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HomeApplicationsEnvironmental Testing & Industrial HygieneDrinking Water Testing



DRINKING WATER TESTING



Clean water is essential for drinking, as well as for use in food and beverage
production. Only 3% of water in the world is fresh, but fresh water sources can
contain chemical contaminants, like perfluorooctanoic acid (PFAS) and arsenic,
as well as microbiological contaminants, and pathogens. Even after the treatment
process, residual chemicals and contaminants in drinking water can exceed safe
and legal levels. Municipalities, private water treatment stations, and food and
beverage production facilities must regularly test their water supply to ensure
chemical and microbiological contaminant levels are kept at or below compliance
levels set by regulatory agencies. With a growing global population, the demand
for fresh water is predicted to increase by 40% by 20301, With increased demand,
maintaining efficiency and accuracy in water testing will provide a constant
challenge.

 * Chemical Analysis in Drinking Water Testing
 * Microbiological Analysis in Drinking Water Testing
 * Residual Disinfectant Testing in Drinking Water
 * Drinking Water Testing Methods



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RELATED TECHNICAL ARTICLES

 * Ultrapure Water for Determination of Toxic Elements in Environmental Analyses
   In this paper, the importance of reagent water quality for toxic element
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 * New Revised ISO 17995 Water Quality
   This second edition of ISO 17995 has been technically revised by the
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 * Safe Drinking Water Act & Clean Water Act – What is it?
   The Safe Drinking Water Act reflects the primary drinking water regulation.
   Drinking water here means finished drinking water from the plant and the
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   water sources for raw water and the surface water sources for Raw Drinking
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CHEMICAL ANALYSIS IN DRINKING WATER TESTING


Any industry that produces, uses, or processes drinking water must comply with
national regulations and perform regular tests to ensure that drinking water is
free of chemical and microbiological contaminations. Common chemical
contaminants include aluminum, ammonium, bromate, iron, manganese, chloride,
nitrate, nitrite, sulfate, chromium, and other metals.

Additional testing is performed when certain industrial environmental pollutants
may be present. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are often used during
manufacturing, including the production of petroleum products, adhesives,
pharmaceuticals, paints, or refrigerants. VOCs are also used as gasoline
additives, solvents, hydraulic fluids, and dry cleaning agents. VOC
contamination is a human-health concern because many are toxic and are known or
suspected human carcinogens.


MICROBIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS IN DRINKING WATER TESTING

Fresh water supplies can also be a source of pathogens, leading to the spread
and transmission of diseases without microbiological control. Testing the water
supply for every pathogens is expensive and time consuming, so indicator
organisms are used as assays to detect fecal and other contaminations.
Coliforms, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae are typically used for
testing for fecal contamination.

Microbiological testing of commercial beverages and water products is essential
to ensure that they are safe to drink, but also to prevent spoilage. Bacteria,
yeasts, molds, and pathogens that occur in raw materials or during the
production process can decrease the quality and safety of finished products.
Both municipal and commercial water supplies are frequently tested to meet
regulatory requirements.


RESIDUAL DISINFECTANT TESTING IN DRINKING WATER

Disinfection of drinking water reduces the risk of pathogenic infections, but
the process can leave behind residues and disinfection byproducts (DBPs) that
can pose risk to human health. Additionally, organic and inorganic pollutants
may be naturally present in our water supply at its source. The identification
of pollutants and DBPs is essential to ensure safe consumption.


DRINKING WATER TESTING METHODS

Since contaminated water is harmful to humans and the environment, regulatory
agencies, like the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), require the use
of official standardized methods (e.g., ISO, EPA, AOAC) for testing drinking
water and wastewater. These techniques include quantitative testing,
chromatography, spectrophotometry, reflectometry, physical parameter
measurements (e.g., cloud point, color, hardness, pH, odor), and pathogen
testing (molecular or cell culture-based). These quality control tests are done
both at the input source, after in-process filtration steps like flocculation
and clarification, and also at post-filtration outputs, including tap sampling.



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Photometry measures the amount of an analyte in a sample solution based on the
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Titration & Karl Fischer Titration
Titration is an analytical method to determine an unknown concentration using a
solution of known concentration. Karl Fischer titration is a specific and widely
used titration method to determine the water content of raw materials and
finished products.
Calibration, Qualification & Validation
Reference materials are critical to method validation, calibration,
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reference material best suited for the testing application is vital, as results
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Solid phase microextraction (SPME) is a solvent-free sample preparation
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Bioburden testing measures the levels of microbial contamination in water, raw
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Microbial Culture Media Preparation
Culture media provides essential nutrients for the cultivation of microbes. They
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Pathogen & Spoilage Testing
Pathogen testing detects pathogenic organisms that can cause disease in humans
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testing is used for the detection of microorganisms that cause goods to
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Wet Chemical Analysis
The wet chemical analysis involves identifying and quantifying the desired
elements present in a liquid sample using several measuring techniques. With
chemical reagents, the analyte converts a dye proportionally, which can be
read-out visually or photometrically.


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REFERENCES

1.
National Intelligence Council. Global Trends 2030: Alternative Worlds
[Internet]; December 2012 [cited 2020 Jun 16].
https://globaltrends2030.files.wordpress.com/2012/11/global-trends-2030-november2012.pdf





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