li>
<li class="active" data-value="+263">+263 - ZW (Zimbabwe)</li>
<li class="no-results">No results</li>
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Home International Court of Justice Functions of the International Court of
Justice
* International Court of Justice
* International Law
* United Nations
FUNCTIONS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
By
Vanshika Kapoor
-
January 23, 2024
2755
0
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This article is written by Kruti Brahmbhatt and is an exhaustive exploration of
the functions of the International Court of Justice. The article provides
in-depth research relating to various provisions, procedures and functions of
the International Court of Justice. The article also mentions the composition of
the International Court of Justice, the election procedure of the members,
important cases and certain limitations of the International Court of Justice.
It has been published by Rachit Garg.
Table of Contents
Toggle
* Introduction
* What is the International Court of Justice
* Composition of International Court of Justice
* Fifteen judges
* Ad hoc judges
* Quorum
* President and Vice- President
* Registrar
* Election of the Members of the Court
* Obligation of the Members of the Court
* Privileges to the Members of the Court
* Chambers and Committees
* Chambers
* Types of Chambers
* Committees
* Competence of the International Court of Justice
* Parties to the cases
* Non-member State parties to the case
* The ambit of the International Court of Justice
* Legislatures applicable
* Functions of the International Court of Justice
* Settlement of legal disputes submitted by the state (contentious cases)
* Maritime Delimitation in the Indian Ocean (Somalia v. Kenya)
* Jurisdiction of the case
* Advisory opinion
* Legal Consequences of the Separation of the Chagos Archipelago from
Mauritius in 1965
* Other functions
* Procedure of the Court
* Procedure for Contentious Cases
* Initiating proceedings
* Interim protection
* Phases of proceedings
* Concluding Arguments
* Judgement
* Procedure for the Advisory Opinion
* Make a request
* Issue of notice
* Written statements and oral proceedings
* Concluding proceedings
* Judgement
* Limitations on the functioning of ICJ
* Jurisdiction
* Appeals
* Enforcement
* India and International Court of Justice
* Kulbhushan Jadhav case (2019)
* Brief facts
* Jurisdiction
* Contentions of Pakistan
* Contentions of India
* Judgement
* Conclusion
* Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
* Which language is used in the International Court of Justice?
* In case of a dispute of jurisdiction, who shall take the decision?
* What if the party to the suit in the International Court of Justice does
not appear before the Court?
* Are judgments given by the Court binding on the parties?
* Who is the current President and Vice-President of the International Court
of Justice?
* References
INTRODUCTION
The main aim of the United Nations is to promote peace, security, harmony and
the protection of human rights among its Member States. The United Nations has
six main organs: the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and
Social Council, the Trusteeship Council, the Secretariat Council and the
International Court of Justice.
The International Court of Justice is located at the Peace Palace in Hague,
Netherlands. It was established in June 1945 by the Charter of the United
Nations and began work in April 1946. The International Court of Justice deals
with dispute resolution between the member countries in the United Nations. It
deals with various disputes regarding diplomatic relations, environmental
protection, hostage-taking etc. However, it does not interfere with the state’s
internal disputes or any disputes regarding nationality.
WHAT IS THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
The International Court of Justice is the only such organisation that works for
the settlement of disputes between the two states. The International Court of
Justice is established under the United Nations Charter as a principal judicial
organ. The International Court of Justice works according to the Statute of the
International Court of Justice. The statute of the International Court of
Justice is divided into 5 Chapters and 70 Articles.
The Member States of the United Nations Charter are parties to the International
Court of Justice. There are a total of 193 members of the United Nations. As per
Article 35 of the Statute, if a state that is not a member of the United Nations
is a party to the case, then in such a case:
* The court shall decide an amount to be paid to the International Court of
Justice against the expenses incurred by the court.
* The state shall not pay this amount if it is already contributing to the
expenses of the court.
COMPOSITION OF INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
The functions and composition of the body of judges in the International Court
of Justice are established as per the statute of the Court of Justice. The
International Court of Justice consists of 15 independent judges. They are
elected by the United Nations General Assembly and Security Council.
Under Article 1 of the Rules of Court (1978), the members of the judges are
elected according to the Statute of the International Court of Justice.
The composition of the International Court of Justice is specified in Article 2
to Article 33 under Chapter I of the statute of the International Court of
Justice. The composition of the International Court of Justice is as follows:
FIFTEEN JUDGES
The International Court of Justice is composed of 15 judges for a term of 9
years. These judges are elected by the United Nations General Assembly and
Security Council. The candidate must get an absolute majority from both the
General Assembly and the Security Council.
All parties to the statute of the International Court of Justice have a right to
propose a candidate.
AD HOC JUDGES
When the parties to the suit of the International Court of Justice do not have
their own nationality judges on the bench, in such a situation, the state has
the option to select a person to sit as a judge ad hoc in that particular case.
QUORUM
* The minimum of nine members of the court is essential for the functioning of
the court as per Article 25(3) of the statute of the International Court of
Justice.
* As per Article 25(2) of the statute of the International Court of Justice,
the number of judges available must not be less than 11 and the rules of the
court allow the absence of one or more judges on the basis of rotation and
other circumstances.
PRESIDENT AND VICE- PRESIDENT
* The President and Vice-President are elected by the members of the Court. The
election is conducted every three years by secret ballot.
* There is no role of nationality; the candidate must get an absolute majority
of votes. The President and the Vice-President can be re-elected.
* The President has the right to cast a vote in case of a tie.
* With the assistance of various committees, the President shall direct work,
supervise, and administer the work of the court.
* In case of absence or any kind of inability of the President, the
Vice-President shall replace him/her for that time limit. Vice-President
shall receive daily allowances for the days he/she acts as President.
REGISTRAR
* The registrar is the authority responsible for all the departments and
divisions of the Registry.
* The tenure of the registrar is seven years and can also be re-elected.
* The registrar is the only authorised person to allot and direct work of the
registry.
* Apart from this, the registrar performs many other duties, such as judicial
duties and administrative and diplomatic duties.
