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WINDOWS 7 NETWORK AWARENESS: HOW WINDOWS KNOWS IT HAS AN INTERNET CONNECTION

May 16, 2011 by nhinkle. 66 comments

Have you ever been connecting to a new wireless network and seen the following
pop-up balloon?



Whenever I connect to a WiFi network which requires in-browser authentication,
such as university networks and hotel access points, Windows somehow magically
knows. Windows also knows when your internet connection isn’t working, and can
differentiate between having local LAN access, no network access at all, or full
internet access. But how?

This week’s question of the week is one I myself asked about this very topic. I
guessed that there must be some online Microsoft site that Windows is checking
to determine the state of the connection, but I wanted proof, not just
speculation.




HOW DOES WINDOWS KNOW WHETHER IT HAS INTERNET ACCESS OR IF A WI-FI CONNECTION
REQUIRES IN-BROWSER AUTHENTICATION?

Tobias Plutat and Jeff Atwood both replied with information about the Network
Connectivity Status Indicator (NCSI) service, first introduced in Windows Vista.

> When called on by Network Awareness, NCSI can add information about the
> following capabilities for a given network:
>  * Connectivity to an intranet
>  * Connectivity to the Internet (possibly including the ability to send a DNS
>    query and obtain the correct resolution of a DNS name)
> 
> NCSI is designed to be responsive to network conditions, so it examines the
> connectivity of a network in a variety of ways. For example, NCSI tests
> connectivity by trying to connect to http://www.msftncsi.com, a simple Web
> site that exists only to support the functionality of NCSI.


HOW DOES IT WORK?

Windows does indeed check a Microsoft site for connectivity, using the Network
Connectivity Status Indicator site. There are a few variations of the connection
checking process:

 1. NCSI performs a DNS lookup on www.msftncsi.com, then requests
    http://www.msftncsi.com/ncsi.txt. This file is a plain-text file and
    contains only the text Microsoft NCSI.
 2. NCSI sends a DNS lookup request for dns.msftncsi.com. This DNS address
    should resolve to 131.107.255.255. If the address does not match, then it is
    assumed that the internet connection is not functioning correctly.

The exact sequence of when which test is run is not documented; however, a
little bit of digging around with a packet sniffing tool like Wireshark reveals
some info. It appears that on any connection, the first thing NCSI does is
requests the text file (step 1 above). NCSI expects a 200 OK response header
with the proper text returned. If the response is never received, or if there is
a redirect, then a DNS request for dns.msftncsi.com is made. If DNS resolves
properly but the page is inaccessible, then it is assumed that there is a
working internet connection, but an in-browser authentication page is blocking
access to the file. This results in the pop-up balloon above. If DNS resolution
fails or returns the wrong address, then it is assumed that the internet
connection is completely unsuccessful, and the “no internet access” error is
shown.

The order of events appears to be slightly different depending on whether the
wireless network is saved, has been connected to before even if it is not in the
saved connections list, and possibly depending on the encryption type. The DNS
and HTTP requests and responses showing up in Wireshark were not always
consistent, even connecting to the same network, so it’s not entirely clear what
causes different methods of detection under different scenarios.


WHAT ABOUT MY PRIVACY?

Some people may be concerned about Windows “phoning home” to Microsoft with
their PC’s information through this service. According to Microsoft’s
documentation, NCSI retains the time of access and IP addresses of requests made
to www.msftncsi.com:

> IIS logs are stored on the server at www.msftncsi.com. These logs contain the
> time of each access and the IP address recorded for that access. These IP
> addresses are not used to identify users, and in many cases, they are the
> address of a network address translation (NAT) computer or proxy server, not a
> specific client behind that NAT computer or proxy server.

It is possible to disable NCSI by a registry setting if you don’t want Microsoft
to be able to check your internet connection.

>  1. HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINESYSTEMCurrentControlSetServicesNlaSvcParametersInternet
>  2. Under the Internet key, double-click EnableActiveProbing, and then in
>     Value data, type: 0.The default for this value is 1. Setting the value to
>     0 prevents NCSI from connecting to a site on the Internet during checks
>     for connectivity.