ELECTION OF THE MEMBERS OF THE COURT
The statute of the International Court of Justice provides a specific provision
regarding the election and representation of the members of the court. The rules
are as follows:
* The candidate must have high moral character and have been appointed as the
highest judicial officer in their respective countries.
* The Secretary-General shall make a list of all the nominated persons and
submit it to the General Assembly and Security Council.
* The candidate can only be appointed when he/she gains an absolute majority in
both the General Assembly and Security Council.
* The members of the court shall be elected for a term of 9 years. The judges
who are elected in the first election, those 5 judges’ terms, shall expire at
the end of 3 years and by the end of 6 years, an additional 5 judges’ terms
shall expire.
For instance, if today 15 judges are elected, then on completion of 3 years, 5
judges’ terms expire (they can be re-elected). After the completion of the next
3 years, the other 5 judges’ terms shall expire. This is a cycle.
* Two judges of the same nationality cannot be appointed to the International
Court of Justice. The judges are considered independent magistrates.
* The President and a Vice-President are elected from the 15 members of the
court.
OBLIGATION OF THE MEMBERS OF THE COURT
After being elected as a member of the court, the members must follow certain
rules and regulations, which are as follows:
* The members of the court may not perform any political or administrative
functions. The members of the court cannot practise any other position of
such a professional nature.
* The members of the court may not act as agents, counsels or advocates in any
case, and if they have participated in any such role before, they may not
participate in the decision-making of any such case.
* Except for judicial vacations, periodic leave or any illness, the court has
to be permanently present in session.
* Due to any special reason, if a member of the court feels that he should not
be part of the case and if granted by the President, then he should not sit
in that particular case.
* The members shall make solemn declarations before making any decision or
exercising their powers. The members must use their powers impartially and
conscientiously.
The members of the court have to comply with the above mentioned provisions. In
case of doubt regarding any such matter, the court shall settle the point of
doubt by its decision.
PRIVILEGES TO THE MEMBERS OF THE COURT
The members of the court are entitled to receive certain benefits and privileges
under the statute of the International Court of Justice:
* Members of the court are entitled to receive an annual salary.
* The President shall receive a special annual allowance and on the days on
which the Vice-President has acted as President for that duration, the
Vice-President shall receive a special allowance for each day.
* The salaries, allowances and compensation given to the members are free from
all taxes.
* Members of the court are entitled to diplomatic privileges and immunities
while undertaking the business of the court.
CHAMBERS AND COMMITTEES
CHAMBERS
As per Article 26 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice, the
court can form chambers of one or more judges to deal with certain kinds or
categories of cases. Section C of the Rules of the International Court of
Justice, Articles 15–19, deals with the procedure and rules regarding the
formation of the Chambers under the International Court of Justice.
TYPES OF CHAMBERS
* Summary proceedings: As per Article 29 of the Statute of the International
Court of Justice, a Chamber shall be formed of five members. These five
members shall be President, Vice-President and other three members. Apart
from them, there shall be two members who shall be appointed as substitutes.
These summary proceedings are meant for speedy disposal of the cases, at the
request of the parties to the State.
* For categories of cases: these chambers, which are constituted for dealing
with certain categories of cases, consist of at least three judges. Article
26(1) of the International Court of Justice mentions such kinds of cases.
These types of chambers can be formed for dealing with cases relating to
labour cases and cases regarding transit and communication.
* For a particular case: the courts may after consulting with the parties
regarding the constitution of the chamber as per Article 26(2) of the
International Court of Justice may form a chamber to hear and decide on the
particular case. The parties request and approval for such a chamber is
necessary.
However, at present, no such chamber is in operation.
COMMITTEES
There are three kinds of committees in the International Court of Justice that
deal with different objectives. The three committees are as follows:
* Budgetary and Administrative Committee: This committee comprises President,
Vice-President, and other four or five judges. This committee deals with the
administrative functions of the full courts.
* Rules Committee: The function of this committee is to advise the court
regarding procedural issues and working methods.
* Library Committee: This committee’s function is to look into the library’s
programme for acquisition and upgrading.
These are the three committees that deal with different functions of the
International Court of Justice.
COMPETENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
The International Court of Justice may entertain various cases involving the
parties to the statute or any such matter that may fall under international
treaties or conventions. Chapter II of the Statute of the International Court of
Justice specifies the competence of the court with respect to the matter at
hand. The provisions prescribed under the Chapter are as follows:
PARTIES TO THE CASES
There are certain conditions prescribed under Article 34 of the Statute of the
International Court of Justice, which says that only states are eligible to be
parties in court cases. The Member States or Non-Member States of the United
Nations can be parties to the cases before the court.
This also means that if any person or individual urges justice from the
International Court of Justice, then he is not competent to be a party to the
suit. Article 34 of the statute of the International Court of Justice does not
allow the following parties to participate in the suit.
* Individual
* Corporations
* Non-governmental Organisations
* Any group of organisations or
* United Nations Organs
It restricts any such entity other than a State from becoming a party to a
suit.
NON-MEMBER STATE PARTIES TO THE CASE
Article 93 of the Charter of the United Nations and the statute of the
International Court of Justice allow Non-Member States to be parties; however,
they must abide by the following conditions:
* As per Article 35(2) of the statute of the International Court of Justice,
the conditions under which other countries access the International Court of
Justice will be laid down by the Security Council, subject to special
provisions contained in international treaties.
* Then such Non-Member States may become parties to the case. The Court shall
not discriminate between the Member State and Non-Member State in the case;
both would be treated equally.
* As per Article 35(3) of the statute of the International Court of Justice,
the Non-Member State of the United Nations has to bear the expenses incurred
in the case. The Curt shall decide an amount to be paid to the International
Court of Justice against the expenses incurred by the court. The state shall
not pay this amount if it is already contributing to the expenses of the
court.
This allows the Non-Member State to become a party to a suit.
THE AMBIT OF THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
The International Court of Justice has the major responsibility of solving
disputes between the parties that have directly approached or arisen out of any
charter or treaty. The parties may approach the International Court of Justice
under the matters that are provided under Article 36 of the statute.
The Court may entertain matters regarding the following matters as prescribed
under Article 36(2) of the statute of the International Court of Justice:
* Any legal dispute regarding the interpretation of a treaty.
* Any dispute that may arise regarding any question of international laws.
* The parties may approach the court if there is any such fact that may amount
to breach of an international obligation, if proven.
* In case of any breach of such obligation, the parties may approach for the
nature or extent of the reparation against such breach.
The states are required to make a declaration regarding the acceptance of the
obligations and jurisdictions of the International Court of Justice regarding
the above-mentioned legal disputes.
LEGISLATURES APPLICABLE
The International Court of Justice shall resolve the disputes or advise the
council as per the international laws given under Article 38 of the Statute of
the International Court of Justice.
The Court has to decide a case by applying the following provisions:
* The rules that are expressly recognised by contesting states in a general or
particular international convention.
* The international custom is used as a piece of evidence to prove that a
general practice has been accepted as law.
* The general principles of the laws are recognized by civilised nations.
* The courts may refer to the judicial decisions and teachings of highly
qualified publicans.
Apart from this, the courts have the power to make decisions based on equitable
and good conscience if parties to the suit agree.
FUNCTIONS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
The International Court of Justice has two major functions, which include the
settlement of legal disputes between two states and providing advisory opinions.
They are as follows:
SETTLEMENT OF LEGAL DISPUTES SUBMITTED BY THE STATE (CONTENTIOUS CASES)
The states may agree to bring the case before the International Court of Justice
for a peaceful settlement of the legal disputes between the two States. This is
one of the major responsibilities vested upon the Court to decide on a
particular case. The decision of the Court is binding upon both parties to the
matter.
Another important fact is that this judgement cannot be further appealed; it is
a final judgement as mentioned under Article 60 of the statute of the
International Court of Justice. However, under certain conditions, revision
applications can be made on account of new facts or factor discovery.
MARITIME DELIMITATION IN THE INDIAN OCEAN (SOMALIA V. KENYA)
This case was regarding the dispute concerning Somalia and Kenya. In 2014,
Somalia filed an application against Kenya for a maritime boundary. Both states
have claimed maritime space in the Indian Ocean. Somalia applied to determine
the boundary areas at 200 nautical miles. It even claimed a violation of
international obligations by Kenya.
JURISDICTION OF THE CASE
Somalia had filed an application under:
1. Article 36(2) of the statute of the International Court of Justice.
2. Article 282 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of Sea.
In 2015, preliminary objections were raised by Kenya, challenging the
jurisdiction of the Court and admission of the application.
In 2017, the Court rejected the preliminary objections raised by Kenya in 2015,
it also held that the Court had the necessary jurisdiction to entertain the
application.
From 2019 till 2021, Kenya postponed the public hearings on the merits of the
case; however, in 2021, the hearings took place in hybrid mode, in which Kenya
did not participate.
On October 12, 2021, the Court delivered its judgement which stated that:
* Somalia and Kenya did not have an agreed maritime boundary line; hence, the
Court drew a new maritime boundary line between Somalia and Kenya.
* The Court rejected the claims of Somalia regarding violations of
international obligations over the disputed area.
ADVISORY OPINION
The International Court of Justice has another essential function under its
advisory jurisdiction. Numerous agencies and organisations reach out to the
International Court of Justice to seek its advice on various issues. They may
approach for any need of advice regarding the interpretation of International
Law pertaining to any issues at hand.
However, this function is limited in its opinion and does not have any binding
force over parties. Chapter V of the Statute of the International Court of
Justice deals with the advisory opinion under Article 65, which says that the
International Court of Justice may give its advisory opinion on any legal matter
whenever any such request is made. The request can be made by only such organs
or states which shall be authorised or shall be in accordance with the Charter
of the United Nations.
The request shall be made in written format, pointing out the direct matter on
which the advice is needed; additionally, this request must be annexed with the
required documents.
The organs and agencies that are authorised to make requests for an advisory
opinion are as follows:
* Various organs of the United Nations, which includes the General Assembly,
Security Council, Economic and Social Council, etc.
* Specialised Agencies such as the International Labour Organisation, World
Health Organization, etc.; and
* Related organisation, which includes the International Atomic Energy Agency.
These are authorised to seek advice from the International Court of Justice.
LEGAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE SEPARATION OF THE CHAGOS ARCHIPELAGO FROM MAURITIUS IN
1965
In this case, according to Article 65 of the statute, the General Assembly of
the United Nations had requested the advisory opinion of the Court with regard
to the matter of the decolonization of Mauritius. The issue began when the
United Kingdom continued its administration in the Chagos Archipelago even after
Mauritius gained its independence. The advice was requested for two important
aspects:
* Whether the process of decolonization was completed by giving independence
to Mauritius?
* Whether the United Kingdom has the obligation of decolonization and is there
any violation of international law by its administration?
The Court gave the opinion that it had no reason to decline the request of the
General Assembly and had jurisdiction to advise. The Court opined that the
decolonization was not done lawfully and that the United Kingdom had the
obligation to put an end to its administration in the Chagos Archipelago.
OTHER FUNCTIONS
Apart from the above two major functions, the International Court of Justice
plays a vital role in the following issues:
* The International Court of Justice clears up any confusion with respect to
treaties, conventions or any such international agreements.
* The International Court of Justice promotes human rights and works for peace,
security and safety of mankind.
These are the overall functions of the International Court of Justice.
PROCEDURE OF THE COURT
The International Court of Justice accepts two kinds of cases, i.e., contentious
cases and advisory opinions. Both of these cases are dealt with in separate ways
as established under the rules and statutes of the International Court of
Justice. The official languages of the Court are French and English. As per the
parties agreement, the language would be selected for a particular case in
hand.
Chapter III of the statute of the International Court of Justice deals with the
provisions of the procedure in the courts.