When I changed this registry setting, Wireshark picked up no more communication
to the NCSI site. As a result, there was no indicator that in-browser
authentication was required, and the connection indicator would say “internet
connection” even if there was in fact none present.

In the same registry key were a series of other parameters. The expected DNS
response, the host to query for a DNS address, the expected content of the text
file, the name of the text file, and the domain with the text file were all
included. The other parameters are not quite as self explanatory. I tried
adapting PassivePollPeriod, expecting it to change how frequently NCSI would
poll the server. It appeared at first that the decimal value was equal to that
many tenths of a minute, so a value of 5 polls every 30 seconds and a value of
10 polls every minute. However, the frequency also seemed to decrease with time.
I could not figure out the use of the other two values.




CAN I RUN MY OWN NCSI SERVER?

For those concerned about privacy, is it possible to run your own server to
respond to these requests? Let’s find out!

I created ncsi.nathanhinkle.com on my web hosting, and set it up to send
/ncsi.txt as a plain text file with the content nhinkle NCSI. I then changed all
of the registry values to point to the values for my server, and what do you
know, it worked! Looking in Wireshark, requests were being made to my server
instead of to Microsoft’s server, and the system was still determining the
status of the internet connection correctly. The user agent on the requests was
still Microsoft NCSI, indicating that it was indeed the same service making the
requests.



So, if you want your computer to be able to check its connectivity to the
internet while not sending your every move to Microsoft, this is a way to do it.
As an added benefit, this could be used as a tracking mechanism to see where
your computer goes, particularly should it get lost or stolen, since any
connection attempt will result in your server being requested.

As operating systems become increasingly complex, features like this can make
your life much easier, but it’s always good to know what’s happening behind the
scenes.

Filed under Question of the Week Windows

Tagged: connection, internet, ncsi, Windows

« Migrating to Linux from Windows | Getting the Most Out Of Mac OS X’s Exposé »


66 COMMENTS

Subscribe to comments with RSS.

says:
May 16, 2011 at 8:17 am

Great post! I always wondered how they did this! Awesome that you tried setting
up your own server.

And as the CAPTCHA says: “Quality ofechana!”

P.S. What’s that small green timer in your taskbar that says “3:21” at the top
screen shot?

nhinkle says:
May 16, 2011 at 5:03 pm

Bloodphilia, that’s BatteryBar. It was actually suggested to me in a Super User
question! http://superuser.com/q/127089/20088

Chris Thompson says:
May 16, 2011 at 11:42 pm

I came for an interesting article and I was shocked to see my BatteryBar
application in your screenshot! As the author I love running into people running
my app.

Ian says:
May 16, 2011 at 11:54 pm

This must be how the Zune detects internet access as well. It’s the most
annoying thing because a Zune won’t allow you to connect to a network that
doesn’t have network access and therefore I can’t connect to my university’s
network since I have to authenticate before the Zune can detect internet.

Jason says:
May 17, 2011 at 12:24 am

If the service was ddos’d, would millions of windows users get a pop-up stating
limited connectivity or connected but further log in details required? Sound
like a prank 4chan might play…

Sigjuice says:
May 17, 2011 at 1:10 am

“How does it work?” should say http://www.msftncsi.com/ncsi.txt and not
http://msftncsi.com/ncsi.txt

* kronos says:
  May 17, 2011 at 6:49 am
  
  Fixed thanks.

  
Mike says:
May 17, 2011 at 11:21 am

Is the most recent result stored somewhere (so I could look somewhere in memory
for it instead of having to run another DNS lookup/HTTP request myself?)

S says:
May 17, 2011 at 12:53 pm

Very interesting read, especially the bit about using this as a tracking
mechanism application.

Small error: should say “tenths of a minute” not “tenths of a second”

RENi says:
May 17, 2011 at 1:32 pm

Maybe this is worth adding, the ncsi.txt file hosted on msftncsi.com seems to
have no end of line.