PROCEDURE FOR CONTENTIOUS CASES
In contentious cases, the proceedings can be instituted in two different ways.
The two ways are as follows:
* By way of notification in special agreements: In such cases, the two or more
states jointly lodge proceedings in court for dispute resolution. This is
more of an agreement for solving the dispute and hence there is no applicant
state or respondent state in such cases.
* By way of application: Herein, one of the parties files an application
against the other party for any kind of violation.
INITIATING PROCEEDINGS
The first step is to open the case before the court. The parties have to notify
the Court about their special agreements or file a written application
addressing the registrar regarding the matter of dispute. This provision is
prescribed under Article 40 of the Statute of the International Court of
Justice.
INTERIM PROTECTION
As per Article 41 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice, the
Court, in order to protect any wrong that may happen or continue with respect to
the rights of either party, may order provisional protection until the final
order is delivered.
PHASES OF PROCEEDINGS
There are two phases in the proceedings under Article 43 of the statute of the
International Court of Justice. These include:
* Written Phase: This consists of memorials, counter-memorials, replies and all
the important documentation for all the other parties to the case and the
court. This shall be made through the registrar within a fixed period.
Certified copies of these above–mentioned documents must be shared with the
other party.
* Oral Phase: The oral proceedings include the examination of witnesses,
experts, counsels and advocates.
CONCLUDING ARGUMENTS
The Court has the power under Article 48 of the statute of the International
Court of Justice to order the conclusion of each party’s final arguments and
ensure the form and timing of connecting and collecting the evidence.
JUDGEMENT
The judgement must include the grounds on which the decision is based. The
judges are free to deliver their separate opinions. The decision is final and
has no scope for appeal. However, parties may file for revision on the discovery
of facts or any other matter that might change the decision. Such a revision
application must be made within six months of the delivery of the new facts.
PROCEDURE FOR THE ADVISORY OPINION
In the case the organisations or states want to seek insight from the
International Court of Justice for any matter in hand, they may:
MAKE A REQUEST
Any of the authorised bodies can request it as per Article 65 of the statute of
the International Court of Justice. This request can be made in written form.
The request must include all the documents relating to the question and the
request must mention the question exactly, which brings clarity to the request
made.
ISSUE OF NOTICE
The registrar shall issue a notice to all the concerned parties to appear in
court regarding the request for the advisory opinion.
WRITTEN STATEMENTS AND ORAL PROCEEDINGS
The parties and organisations shall be allowed to make written or oral
statements within a time frame decided by the Court. The written proceedings are
not as complex as in the contentious cases.
As per Article 66(2) of the statute of the International Court of Justice, the
Registrar shall notify the relevant States and organisations to the case by
special or direct communication to present their final written statement to the
Court or shall notify for the oral statement in the open court within the time
period provided by the President. The intention of the Court is to gather all
the relevant information on the case.
Additionally, under Article 66(4) of the statute of the International Court of
Justice, States and organisations are given a chance to express their views and
opinions and comment on the comments of other states or organisations in that
matter. The time limit shall be decided by the court or the President. In due
course, the registrar shall also share the comments and written submissions with
the parties having similar statements.
CONCLUDING PROCEEDINGS
The advisory opinions are given in the open court as per Article 67 of the
statute of the International Court of Justice. However, the opinions are not
binding on the parties but certain regulations and instruments do have binding
effects on the parties.
To exercise the functions of the advisory opinion, if the court needs to, it may
apply the provisions of the procedure for contentious cases.
JUDGEMENT
Articles 94 to 100 of the Rules of the International Court of Justice prescribe
the procedure to be followed for delivery, interpretation and reviewing the
judgement of the Court. The Court shall notify the parties of the dates on which
it is going to read its judgement. The judgement on various subjects shall be
read in the open court where the parties to the suit can have access. The public
can access these deliveries through a video link created.
The judgement shall consist of the following, as per Article 95 of the Rules of
the International Court of Justice:
* It must be mentioned whether the judgement is given by court or by chamber.
* It must contain the date on which it was read.
* It must have names of the judges, parties, agents, counsel and advocates for
the parties.
* It must contain the summaries of the proceedings and must include the
submissions made by the parties, statement of facts,and the reasons on the
basis of law.
* It must mention the operative part of the judgement, its decision and state
details regarding any cost if imposed.
* It must mention the final decision of the courts and the ratio of majority.
As per Article 95(2) of the Rules of the International Court of Justice, the
judge has the liberty to attach his or her individual opinion. This opinion may
or may not be in agreement with the final judgement. In case, the judge does not
want to explain in detail about his opinion then he may make a declaration for
the same. This declaration shall be a brief statement regarding the opinion of
the judge.
As per Article 95(3) of the Rules of the International Court of Justice, a copy
of the judgement must be signed and sealed. It has been stored in the archives
of the Court and another shall be delivered to the parties to the suit.
The registrar shall deliver a copy of judgement to the following:
1. The Secretary-General of the United Nations,
2. Members of the United Nations,
3. Other States which shall be entitled to appear before the court.
LIMITATIONS ON THE FUNCTIONING OF ICJ
Despite vast rules and regulations, there are some areas in which the
International Court of Justice has to face some limitations. These limitations,
in a certain way, hinder the court’s efficiency and ability to become an
ultimate solution against violations of international laws. A few of the
limitations are listed below
JURISDICTION
* The court does not entertain cases other than those of the states, which
means individuals cannot seek justice under the International Court of
Justice.
* The International Court of Justice cannot take cognizance of any matter on
its own. The Court can only deal with the matter when both parties consent to
it.
* The jurisdiction of the international court is narrowed as it does not
include criminal cases.
APPEALS
* The decision of the International Court of Justice is the final judgement. It
does not have appellate authority against any dissatisfaction with the
judgment. This acts as a huge discouragement for the States to consent to the
proceedings in the International Court of Justice. It definitely acts as a
limitation for the international justice system.
ENFORCEMENT
* The major drawback of the judicial mechanism regarding the International
Court of Justice is its lack of ability to enforce its judgement directly on
the parties.
* In cases where the party fails to act on the judgement delivered by the
International Court of Justice, the other party has no other option but to
approach the Security Council.
* A recent example of this is the case of Ukraine v. Russia, in which Ukraine
filed a complaint against Russia alleging that Russia had claimed wrongful
genocide in Ukraine with the objective of justifying its invasion of
Ukraine.
* Ukraine requested that the Court suspend the military operations of Russia in
Ukraine. However, Russia refused to accept the Court’s jurisdiction and did
not even agree to participate in the proceedings under the Court.
* Russia had filed preliminary objections regarding the Court’s jurisdiction
and claimed that the application could not be admitted in the Court.
* The court delivered its provisional orders, in which the court suspended
Russia’s military operations and ordered that both parties refrain from
taking any such operations that may expand the dispute between them.
* Russia has blocked its judgement’s enforcement via the Security Council using
its veto power, which highlights the inefficiency in enforcement of the
court’s decision.
INDIA AND INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
There have been four judges of a total of Indian nationality in the
International Court of Justice. The first Indian judge at the International
Court of Justice was Sir Benegal Rau (1952-1953). He was followed by Nagendra
Singh (1973-1988). Raghunandan Swarup Pathak served his term from 1989-1991.
Currently, Judge Dalveer Bhandari has been a Member of the International Court
of Justice since 27 April 2012 and has been re-elected unanimously. His term
ends in 2027. India has been involved in six different cases with the
International Court of Justice. One of the most famous cases is stated below:
KULBHUSHAN JADHAV CASE (2019)
BRIEF FACTS
* On March 3, 2016, in the case of Jadhav (India v. Pakistan), Pakistan
arrested and sentenced an Indian national, Mr. Kulbhushan Jadhav. Pakistan
claimed that he was performing acts of espionage and terrorism for India.
* He was arrested on the Balochistan border, near Iran. It was claimed that he
was illegally entering Pakistan. At the time of arrest, he had an Indian
passport with him, as per Pakistan’s allegations.
* India had filed an application against the arrest of Mr. Jadhav. According to
India, Mr. Jadhav was kidnapped in Iran and transferred to Pakistan for the
purpose of interrogation.
* India also claimed that Pakistan did not inform about the arrest and Indian
consular officers were not allowed to correspond with or arrange any legal
representative for Mr. Jadhav.
JURISDICTION
* India had filed an application as per Article 36(1) of the statute of the
International Court of Justice and Article 1 of the Optional Protocol of the
Vienna Convention on Consular Relations concerning the Compulsory Settlement
of Disputes.
CONTENTIONS OF PAKISTAN
Pakistan had raised three objections against the application filed by India:
1. The allegation of abusing process: The two main arguments of Pakistan were
that, firstly, India failed to indicate the court’s provisional measures and
secondly, it had other dispute settlement mechanisms under Articles II and
III of the Optional Protocol.
2. Abuse of rights: Pakistan alleged that India failed to provide evidence as
to Jadhav’s nationality.
3. Unlawful conduct: The Vienna Convention does not apply as the acts were
related to terrorism and espionage.
The Court did not favour Pakistan on any of its objections and upheld the
application of India.
CONTENTIONS OF INDIA
India’s contention against Pakistan was that it had failed following acts;
1. Rights of Mr. Jadhav: Pakistan did not inform Mr. Jadhav about his rights
under Article 36 of the Vienna Convention.
2. Inform India: Pakistan did not inform India without any delay about the
arrest and detention of its nationals which is again a violation of the
Vienna Convention.
3. Consular access: Pakistan had failed to provide consular access, and the
officers were not allowed to conserve or appoint legal representatives for
him.
The Court held that Pakistan had breached an obligation under Article 36(1)(a)
and (c) of the Vienna Convention. Further in the proceedings, India requested
the Court declare the death sentence given by Pakistan to be a violation of
International law and give safe passage to Mr. Jadhav.
JUDGEMENT
The International Court of Justice held that Pakistan had violated international
laws but did not uphold India’s request for safe passage, on account of which
the Court ordered, with a 15:1 ratio, the following:
* Restraint Pakistan from enforcing the death sentence given by its military
court.
* Provide consular access to Mr. Jadhav.
* Inform him of his rights regarding the Vienna Convention.
* Effectively review and reconsider the conviction and sentence in accordance
with the Vienna Convention.
CONCLUSION
The International Court of Justice has proven itself to be an important organ of
the United Nations and has worked efficiently in dealing with both contentious
and advisory matters. Despite certain limitations, it fulfils its duty to act as
a peace-making organisation. There have been almost all efforts to deliver
balanced and non-biased judgments and opinions.
The International Court of Justice upholds the value system of international law
enforcement and has established itself as a strong international judicial body.
The system can be made more effective when work is done to remove the drawbacks
and loopholes.
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS (FAQS)
WHICH LANGUAGE IS USED IN THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE?
As per Article 39(1) of the statute of the International Court of Justice,
English and French are the languages used in the Courts as per the preference of
the parties to the suit.
In case the parties to the suit do not agree upon one language, then, in such a
case, as per Article 39(2) of the statute of the International Court of Justice,
they shall be allowed to plead in their preferred language. The Court will
deliver judgment in both languages; however, it will choose one version of the
judgement to be the official one.
In case any state requests to use any other language apart from English and
French, then, as per Article 39(3) of the statute of the International Court of
Justice, the Court shall authorise such language for the use of the party.
IN CASE OF A DISPUTE OF JURISDICTION, WHO SHALL TAKE THE DECISION?
As per Article 36(6) of the statute of the International Court of Justice, the
Court shall decide whether the Court shall settle the matter or not.
WHAT IF THE PARTY TO THE SUIT IN THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE DOES NOT
APPEAR BEFORE THE COURT?
As per Article 53 of the statute of the International Court of Justice, if the
other party who is present may call upon it and the Court finds it well
according to the facts and law, then the Court might order in favour of the
present party.
ARE JUDGMENTS GIVEN BY THE COURT BINDING ON THE PARTIES?