$ file ncsi.txt ncsi.txt: ASCII text, with no line terminators

If you want to host your own, make sure it doesn’t have an eol either or else
the ballon “Additional log on information may be required” will popup.

Ted Sbardella says:
May 17, 2011 at 2:49 pm

Very interesting – thanks so much!

nhinkle says:
May 17, 2011 at 2:56 pm

Thanks “S” for pointing out that error, I have fixed it in the article.

Dinos says:
May 17, 2011 at 8:22 pm

Minor correction, “NCSI performs a DNS lookup on
http://www.msftncsi.com/ncsi.txt, then requests “

DNS lookup is performed on the name not on the URI. Proper sentence will be
“NCSI performs a DNS lookup on http://www.msftncsi.com then requests … “

Almost the same method is performed by Apple on iphone/ipod etc devices.

socceroos says:
May 18, 2011 at 12:32 am

Well, seems that its not quite telling the truth. If it can do a DNS lookup then
it has internet access.

Tunneling traffic through DNS queries is a sinch these days with all the
ready-made tools.

dinos_correction says:
May 18, 2011 at 12:36 am

if you’re being picky lookup does not use schema either – “NCSI performs a DNS
lookup on http://www.msftncsi.com then requests …”

Jason says:
May 18, 2011 at 12:41 am

“Proper sentence will be “NCSI performs a DNS lookup on http://www.msftncsi.com
then requests … “”

Actually, its “NCSI performs a DNS lookup on http://www.msftncsi.com then
requests … “

chefybuck says:
May 18, 2011 at 1:02 am

Can disabling the NCSI lookup be used a work-around for the infamous “unknown
network” in Vista and sometimes Win7?

Ansuz says:
May 18, 2011 at 1:05 am

…brilliant write up. A good idea for higher education & corporate admin’s to
implement via Domain Policy. I’m sure it will assist in reducing the number of
calls for technical support…

g0dkar says:
May 18, 2011 at 1:49 am

You just got into Slashdot. Watch out!! 🙂 – great article, btw (Yes, I RTFA,
heh)

RO says:
May 18, 2011 at 1:53 am

Interesting displayed by lynx text-mode browser (from Linux PC):

Linkname: Entry into main screen URL: http://www.msftncsi.com/ncsi.txt Charset:
iso-8859-1 Server: Microsoft-IIS/7.0 Date: Wed, 18 May 2011 01:46:07 GMT Last
Mod: Tue, 13 Jan 2009 00:37:56 GMT Cache-Control: max-age=30,must-revalidate
Content-Length: 14 bytes Owner(s): None size: 0 lines mode: normal

No Links on the current page

The text would indeed seem to have no terminating CR/NL since 14 bytes is the
length of the text string exactly.

FWIW

Harry Johnston says:
May 18, 2011 at 2:09 am

In a corporate setting, this can be configured with Group Policy. See “Network
Connectivity Status Indicator” in Network in the Computer Configuration node.

samwyse says:
May 18, 2011 at 2:12 am

“As an added benefit, this could be used as a tracking mechanism to see where
your computer goes, particularly should it get lost or stolen, since any
connection attempt will result in your server being requested.” Personally, I’d
want to track several computers with one server. Looks like I just need to set
up my server to return the same file for many different requests, then imbed my
host name in the request. For example, I could set ActiveWebProbePath to
“nsci-NAME.txt” or set ActiveWebProbeHost to “NAME.nsci.example.com” where my
DNS is configed to resolve *.nsci.example.com to the same IP address.

Vicks says:
May 18, 2011 at 2:12 am

What about NCSI for ipv6? How does that work?

WhizzMan says:
May 18, 2011 at 2:29 am

DNS lookups don’t lookup http:// or /nsci-something.txt They only look up the
hostname part

Ron says:
May 18, 2011 at 2:47 am

“If it can do a DNS lookup then it has internet access.”

Unless there’s a DNS server on the LAN which has access to the world even though
you might be blocked.

Jarmund says:
May 18, 2011 at 3:09 am

Another alternative for lazy people:

http://www.jarmund.net/stuff/JarmundNCSI.reg

..my server, using it myself.

By the way, i’ve been told “this probably works for Windows Vista as well…” can
someone confirm this?

WizADSL says:
May 18, 2011 at 5:48 am

I found this info from MS about how NCSI works
http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee126135%28WS.10%29.aspx ; you may
want to take a look

nhinkle says:
May 18, 2011 at 6:29 am

Thanks for the info, WizADSL. That looks to be an identical duplicate of the
information in the article I linked to, just updated with “Windows 7” in the
title instead of “Windows Vista”, but good to know!

Arno Nym says:
May 18, 2011 at 7:10 am

“NCSI performs a DNS lookup on http://www.msftncsi.com/ncsi.txt, then requests
http://www.msftncsi.com/ncsi.txt.” is bullshit.

“NSCI performs a DNS lookup on http://www.msftncsi.com, then requests …” is
correct.

killasmurf86 says:
May 18, 2011 at 9:29 am

@Jarmund << yes works on Vista as well

Marijn says:
May 18, 2011 at 9:42 am

Great article! I always assumed it had to make some call to check internet
connectivity, now it’s good to know exactly how it works and even better so how
to change the behaviour.

One thing that might be noteworthy is that Microsoft isn’t the only one who can
track your internet connectivity. The DNS servers you use, so probably your ISP,
can track you just as easily. All they have to do is log any lookups of
‘www.msftncsi.com’ and ‘dns.msftncsi.com’.

samwyse says:
May 18, 2011 at 12:24 pm

OK, anyone can now use samwyse.appspot.com as an NCSI server.
http://samwyse.appspot.com/ncsi-example.txt will return a file consisting of
“example NCSI” (no newline!), while http://samwyse.appspot.com/ncsi-example.reg
will return a Windows registry file to use this for the Active Web Probe; the
Active DNS Probe is currently unchanged. Note that you can replace the word
“example” with any text that you wish. Note that all access is logged via App
Engine’s server log, so Google and I will know what you’re doing. I’ll try later
to add an internal log to allow users to view just accesses to “their” strings.

sirmuzz says:
May 18, 2011 at 2:45 pm

LOL arguing about the DNS lookup. You both have it wrong.

…”DNS lookup is performed on the name not on the URI. Proper sentence will be
“NCSI performs a DNS lookup on http://www.msftncsi.com then requests … “

Well your closer but still not there….

It is “DNS lookup is performed on the name not on the URI. Proper sentence will
be “NCSI performs a DNS lookup on http://www.msftncsi.com then requests … “

DNS = Networking 101….

* GrandpaGotRoot says:
  November 12, 2016 at 5:02 pm
  
  Most of us instinctively knew what the author meant and simply passed over the
  typo. But if “your” going to play Internet grammar Nazi, then you probably
  should know the difference between “your” and “you’re,” especially when
  offering unsolicited grammatical advice.
  
  your vs. you’re = English 101 🙂
  
  In other words, judge not, lest ye be judged…

  
sirmuzz says:
May 18, 2011 at 2:46 pm

Ok so you were right…damn website auto adds http://… bad webmaster bad!

DigiP says:
May 18, 2011 at 3:25 pm

Funny, because I had wrote about this in 2009 when troubleshooting connection
issues in Windows 7 after a new install. I’ve disabled this service because of
the whole connectivity issue, if 7 can’t see that site because its down or for
whatever reason, it causes all sorts of issues trying to get online, even when
you manually set an IP configuration for the NIC.

See
http://www.twistedpairrecords.com/blog/2009/11/07/windows-7-connectivity-issues/
for rant. You can also change priority for IPv4 over IPv6, since IPv6
connections wil be tried first over IPv4, if your router only does IPv4, its
just one less step your machine has to perform to check for first.

Doug M. says:
May 18, 2011 at 4:23 pm

all your network connection belong to us.

* kronos says:
  May 18, 2011 at 4:29 pm
  
  don’t you mean ‘are belong to us’?

  
Kurt Shubert says:
May 18, 2011 at 7:45 pm

Very interesting article. Thanks for the “enlightenment” on this.