The orders passed by the International Court of Justice are binding on the
parties to the cases in contentious cases. In the case of the advisory opinion,
the parties or UN organs can decide whether to implement, accept or reject the
opinion given by the International Court of Justice.
WHO IS THE CURRENT PRESIDENT AND VICE-PRESIDENT OF THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF
JUSTICE?
As of 2024, the President of the International Court of Justice is President
Joan E. Donoghue from the United States and the Vice-President of the
International Court of Justice is Kirill Gevorgian from the Russian
Federation.
REFERENCES
* Statute of the Court Of Justice | INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
(icj-cij.org)
* How the Court Works | INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE (icj-cij.org)
* RULES OF COURT (1978) | INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE (icj-cij.org)
* Legal Consequences of the Separation of the Chagos Archipelago from Mauritius
in 1965 (icj-cij.org)
* Maritime Delimitation in the Indian Ocean (Somalia v. Kenya) (icj-cij.org)
* ICJ decision on Ukraine v. Russia (2022) (europa.eu)
* handbook-of-the-court-en.pdf (icj-cij.org)
* What is the Role of the International Court of Justice (ICJ)? – LAW TIMES
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(Netherlands Antilles) +244 - AO (Angola) +672 - AQ (Antarctica) +54 - AR
(Argentina) +1684 - AS (American Samoa) +43 - AT (Austria) +61 - AU (Australia)
+297 - AW (Aruba) +994 - AZ (Azerbaijan) +387 - BA (Bosnia And Herzegovina)
+1246 - BB (Barbados) +880 - BD (Bangladesh) +32 - BE (Belgium) +226 - BF
(Burkina Faso) +359 - BG (Bulgaria) +973 - BH (Bahrain) +257 - BI (Burundi) +229
- BJ (Benin) +590 - BL (Saint Barthelemy) +1441 - BM (Bermuda) +673 - BN (Brunei
Darussalam) +591 - BO (Bolivia) +55 - BR (Brazil) +1242 - BS (Bahamas) +975 - BT
(Bhutan) +267 - BW (Botswana) +375 - BY (Belarus) +501 - BZ (Belize) +1 - CA
(Canada) +61 - CC (Cocos (keeling) Islands) +243 - CD (Congo, The Democratic
Republic Of The) +236 - CF (Central African Republic) +242 - CG (Congo) +41 - CH
(Switzerland) +225 - CI (Cote D Ivoire) +682 - CK (Cook Islands) +56 - CL
(Chile) +237 - CM (Cameroon) +86 - CN (China) +57 - CO (Colombia) +506 - CR
(Costa Rica) +53 - CU (Cuba) +238 - CV (Cape Verde) +61 - CX (Christmas Island)
+357 - CY (Cyprus) +420 - CZ (Czech Republic) +49 - DE (Germany) +253 - DJ
(Djibouti) +45 - DK (Denmark) +1767 - DM (Dominica) +1809 - DO (Dominican
Republic) +213 - DZ (Algeria) +593 - EC (Ecuador) +372 - EE (Estonia) +20 - EG
(Egypt) +291 - ER (Eritrea) +34 - ES (Spain) +251 - ET (Ethiopia) +358 - FI
(Finland) +679 - FJ (Fiji) +500 - FK (Falkland Islands (malvinas)) +691 - FM
(Micronesia, Federated States Of) +298 - FO (Faroe Islands) +33 - FR (France)
+241 - GA (Gabon) +44 - GB (United Kingdom) +1473 - GD (Grenada) +995 - GE
(Georgia) +233 - GH (Ghana) +350 - GI (Gibraltar) +299 - GL (Greenland) +220 -
GM (Gambia) +224 - GN (Guinea) +240 - GQ (Equatorial Guinea) +30 - GR (Greece)
+502 - GT (Guatemala) +1671 - GU (Guam) +245 - GW (Guinea-bissau) +592 - GY
(Guyana) +852 - HK (Hong Kong) +504 - HN (Honduras) +385 - HR (Croatia) +509 -
HT (Haiti) +36 - HU (Hungary) +62 - ID (Indonesia) +353 - IE (Ireland) +972 - IL
(Israel) +44 - IM (Isle Of Man) +964 - IQ (Iraq) +98 - IR (Iran, Islamic
Republic Of) +354 - IS (Iceland) +39 - IT (Italy) +1876 - JM (Jamaica) +962 - JO
(Jordan) +81 - JP (Japan) +254 - KE (Kenya) +996 - KG (Kyrgyzstan) +855 - KH
(Cambodia) +686 - KI (Kiribati) +269 - KM (Comoros) +1869 - KN (Saint Kitts And
Nevis) +850 - KP (Korea Democratic Peoples Republic Of) +82 - KR (Korea Republic
Of) +965 - KW (Kuwait) +1345 - KY (Cayman Islands) +7 - KZ (Kazakstan) +856 - LA
(Lao Peoples Democratic Republic) +961 - LB (Lebanon) +1758 - LC (Saint Lucia)
+423 - LI (Liechtenstein) +94 - LK (Sri Lanka) +231 - LR (Liberia) +266 - LS
(Lesotho) +370 - LT (Lithuania) +352 - LU (Luxembourg) +371 - LV (Latvia) +218 -
LY (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya) +212 - MA (Morocco) +377 - MC (Monaco) +373 - MD
(Moldova, Republic Of) +382 - ME (Montenegro) +1599 - MF (Saint Martin) +261 -
MG (Madagascar) +692 - MH (Marshall Islands) +389 - MK (Macedonia, The Former
Yugoslav Republic Of) +223 - ML (Mali) +95 - MM (Myanmar) +976 - MN (Mongolia)
+853 - MO (Macau) +1670 - MP (Northern Mariana Islands) +222 - MR (Mauritania)
+1664 - MS (Montserrat) +356 - MT (Malta) +230 - MU (Mauritius) +960 - MV
(Maldives) +265 - MW (Malawi) +52 - MX (Mexico) +60 - MY (Malaysia) +258 - MZ
(Mozambique) +264 - NA (Namibia) +687 - NC (New Caledonia) +227 - NE (Niger)
+234 - NG (Nigeria) +505 - NI (Nicaragua) +31 - NL (Netherlands) +47 - NO
(Norway) +977 - NP (Nepal) +674 - NR (Nauru) +683 - NU (Niue) +64 - NZ (New
Zealand) +968 - OM (Oman) +507 - PA (Panama) +51 - PE (Peru) +689 - PF (French
Polynesia) +675 - PG (Papua New Guinea) +63 - PH (Philippines) +92 - PK
(Pakistan) +48 - PL (Poland) +508 - PM (Saint Pierre And Miquelon) +870 - PN
(Pitcairn) +1 - PR (Puerto Rico) +351 - PT (Portugal) +680 - PW (Palau) +595 -
PY (Paraguay) +974 - QA (Qatar) +40 - RO (Romania) +381 - RS (Serbia) +7 - RU
(Russian Federation) +250 - RW (Rwanda) +966 - SA (Saudi Arabia) +677 - SB
(Solomon Islands) +248 - SC (Seychelles) +249 - SD (Sudan) +46 - SE (Sweden) +65
- SG (Singapore) +290 - SH (Saint Helena) +386 - SI (Slovenia) +421 - SK
(Slovakia) +232 - SL (Sierra Leone) +378 - SM (San Marino) +221 - SN (Senegal)
+252 - SO (Somalia) +597 - SR (Suriname) +239 - ST (Sao Tome And Principe) +503
- SV (El Salvador) +963 - SY (Syrian Arab Republic) +268 - SZ (Swaziland) +1649
- TC (Turks And Caicos Islands) +235 - TD (Chad) +228 - TG (Togo) +66 - TH
(Thailand) +992 - TJ (Tajikistan) +690 - TK (Tokelau) +670 - TL (Timor-leste)
+993 - TM (Turkmenistan) +216 - TN (Tunisia) +676 - TO (Tonga) +90 - TR (Turkey)
+1868 - TT (Trinidad And Tobago) +688 - TV (Tuvalu) +886 - TW (Taiwan, Province
Of China) +255 - TZ (Tanzania, United Republic Of) +380 - UA (Ukraine) +256 - UG
(Uganda) +1 - US (United States) +598 - UY (Uruguay) +998 - UZ (Uzbekistan) +39
- VA (Holy See (vatican City State)) +1784 - VC (Saint Vincent And The
Grenadines) +58 - VE (Venezuela) +1284 - VG (Virgin Islands, British) +1340 - VI
(Virgin Islands, U.s.) +84 - VN (Viet Nam) +678 - VU (Vanuatu) +681 - WF (Wallis
And Futuna) +685 - WS (Samoa) +381 - XK (Kosovo) +967 - YE (Yemen) +262 - YT
(Mayotte) +27 - ZA (South Africa) +260 - ZM (Zambia) +263 - ZW (Zimbabwe)
* Select your country
* +91 - IN (India)
* +376 - AD (Andorra)
* +971 - AE (United Arab Emirates)
* +93 - AF (Afghanistan)
* +1268 - AG (Antigua And Barbuda)
* +1264 - AI (Anguilla)
* +355 - AL (Albania)
* +374 - AM (Armenia)
* +599 - AN (Netherlands Antilles)
* +244 - AO (Angola)
* +672 - AQ (Antarctica)
* +54 - AR (Argentina)
* +1684 - AS (American Samoa)
* +43 - AT (Austria)
* +61 - AU (Australia)
* +297 - AW (Aruba)
* +994 - AZ (Azerbaijan)
* +387 - BA (Bosnia And Herzegovina)
* +1246 - BB (Barbados)
* +880 - BD (Bangladesh)
* +32 - BE (Belgium)
* +226 - BF (Burkina Faso)
* +359 - BG (Bulgaria)
* +973 - BH (Bahrain)
* +257 - BI (Burundi)
* +229 - BJ (Benin)
* +590 - BL (Saint Barthelemy)
* +1441 - BM (Bermuda)
* +673 - BN (Brunei Darussalam)
* +591 - BO (Bolivia)
* +55 - BR (Brazil)
* +1242 - BS (Bahamas)
* +975 - BT (Bhutan)
* +267 - BW (Botswana)
* +375 - BY (Belarus)
* +501 - BZ (Belize)
* +1 - CA (Canada)
* +61 - CC (Cocos (keeling) Islands)
* +243 - CD (Congo, The Democratic Republic Of The)
* +236 - CF (Central African Republic)
* +242 - CG (Congo)
* +41 - CH (Switzerland)
* +225 - CI (Cote D Ivoire)
* +682 - CK (Cook Islands)
* +56 - CL (Chile)
* +237 - CM (Cameroon)
* +86 - CN (China)
* +57 - CO (Colombia)
* +506 - CR (Costa Rica)
* +53 - CU (Cuba)
* +238 - CV (Cape Verde)
* +61 - CX (Christmas Island)
* +357 - CY (Cyprus)
* +420 - CZ (Czech Republic)
* +49 - DE (Germany)
* +253 - DJ (Djibouti)
* +45 - DK (Denmark)
* +1767 - DM (Dominica)
* +1809 - DO (Dominican Republic)
* +213 - DZ (Algeria)
* +593 - EC (Ecuador)
* +372 - EE (Estonia)
* +20 - EG (Egypt)
* +291 - ER (Eritrea)
* +34 - ES (Spain)
* +251 - ET (Ethiopia)
* +358 - FI (Finland)
* +679 - FJ (Fiji)
* +500 - FK (Falkland Islands (malvinas))
* +691 - FM (Micronesia, Federated States Of)