This is one of those things I have wanted to know for some time but have never
cared enough about to do the research. Thanks for having taken the time to do it
for me!

Jason O. says:
May 18, 2011 at 7:46 pm

We had a different problem. It was the winhttp machine proxy settings. Info
here.
http://social.technet.microsoft.com/Forums/en/w7itpronetworking/thread/e3e7a1e4-d410-4668-8c33-a57175c44e48

doofus says:
May 18, 2011 at 9:18 pm

No need to insert the verb “are”.

It already does belong.

doofus says:
May 18, 2011 at 9:19 pm

It should be “belongs” anyway.

Michele says:
May 19, 2011 at 5:46 am

“It should be “belongs” anyway.”

I believe Doug M. was parodying the famous 1991 Sega video game message “All
your base are belong to us” (as translated direct from Japanese).

iam8up says:
May 19, 2011 at 10:43 pm

GREAT article. I was curious myself for some time.

loco says:
June 1, 2011 at 4:07 pm

can this be set to an intranet adress of the router and internal dns?

ActiveDnsProbeContent 192.168.1.123 ActiveDnsProbeHost dns.localdomain.local
ActiveWebProbeHost 192.168.1.1

Internet Marketing says:
June 28, 2011 at 10:13 am

No. You are not XKCD and you are not even half as funny as you think you are
ksplice.

robsku says:
July 10, 2011 at 1:46 pm

Hi, thanks, bumped here from slashdot article comments, found this interesting
enough to bookmark in “microsoft software” bookmark folder for any later
possible needs even though I myself never run Windows on my own machines as
“real OS” – but I might someday run one or more of versions of Win for software
testing and I don’t want it to “phone home” 🙂

Gary says:
July 18, 2011 at 3:39 am

Hi nhinkle,

Great post. I have a question for you. Some users in my office uses windows 7
and whenever they login to the domain, they get “Access Denied (policy denied)”
error from time to time when they try to access the internet.

The network team from global office says disabling ncsi from the registry will
fix the problem but it didnt and after months the problem is still there and
they couldn’t come back with a different solution. We are using blue coat.

Lurka says:
August 4, 2011 at 10:09 am

Interesting info, thank you. Strange enough, I had set EnableActiveProbing to 0
months ago, but sometimes I still found event viewer warning “Name resolution
for the name dns.msftncsi.com timed out after none of the configured DNS servers
responded”. Possibly because my PC is registered to a domain? Now I turned it
off through internet communication settings policy and will see what happens.

vtdone says:
October 12, 2011 at 11:22 pm

Great tracing work. I just hope that MS doesn’t release a Windows Update that
overwrites this new registry set up.

DougE says:
November 20, 2011 at 4:52 pm

There must be something more to it. I took a Win 7 Pro PC and removed the
default gateway. I then added these routes to use the router gateway. 64.4.18.0
mask 255.255.255.0 192.168.1.1 131.107.255.0 mask 255.255.255.0 192.168.1.1 I
can ping the url http://www.msftncsi.com and dns.msftncsi.com and the ip
resolves but I still get the icon no internet access. If I add a defualt gateway
of 192.168.1.1 it shows interent access. Is there more to it then this?

tommis says:
February 1, 2012 at 3:36 am

Nice article! I have Win7 firewall restricted with outbound rules. Obviously
NCSI is now blocked because I get “not connected” icons for internet and lan
server but both are connected. So it is just the connection test that is
blocked, but I can’t figure out what rule I need to allow NCSI to do the
testing. NCSI is a service I understand but which program is running and needs
to be allowed access? Anyone any info?? Thanks

zhou says:
February 22, 2012 at 5:55 am

I use wireshark,but i cann’t catch any packages？ why？

* Tom Wijsman says:
  February 22, 2012 at 8:10 pm
  
  Try asking on Super User if you can’t get it working. Please first try to run
  Wireshark as an administrator, follow a tutorial/guide on how to capture
  packets as you might get it working on a second try…

  
Oscar Mederos says:
September 17, 2012 at 2:23 am

You should probably edit the post and fix this:

HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINESYSTEMCurrentControlSetServicesNlaSvcParametersInternet

Very useful info by the way 🙂

Ari says:
September 21, 2012 at 4:08 pm

Put ncsi.txt file to C:\inetpub\wwwroot directory. Make sure IIS is up and
running and you can access the file with localhost/ncsi.txt

Modify the registry values: ActiveDnsProbeContent = 127.0.0.1 ActiveDnsProbeHost
= localhost ActiveWebProbeHost = 127.0.0.1

R2D3 says:
December 17, 2012 at 6:15 pm

Good article! Just two additions: First, I don’t really understand why they
separate DNS lookups for the dns.msftncsi.com domain name are done, since the
DNS request for http://www.msftncsi.com already did tell the device that DNS is
working, isn’t it? But wait: that’s Microsoft. Ok.

Second, the device requesting the http://www.msftncsi.com/ncsi.txt indeed honors
redirecting replies from the server. We have lots of such requests in our web
server’s logfile on a WiFi Captive Portal. It would be better to just leave the
redirect reply unanswered. But as I said, this is Microsoft. So we will need to
answer those URLs locally in our routers to not get flooded with useless
requests.

* Dave says:
  May 23, 2013 at 3:40 pm
  
  It needs a separate lookup for http://www.msftncsi.com because it’s
  distributed through a CDN and the query response will be different depending
  on your location. The response for dns.msftncsi.com has only one answer.
  They’re not checking to see if DNS is working, they’re checking to see if they
  get the correct answer. Some captive portals will redirect HTTP traffic but
  will pass DNS requests to the Internet.

  
Michael says:
February 2, 2013 at 10:53 am

You guys were great. Thanks for this.

Bob Bobson says:
July 6, 2013 at 4:36 pm

And the original TechNet article:

http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc766017.aspx

zerox says:
September 14, 2013 at 3:12 pm

Android can detect that “wifi needs authorization” when you connect to a public
wifi, how does it do this?

Tom Hudson says:
December 7, 2013 at 6:18 am

I’m running Windows 7/64. I’m trying to troubleshoot the Internet dropping out
on me every 12 hours — I’m on Time Warner Roadrunner service and it literally
stops working for 3 minutes every 12 hours, like clockwork. When the Internet
drops, I see the little yellow (!) symbol over the network icon indicating I
have no Internet connection, as you’d expect. Tonight I tried to log into my
cable modem when this happened, to see if the signal strength was bad or
whatever — couldn’t connect to it. Tried getting into the Vonage router, which
is connected directly to the modem — couldn’t get in there either, until the
Internet came back up. Is this a known behavior — that if Windows sees you have
no Internet, trying to get to a LAN address like 192.168.0.1 doesn’t work
either? I’ve seen this happen before on one of my other computers as well (Time
Warner’s Internet drops out a lot for us occasionally).

Iraj says:
March 23, 2014 at 4:44 am

My network is not connect to internet but in taskbar it shows the internet
access. is any idea?

test says:
March 31, 2014 at 3:41 pm

Android does the same thing – it checks “clients3.google.com”

Just put “127.0.0.1 clients3.google.com” as an extra line in your
/system/etc/hosts file to kill it.

Dan Roberts says:
October 14, 2014 at 9:59 pm

Things have changed since this article was published. Not sure if this is
peculiar to domain member machines or not, but on our Win 7 x64 machines,
Windows tests connectivity by making an http connection to
http://www.microsoft.com, then doing a DNS lookup to microsoft.com, then using
an HTTP connection to the IP address returned, which is an address in the
134.170.0.0 block. The msftncsi.com lookups and http://www.msftncsi.com/ncsi.txt
connection are no longer done. I have a few machines that are blocked from the
Internet, so I had to allow http access to http://www.microsoft.com and to the
entire 134.170.0.0 block to clear the connectivity test so the yellow caution
would not show.

sancho.s says:
September 22, 2016 at 1:30 am

This may be also useful
https://blogs.technet.microsoft.com/networking/2012/12/20/the-network-connection-status-icon/


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