* +298 - FO (Faroe Islands)
* +33 - FR (France)
* +241 - GA (Gabon)
* +44 - GB (United Kingdom)
* +1473 - GD (Grenada)
* +995 - GE (Georgia)
* +233 - GH (Ghana)
* +350 - GI (Gibraltar)
* +299 - GL (Greenland)
* +220 - GM (Gambia)
* +224 - GN (Guinea)
* +240 - GQ (Equatorial Guinea)
* +30 - GR (Greece)
* +502 - GT (Guatemala)
* +1671 - GU (Guam)
* +245 - GW (Guinea-bissau)
* +592 - GY (Guyana)
* +852 - HK (Hong Kong)
* +504 - HN (Honduras)
* +385 - HR (Croatia)
* +509 - HT (Haiti)
* +36 - HU (Hungary)
* +62 - ID (Indonesia)
* +353 - IE (Ireland)
* +972 - IL (Israel)
* +44 - IM (Isle Of Man)
* +964 - IQ (Iraq)
* +98 - IR (Iran, Islamic Republic Of)
* +354 - IS (Iceland)
* +39 - IT (Italy)
* +1876 - JM (Jamaica)
* +962 - JO (Jordan)
* +81 - JP (Japan)
* +254 - KE (Kenya)
* +996 - KG (Kyrgyzstan)
* +855 - KH (Cambodia)
* +686 - KI (Kiribati)
* +269 - KM (Comoros)
* +1869 - KN (Saint Kitts And Nevis)
* +850 - KP (Korea Democratic Peoples Republic Of)
* +82 - KR (Korea Republic Of)
* +965 - KW (Kuwait)
* +1345 - KY (Cayman Islands)
* +7 - KZ (Kazakstan)
* +856 - LA (Lao Peoples Democratic Republic)
* +961 - LB (Lebanon)
* +1758 - LC (Saint Lucia)
* +423 - LI (Liechtenstein)
* +94 - LK (Sri Lanka)
* +231 - LR (Liberia)
* +266 - LS (Lesotho)
* +370 - LT (Lithuania)
* +352 - LU (Luxembourg)
* +371 - LV (Latvia)
* +218 - LY (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya)
* +212 - MA (Morocco)
* +377 - MC (Monaco)
* +373 - MD (Moldova, Republic Of)
* +382 - ME (Montenegro)
* +1599 - MF (Saint Martin)
* +261 - MG (Madagascar)
* +692 - MH (Marshall Islands)
* +389 - MK (Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic Of)
* +223 - ML (Mali)
* +95 - MM (Myanmar)
* +976 - MN (Mongolia)
* +853 - MO (Macau)
* +1670 - MP (Northern Mariana Islands)
* +222 - MR (Mauritania)
* +1664 - MS (Montserrat)
* +356 - MT (Malta)
* +230 - MU (Mauritius)
* +960 - MV (Maldives)
* +265 - MW (Malawi)
* +52 - MX (Mexico)
* +60 - MY (Malaysia)
* +258 - MZ (Mozambique)
* +264 - NA (Namibia)
* +687 - NC (New Caledonia)
* +227 - NE (Niger)
* +234 - NG (Nigeria)
* +505 - NI (Nicaragua)
* +31 - NL (Netherlands)
* +47 - NO (Norway)
* +977 - NP (Nepal)
* +674 - NR (Nauru)
* +683 - NU (Niue)
* +64 - NZ (New Zealand)
* +968 - OM (Oman)
* +507 - PA (Panama)
* +51 - PE (Peru)
* +689 - PF (French Polynesia)
* +675 - PG (Papua New Guinea)
* +63 - PH (Philippines)
* +92 - PK (Pakistan)
* +48 - PL (Poland)
* +508 - PM (Saint Pierre And Miquelon)
* +870 - PN (Pitcairn)
* +1 - PR (Puerto Rico)
* +351 - PT (Portugal)
* +680 - PW (Palau)
* +595 - PY (Paraguay)
* +974 - QA (Qatar)
* +40 - RO (Romania)
* +381 - RS (Serbia)
* +7 - RU (Russian Federation)
* +250 - RW (Rwanda)
* +966 - SA (Saudi Arabia)
* +677 - SB (Solomon Islands)
* +248 - SC (Seychelles)
* +249 - SD (Sudan)
* +46 - SE (Sweden)
* +65 - SG (Singapore)
* +290 - SH (Saint Helena)
* +386 - SI (Slovenia)
* +421 - SK (Slovakia)
* +232 - SL (Sierra Leone)
* +378 - SM (San Marino)
* +221 - SN (Senegal)
* +252 - SO (Somalia)
* +597 - SR (Suriname)
* +239 - ST (Sao Tome And Principe)
* +503 - SV (El Salvador)
* +963 - SY (Syrian Arab Republic)
* +268 - SZ (Swaziland)
* +1649 - TC (Turks And Caicos Islands)
* +235 - TD (Chad)
* +228 - TG (Togo)
* +66 - TH (Thailand)
* +992 - TJ (Tajikistan)
* +690 - TK (Tokelau)
* +670 - TL (Timor-leste)
* +993 - TM (Turkmenistan)
* +216 - TN (Tunisia)
* +676 - TO (Tonga)
* +90 - TR (Turkey)
* +1868 - TT (Trinidad And Tobago)
* +688 - TV (Tuvalu)
* +886 - TW (Taiwan, Province Of China)
* +255 - TZ (Tanzania, United Republic Of)
* +380 - UA (Ukraine)
* +256 - UG (Uganda)
* +1 - US (United States)
* +598 - UY (Uruguay)
* +998 - UZ (Uzbekistan)
* +39 - VA (Holy See (vatican City State))
* +1784 - VC (Saint Vincent And The Grenadines)
* +58 - VE (Venezuela)
* +1284 - VG (Virgin Islands, British)
* +1340 - VI (Virgin Islands, U.s.)
* +84 - VN (Viet Nam)
* +678 - VU (Vanuatu)
* +681 - WF (Wallis And Futuna)
* +685 - WS (Samoa)
* +381 - XK (Kosovo)
* +967 - YE (Yemen)
* +262 - YT (Mayotte)
* +27 - ZA (South Africa)
* +260 - ZM (Zambia)
* +263 - ZW (Zimbabwe)
* No results
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